Services most visited historic home, arlington house, the robert e. Lee memorial at arlingt Arlington Cemetery. Join us with our phone calls as we talk with the former arlington site house manager who will oversea the yearlong restoration of the mansion, slave quarters and grounds. Today the 100 anniversary of the National Park service live from arlington house at 7 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3. Coming up this weekend on American History tv on cspan3. The Abraham Lincoln president ial Library Foundation published a book of musings by public figures and ordinary americans celebrating or responding to lincolns gettysburg address. Editor of gettysburg replies, the world responds to Abraham Lincolns gettyburgs address reads passages from the book. His presence still resonates from the words hes written and the artifacts and documents that he has left behind for our prosperity. He was a simple yet deeply complex man who looked at complex issue plainly and purely. He accepted and spoke the truth. Many believe lincoln transcended all other president s to have served before him and since. His Great American story has reached and continued to reach across borders and oceans, races and religions, politics and party lines. Then at 10 00 p. M. On reel america, the march in washington on august 28th, 1963 the u. S. Information agency filmed the march on washington for jobs and freedom and produced a documentary for foreign audiences. And sunday at 4 30, this is the 48th anniversary of the nasa viking landing on mars. His storians recently discussed the viking program which landed the fist u. S. Spacecraft on mars on july 20th, 1976. The events were incredibly exciting. When the lander landed, it was almost powered up and the team had programmed in two photographs to be taken so that they could be delivered fairly quickly back to earth for the press to see and for nasa to be able to confirm that the landers had in fact landed on mars. Then, at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on the presidency, his storians look at president Harry Trumans leadership and how hi interacted with three Prominent National politicians. Then former secretary of state madeleine al bright speaks with his storian aebt Harry Trumans commitment. This is someone who should have gone to a great college, should have went to graduate school. Deeply wanted to. Couldnt do it mainly because of his familys economic standards. And if there was one thing that he felt strongly was when he became president he wanted to help others. One of the ways he did that was to strengthen the Community College system. Go to cspan. Org for the complete American History tv schedule. Youre looking at a live picture of arlington house, the robert e. Memorial in Arlington National cemetery. This is the National Parks service most visited historic home and it was on this day in 1916 that president wood row wilson signed the legislation that created the park service. Were here this evening at arlington house to talk about the park service and its history. Well also learn more about the special house and the people who lived here and how its being preserved and interpreted by the National Park service. Were joined tonight by robert stanton, a former National Park Service Director and brandon biez, the former site manager here at arlington house. Obviously a park service employee. Hes also oversees a year long renovation of the estate. Let me start with the story of how the National Park service began. As the National Park service was authorized by an act of congress, signed into law by president wood row wilson, august 25, 1916. There we celebrate the 100th anniversary of the National Park service today. And that legislation came about through the stellar efforts of many conservationists and civil leaders throughout the country. Was it at all troefrcontrove at the time it was signed into law . It was in the sense there was sort of a misunderstanding in terms of some of the constraints that may be imposed by having one federal agency to ad minister our National Parks. But i think that the American People had developed an understanding and appreciation of the parks. There were 35 parks that had already been established before there was a National Park service. So it was an educational process. And at the time of 1916, the American Public had a pretty good understanding of what the parks were about and what their responsibility would be as well. Who was the earliest president to preserve National Lands . Well my recollections are that president lincoln signed legislation in 19 par don me, 1864, passed by congress designating Yosemite Valley and many of the large groves as a preserve to be maintained by the state of california, although it was federal ownership. It was transferred to the state of california. Then after a period of time the area returned to the jurisdiction of the federal government. And today we know it as yosemite National Park. Well, brenden, this particular house is an interesting one because it merges the history of our first president , George Washington and robert e. Lee who was the leader of the confederate army. Surprised to know that these two actually had a relationship through marriage and id like you to tell that story and how that all happened. Sure, absolutely. Arlington house was built begin in 1802 by a gentleman named George Washington park kus tus. He was the grandson of Martha Washington. He was essentially raised by george and martha as hi parents. His father died when he was very young. He was raised at mount vernon and saw George Washington and Martha Washington as basically his parents. He built the home begin in 1882 as a memorial and home but a memorial to our nations first president. He had one daughter who survived to adulthood, mary, and that daughter mary married a young u. S. Army officer, robert e. Lee, and that is how robert e. Lee comes into this picture. Again, this is arlington house, the robert e. Lee memorial. It has his name but there is so much more than went on here than just robert e. Lee. I always referred to this as the custus lee mansion. I was known as that for quite some time. It was established as a memorial, a historic home in 1925 by congress, then became part of the National Parks service in the early 1930s. But it was an act of congress in 1955 that actually established this firmly as the robert e. Lee m memorial as arlington house. The reason it became a memorial to lee was not because of his duties and what he did during the civil war, but for what he did after the war. He had a pretty spectacular view. But washington, d. C. Was really in 1802. It was a big swamp. It wasnt a wonderful place to look at. But George Washington park custus thought it was important to overlook this federal city, knew there were great things to come. And it is an incredible view and that view changed quite a bit other the 55 years that George Washington kus tus lived in this house. To give people a sense of place, so many people watching have been to arlington memorial. And this is the house on the hill above john f. Kennedys grave is that right . As you stand in the front, you can see the grave from that location. It is a prominent location and interestingly enough is that the estate, i think, included was it 11,000. 1100. 1100 acres which is now under the park jurisdiction 19 acres. So the Arlington Cemetery is situated on lands that were originally owned by the custuslee family. But that isnt accidental that this is Arlington National cemetery. Im going to have you tell the story about this property, which was owned by robert e. Lee at that point, then became a gave site first for soldiers from the civil war. Right. So during the war the property its a fascinating story because when it became a cemetery, it was deemed to be owned by the federal government. Of course the lees owned the property. It was actually in his wifes name, in marys name. And of course the lees had to flee here at the beginning of first robert went and then the rest of the family left in may of 1861. As the war went on, Quarter Master general Montgomery Meggs had a real issue on hand, which is what to do with the thousands of Union Soldiers who were dying in the hospitals here. And up here on this hillside, arlington house had actually by then been confiscated. In the early part of the war an obscure law was passed that required certain people to pay their taxes in person. And there was really no way for mary lee, wife of the now famous confederate general to come here and pay the property taxes. The property was confiscated by the federal government, it was Government Property at that time. And then 1964 month ggomery meg decided this would be the place to bury the soldiers. When people think about the National Park service, they think about those grand vistas and these beautiful parks around the country. But really theres a lot more inventory that are Historic Places like that. Can you talk about how the merger happened between big outdoor spaces and Historic Places . The first areased a sminsterred by the Parks Service were primarily in the west and they were created through the federal do main through legislation and subsequently by the president , particularly president teddy roosevelt. And that situation continued up through 1933 when then our second director was able to convince the secretary of the interior and president Franklin Delano roosevelt to transfer it to the jurisdiction of the park service. President roosevelt bought into that and did in fact approve with the blessings of congress as it were with, the reorganization of the executive branch. Through that act roughly 60 areas were immediately transferred to the jurisdiction of the Parks Service, including the civil war sites, revolutionary war sites, war of 1812, statue of liberty and the parks and the Nations Capital plus the lee estate was transferred in 1933. This is the time of the civilian conservation corps. Did people in society go to work to establish the parks and build them in. Im not particularly sure. My colleague might be able to respond to that. But if you were to visit william park in virginia or go to the home of camp david or to great smokeys or yellowstone, you can see the extra work performed bait in the late 30s and eshl 40s. After the reorganization, what would be the most critical park in the Park Services history from that point and forward . Oh boy. I mean we went through some pretty significant changes. 1960, the 50th anniversary of the National Park service, what we call the mission 66 time period, there was an awful lot of Infrastructure Improvements that went on, new Visitor Centers that were built. An influx of money that went sbo the Parks Service. The mission 66 time period had a really significant impact. I would fully concur with that. Interestingly enough, mission 66 was authorized by congress in terms of funding, but it was the initiative of the secretary of the interior at that time and president eisenhower to celebrate the 50th anniversary through a major rehabilitation of all of the park areas. And it was known as my colleagues, from 1956 to 1966, known again commonly as mission 66 program. One of the things we must recall, subsequently to 1933 to the jurisdiction of park service, we shortly entered the world war ii, followed by the korean war. So many of the nations resources with directed towards the war efforts and consequently many of the parks did not have the kind of resources for the quality of care. So this was a major effort right after the korean war to rehabilitate the parks to the standards that all of us were seeking. Lets bring us up to today. Now the Parks Service has 413 sites. As of yesterday, yes. As of this week. Yeah, a new one added. And the funds are always tight. How is this centennial year being used by the National Parks service to help advance its mission . Well theres a number of ways. One way that were really trying to advance our mission is by increasing not just the numbers of people who go to National Parks but the diversity of people who come to National Park. And you know, we are really trying to reach a younger more diverse generation. Weve seen leading up to the centennial the grain of our visitors, if you will. And so really trying through new technology, through reaching out to different groups trying to get a more representative population of americans into these National Parks. Thats really been one of the big thrusts of the centennial. No question about that. Its critically important to really discharge the full responsibility of the park service, which is to touch or to connect with all america. And there unfortunately are some communities that are not truly connected with the richness and diversity of which is really our collective heritage. So through a number of efforts that is continuing i might add that congress, this administration and Prior Administration have given the park service some tools to achieve some of those objectives. One is through the employment of young people, given them handson experience through the youth conservation corps authorized in 1970 as a part of the celebration of our 75th Anniversary Congress enacted a bill signed into law that authorized the park service to transport through its own or donated resources. Young people from neighboring communities into parks for education and recreational. So again trying to make the connections and those self generated relationship with the mark. On this centennial of the National Park service, American History tv is coming to you live from arlington house, the robert e. Lee memorial. High on a hill overlooking washington, d. C. , one of the National Parks services most visited historic sites. Coming up next, a ranger is going to give you a little bit of a tour of this place. Well be back life in about ten minutes. So here we are in the main hallway at arlington house. The center hall was designed to impress. Remembering that George Washington park cu surks tus wanted this house for a memorial to George Washington. He had the house designed to be like a gallery. To be monumental, to impress what he thought would be some of the most important people in the country who would visit. And then over the years president s, congressmen and senators would visit him here at arlington house to learn more about George Washington. The regional architect of the mansion is a man named George Hadfield whom George Washington personally invited to america from england to do design work on the nations capitol, the capitol building. And so George Hadfield was one of the most prominent ark tekts of his day. This house has a great history of architecture in the history of the country as well. Its not just the people that lived here and the events that took place here, but the structure itself had great meaning. Sometimes an Historic House or a structure takes on a meaning because of the events that happen there or the people who live there. But this house was built to be consequential. So it has that history to it as well. And robert e. Lee married into that. In this parlor, june 30th, 1831, under the archway where you can see the uniform and the dress on display, 24yearold lieutenant robert e. Lee of the u. S. Army married 22yearold Mary Randolph custus, the only surviving child of the family, as well as a great granddaughter of Martha Washington. But this wasnt the only wedding that took place here. In fact it wasnt even the first wedding. The first wedding took place here ten years earlier when a woman named Mariah Carter married charles cyfax. What made that wedding important is that mariah and charles were both enslaved her and mariah was believed to have been the daughter of the master. And so he was an enslaved woman from some type of relationship that existed in which George Washington park custus fathered a child by one of the enslaved women here, a woman named arianna carter. And this is forcing us in many way to reexamine how we interpret the history of arlington. Here we have the story of slavery. And this place represents the founding ideals of this country. This home built to honor George Washington and to celebrate the values and beliefs of the father of the country, the house itself built by slaves. But then you have the family as well, the family relationship. And George Washington park custus in essence had two daughters. One was white, his here ress, she married robert e. Lee. One was enslaved. Both great granddaughters of Martha Washington. So in that regard George Washington mark custus as a representative of the first first family of the country who spent 55 years of his life celebrating that was in essence representative of another aspect of the history of this country. And the simple truth is the first family in this country was biracial. So we recently reenacted that wedding with descend dents of the cyfax family in attendance. There was also another wedding that took place here and that was the wedding of Selena Norris and thorton gray, also enslaved. So that was arranged and this wedding took place in this parlor. And selena gray and her family would live in one of the two historic slave quarters that we maintain, that still exist and that are going to be restored as a part of this big project as well. Now you can see this room is somewhat empty of furnishings and thats representative of the fact that right now we are in the process of removing furnishings with artifacts from display so by the end of the yeesh well begin the restoration project. But all of the furnishings have to be removed before we can do that work. You can see the boxes in place and preparation being made. As we walk down the hallway, you also see empty places on the walls. There are numerous historically there were numerous portraits hang in this hallway, family portraits, historic ones of the washingtons and other members of the family. However, some of those have been removed. But at the same time, there are holes in our collection. And our new restoration project, through this generous donation by David Rubenstein will allow us to acquire more original artifacts and reproductions of original artifacts including paintings so that we can represent the true appearance of this house as it was when the lees and custuss lived here. But there will be examples that we will leave like this, this bare patch of plaster on the wall. This plaster, its not just something we chose to leave exposed for no good reason. What we discovered about sen years ago, a restoration project where we stripped down paint down to the plaster and we repainted different rooms, we found writing, graffiti. And some of this writing, its very hard to see, very faint on the walls. But this we think even predates the civil war. Some of the graffiti we have in the house is civil war related, left by Union Soldiers. Some of this predates the civil war and goes back to the earliest construction of the house. And so its something that were leaving exposed because it is representative of that history. And we wanted to be able to preserve it and perhaps in the future find a way of even interpreting it. Were not exactly sure what the writing says. So it is a mystery that is going to be left to us to solve in the future. We at arlington house are very excited that our recent donation and our ability to restore the mansion and create new exhibits is not only possible but that it coincides with the centennial of the National Park service. It gives us an opportunity to examine and reexamine what this place meant owe the last several decades, since the National Park Service First took it over in 1933, and what it means moving into the future. Because as a country, we always need to examine and reexamine our history in order to decide where we want to go forward. And arlington house is an amazing place to be able to do that. So we can examine the meaning of the civil war. We can examine the meaning of the life of robert e. Lee, his family, the impact his decision made on history, the lives of the enslaved people here, the consequences of that war, surrounding this mansion Arlington Cemetery was created a means to honor the dead but again as a means of gang revenge or justice perhaps, if you want to call that, against robert e. Lee. But how do we as a country view the events of that war and its aftereffects. The period of reconstruction. Well, arlington house is determined, and the National Parks service is determined to seize the opportunity to move forward and perhaps lead the nation here in an effort to come to terms with that period in time and to make more of it. To make something of it that can help us move as a nation and as a culture into the future. The theme here is division and reunion. Well, division perhaps is easier to define. But reunion, what does that really mean . We know the country was reunited north and south, but culturally and racially and many ways this country remains divided. And so what can be learned here at arlington house, the robert e. Lee memorial, that will help americans and people from other parts of the world, too, to examine that, examine their own beliefs, and see what they can make of it moving into the future. Arlington house, one of the National Parks Service Properties on this centennial of the park service, we are talking about tonight live from this most visited site here overlooking washington, d. C. Our two guests for the live program tonight. And the full tour of arlington house, if youve never been fornate to get here will follow the live program tonight. Were going to talk about that last thought about learning and interpreting what you see in a second. But i want to give some statistics to our audience. This is from the wall street journal, part of what were learning about our park service on its anniversary. Estimated market value of nps, the lands and properties 62 billion. And theres 84. 6 million total acres, 2. 85 billion is the congressional appropriation for this year, total revenues the parks take in from sites 591 million, there are 22,000 employees and 221,000 volunteers. And youre both nodding about those volunteers and how important they are to the work of the Parks Service. And as we said earlier, the Parks Service is responsible for 413 sites as of this week. The president announced a new one in the inventory. So bob stanton, over the course of our lifetimes, the last part of the last century, americans became more aware of the need to not sanitize our history, to tell the complete and complex story. And that job fell largely on the Parks Service to do that at our historic sites. How did that evolution of telling the story happen inside the Parks Service . It happened inside in terms of employees understanding that they need to be more factual with respect to telling the full dimension of the American Experience, drawing upon scholarship from, as an example, college universities, independent scholars, using the best of scholarship to reveal the full story of the events of the individual involved with that National Park. But i must tell you also that the American People felt that it was time to really reflect upon all of the circumstances that brought us into the 21st century in terms of the liberties and the freedoms we enjoy today. And as a result, through the efforts of the American Public, congress enacted bills signed into law by president s given the park Service Responsibility to commemorate areas that reflected some of the difficult of the controversial period in our history. So it has been really is response to the American People, a wanting to know what is the American Experience in its totali totality. So thats twofold, acquiring new properties that help tell the story differently but also rethinking about the properties that we already have. So whats an experience that youve had where youve had to rethink and reinterpret for the public a site that you worked on . Well, here at arlington house is a fascinating example. Were very fortunate because of a donation by David Rubenstein that we have a chance to look at the interpretation and how we tell the story. Many generations who have visited here, especially early on, they learned about certain occupants and certain people who lived here. They learned about robert e. Lee, George Washington park custus, their wives and charn. This is a place where 80 people lived. And the majority of them, at least 63 on this plantation were enslaved africanamericans. And we have to do a better job telling that story, that inclusive story about what it was like for those people, what their experiences were like and how the groups lived and worked together. You cant just tell one story. You cant just tell the lee and the custus story inside the house and tell the slave story and the black story out back. They were all both places. Its really important for us that we tell that story all as one story of everyone together impacting everyone. One thing people may not know is how much scholarship really goes into the work of the staff and the volunteers who work at these sites. Can you talk a little bit about the training that people go through before they meet the public in places like this in. Sure, absolutely. Youre absolutely right. As much as some people like to, dont want to go on the first day on the job and talking to the public. Its good of to have some experience, shadow park rangers. We have an extensive library, hundreds of books here on every subject imaginable. But we have a dozen or so must reads that most of our staff and volunteers look at so they can with wellversed of the occupant and the history that went on. We have folks who are doing the research for us. Sometimes its staff. But we have great relationship wps certain universities around here, howard university, where we have ph. D. Candidates and folks coming in spending a great deal of time and effort helping us perform the Ground Breaking research. Weve worked with the park service a lot over our 37 years and you often meet rangers with masters degrees and ph. D. S who are spending their life helping americans learn their history. Theyre doing a fantastic job. And they recognize they need to stay abreast with new scholarship, as it were. And there have been many more use of primary materials that are revealing, some unknown or some untold stories. And his storians and interpreters and preservati preservationists stand fully abreast of those changes. I might just add this is a philosophical view. There have been many areas added to the National Park system within the past three, four decades that really commemorate some very difficult periods in our history. But i liken that unto the maturing of a people and a nation in that we can recognize and hopefully learn from some of the grievous mistakes that weve made. And were not ashamed to tell the story, that we made some mistakes. Brown versus board of education, little rock central high school, Tuskegee Airmen that we fought as a segregated military. We tell those stories in hope that we would gain from the and i would just conclude, we were very fortunate in the park service to have the volunteer leadership and contribution of one of americas most his storians, the late dr. John hope frankl franklin. And he observed that those places that commemorate difficult chapters in our history is not places that we could allow ourselves to be wall low in remorse but rather be moved to a higher resolve to become better citizens. Thats the bottom line. One specific question about this place again, over the past couple of years we seem to be in another period where were examining as a nation as we feel about the people who fought in the civil war on the confederate side. There hes been the big debate in South Carolina about the flying of the confederate flag. Memorials are coming down, statues are coming down. But here we have a place recognizing robert e. Lee. Help me understand how youre in the midst of something that could be quite controversial and helping people learn. I first do want to clarify. We get that question a lot. Why is there a memorial to robert e. Lee. He lost. He was a traitor. And again the reason is because of what he did after the civil war in reconciliation, reunification, ending the war, telling former confederates to embrace the union again and make the country great again basically. He really felt strongly about that. In terms of telling that story, we hope this can be a place for dialogue with a lot of new exhibits and interpretive opportunities here we want people to ask those questions. We want to hear what people think about these symbols and what they mean to them because they mean Different Things to different people. And we hope that here in the Parks Service we want to provide the context and create the dialogue for people to really be able to continue that conversation. Its a constant conversation. Right now today its the confederate flag. It could another thing in another five or ten years. I might add that in 1966 Congress Passed a bill signed into law by president johnson authorizing the National Historic preservation act. The first time to have a comprehensive National Program to address the caring for or collective heritage resources, but also in caring for them is to tell the full dimension of the American Experience. And by the way, were celebrating the 50th anniversary of the National Historic preservation act. Its a great opportunity for the American People to sort of reexamine where weve come in 50 years and where well be going in terms of the preservation and the interpretation and the understanding of our collective heritage. We often hear this is a uniquely american idea to preserve these spaces. Is that really true . When you travel to other countries, which i know youve done extensively. Its attributed to an outstanding writer and philosopher. Wallace stag ner said the National Park is the best idea one can debate. But what set the parks aside are different from other countries in that these were public parks open to all who could come. Where parks maybe had been established for a select audience. But these were the peoples park. And that was the whole intent when Congress First set aside yellow stone as our first National Park. And subsequently yosemite came back to the federal jurisdiction. Speaking of dialogues, were hoping to have one with you in our program. Were going to open up the phone lines. Eastern and central time zone viewers with 202748. 8900, mountain and pacific time zone viewers, 20274888901. Dial that carefully so you get to us and not someone else. Tweet us at cspan history or you can go to our facebook page, facebook. Com cspanhistory. The dialogue is about the National Parks service on its centennial, any questions you might have about it, if you want to tell us about your favorite park that you visited and why its important to preserve it. And if you have specific questions about arlington house, were here to answer those as well. Were about to hear about charles cyfax just briefly as we go into this bit of tape. Who is he again . He was one of the enslaved africanamericans here and we husband kind of one of the head housekeepers or butlers, if you will, keeping the house. And hes very significant long other things for who he married in that story here at arlington house. Were going to hear from Stephen Hammond who is very much involved in telling the story of his family members and also the others who worked here to put this whole place together, some 60plus people for the lee family and were going to learn more about how that history is being preserved next. My name is steve hammond. Im a retired department of interior employer. I worked for the u. S. Ge logical survey for about 40 years. The Geological Survey is a Sister Agency to the National Parks service. In my work there i actually was the deputy associate director for natural hazards, dealt with earthquakes, vol cain noes, landslides, a variety of national disasters. My connection with the sphyfax family is an interesting one. My grandmothers brother was Charles Syphax who was a slave here. And we go way back in terms of their connection to mount vernon and the local area here. Charles was a dower slave at Martha Washingtons estate at mount vernon. We believe he was born about 1791. He basically became kind of a support footman for George Washington parke custus. He was living on the estate with his grandparents and he inherited Arlington Estate once martha died in 1802. About 1802 we believe that he actually had relations with a slave, airy carter, another dower slave at mount vernon, and together they had a daughter name Mariah Carter who ultimately married charles sphfax here at the Arlington Estate in 1821. Its interesting that they both grew up here. Charles, i think, as a young man had an affinity to watch mariah grow up who probably worked here at the house once she became of age. Interesting enough George Washington parke custus allowed the couple to marry here at the house in the parlor which is unheard of in regard to a slave family that is actually owned. Not too many times has that happened. They were married in 1821. Shortly after that they began to have children. First child born in 1823, a second one in 1825. And shortly after the second child was born, william spyfax wrk George Washington parke custus decided to selma rye ya. The folk lore in our family suggested that he simply freed mariah an her children and gave her 17 acres of property. But in the last several months weve found documents in the alexandria circuit courthouse that select that George Washington parke custus somd mariah and her two children to a quaker. Quakers were really on ligsists in terms of war and slavery. It was their goal to free the slaves in the area. From the deed that we have here, in 1845 from william stapler, we know that they actually freed mariah and all of her children. But this deed dates back to a previous deed that her his father, edward state her who was the apothecary shop owner in alexandria and George Washington parke custus struck . 1825 to actually free them. Its interesting because in the laws of the state at that time were such that if you were freed and you couldnt support yourself, you needed to leave the state in terms of being a freed slave. But George Washington parke custus wanted mariah to be close by. So if you follow my story here, her husband, charles spyfax was not freed. He continued to be a slave but mariah and her children were freed but were given 17 acres of property at the south end of Arlington Estate where they lived free for the rest of their lives. And as a result of having following children, all of them were born free as well. There are a couple of children that are very prominent in the family. One these children were freed, they had an opportunity for education. One of the prominent older children, second child, first son of the spyfax is william. We know he was probably educated in alexandria arlington area as well as georgetown. He ultimately went to work for the department of the interior in the 1850s. He worked for a number of secretaries of the interior. And actually became a head messenger for the department of the interior. And went on to become the first president of the colored trustees of the colored schools in washington, d. C. There are a number of ancestors and descend dent os f these folks, the spyfaxs that have made a prominent impact on our country. One example is this Tuskegee Airmen. We had a number of women that went on to teach here and around the country. We have 30 that we know that attended howard university. Several of which turned around and became teachers at howard university. We have a wellknown surgeon, mickey spyfax who died a couple of years ago near the age of 1007 who was a prominent surgeon, professor teacher at howard university. And we have julian dixon who was a congressman from california who passed away in 2000 but served in the u. S. Congress for close to just over a decade. They have a long legacy here at Arlington Estate. In the 1860s when the civil war began, the lees left the property. Robert e. Lee left, departed, became general in the virginia army. And his wife also left fearing that there would be problems with the federal government. Or lington estate was taken over by the u. S. Army. I was considered a strong hold, a way to protect washington, d. C. And so it was overrun by a number of u. S. Army soldiers. The lees when they left this property asked the slaves to tend it, believing that they would return here after the war. Had no idea how long the war would last but they felt that they would return. As a result of that, several years later, the u. S. Government modified the tax codes stating that owners of property needed to pay their taxes in person. Well, mrs. Lee could not pay her taxes in person. And as a result, the property was taken by the u. S. Government as a result of taxes not being paid. In addition to that property being taken, the syfax property at the southern end of the estate was taken but there was no proof that they owned that property. So years later, about 1866 the syhfaxs oldest son had the opportunity to work with congress to make a plea to have the property returned. By the late mid 1866 the bill was taken up by the congress and to this day we know that a bill was approved and signed by the president andrew johnson, i believe, in june of 1866, which returned 17 acre to mariah shyfax to live there in perpetuity. So thats a big deal to the family knowing they had this compounden but they couldnt prove that they owned it. But now we had congress to prove that this was their property. Ive been doing Family History for close to 40 years. Its really something thats a passion of mine. Its been something that my ancestors passed down to me in terms of understanding a little more about our history. And its been really important to me and my cousins to basically pull together with the Parks Service, with the Research Staff at mount vernon, with the leadership of the White House Historical association as well as with the new africanAmerican History museum in washington, d. C. Being opened by the smithsonian just a month or two to Work Together to try to help tell a more clear, fully laid out story about the africanamericans, and particularly the shyfax family here at arlington. I believe that while the story of robert e. Lee and George Washington parke custus is important, there are so much richer story in terms of the enslaved people that looifd here. Our goal is to really try to he inform the public about what actually occurred there. One of the things that we would like to do as a result of the land being taken away is to really recognize the lives and the efforts that people put into this. You know, one of the goals that i have for this is that one day we would be able to in the tours that we have here at arlington, to be able to say, this area over shehere is where they lived. They had a role along with many other enslaved americans who are free and have done things for our country. On this 100th anniversary, we are live from arlington house, overlooking washington, d. C. , talking about the park system and how it interacts with the American Public to tell the american story. Our guest, bob stanton, former director of the park service and brandon buys who spent his career in the National Park service and is charged with reinterpreting this house, a big project over the next year. We will learn how he will do it. What an interesting story about the syphax family. We heard about how many family members and the community were part of retelling the story. How much does that happen in other sites around the country where descendents are wanting to be part of retelling stories . Its a critical part of the story thats been told at a number of sites throughout the country. As well as sites that represent major events. For instance, take the Tuskegee Airmen National Historic site in tuskegee, balanalabama. Many of the men who fought in the military as Tuskegee Airmen have been interviewed. They visit with the public there at the historic site, at many of the sites in which we have the commemoration of american indians, many of the Indian Tribes participate in the pr preservation and Youth Outreach Program at those sites. Its something that we did not do i still say we, having spent 35 years with the park service. We did not do on a large stale man scale many years ago but its an important feature of how we interpret these stories in these areas. We have asked people to send us messages by facebook. Were going to start taking telephone calls. I wanted to mix in a couple of our facebook apps. How can the National Park Service Better serve and engage the public . Here is a comment, for example. The National Park service, says michael turenski, does a great job engaging americans at both kinds of parks. If americans better supported by lobbying the representatives and getting funding, those parks might be better maintains, and sustained and be better to visit. Thats music to your ears. What is the relationship like with congress and in a time of tight budgets does the park service get its due . Is someone i can defer this question to . You are retired so right. The question of budget is always a point of discussion. And one has to recognize that the National Park service is a bureau within a department of the interior and within the executive branch. And each department, each bureau within the department have to compete for discretionary federal funding. So its incumbent upon the leadership of the park service with the support of the secretary and the president s office through office of management and budget to make the best case for its need. Whether it be rehabilitation of the bridge which has been in the news recently or the preservation of the fragile ecosystem in the everglades, the magnificent structures at mesa verdi in colorado. All the parks have needs. The federal budget can be spread so far. Its incumbent upon the park service, secretary of the interior to make the best case for an increased budget. Here is the flip side of that from sandra lamott who wrote, the Parks Management must recognize parks are for everybody, not just upper income and make access easier and less expensi expensive. As congressional support declined, fees have climbed to a point where onethird of the americans cannot afford the lodging or the campgrounds. A 20 or 25 entry fee is keeping people out of the parks. Economic circumstances certainly has to be weighed in terms of trying to achieve full accessibility for all americans, all america. Recognizing that congress, too, has attempted to give the park service new authorities. For instance, all recreational entrance fees that are paid by the visiting public now are retained 100 by the National Park service to be used for resource preservation, enhancement of educational and recreational programs. So theres a direct benefit of the fees that the public pays. But also theres a recognition that some individual may not ever have the resources to travel from washington, d. C. To grand titon. New areas have been added to the National Park system in close proximity to urban centers. Take for an example, Gateway National Recreation Area in new york. Sei santa monica in los angeles, in many cases those parks are within walking distance of a large, significant population. As a result of the American People saying we need to have parks to meet our outdoor educational, recreational needs and congress again representing the American People have responded by adding those areas to the park system. It costs money to visit arlington house . It does not. Theres no cost to visit here. In fact, within the district of columbia, which we are just outside, no National Parks charge fees for entry. I would say that i believe the majority of National Parks, as in over half of them do not charge fees. Thats correct. So there should be a number of parks close to hopefully many, many people that they can visit with no fees. Those parks that do collect fees, the fees do pay a Critical Role to the infrastructure in that 80 of the fees stay within the park to go right back to things that can help the visitors, new facilities, new trails, new exhibits. The other 20 is applied or made available to the parks that do not have the benefit of fees. We are wrapping up our first of two hours talking about the National Park service on its centennial. Its time to mix in your phone calls. First one is from calvin in georgia. Welcome to our conversation. Caller thank you. Thanks for taking my call. This morning i was torn by the betrayal i think it was the april 16 celebration of the 100year of the National Park service and i learned a heck of a lot about the National Park service. But also my basic question is, is there an effort to capture volunteers for the National Park service . I would very much like to be engaged in such as a retiree. Im an avid fan of parks. I visited the Cumberland Park down on the coast of georgia. Its really on a Barrier Island and also the natural area here in atlanta in which i used to run a lot there and whatnot. My basic question is, is there an effort to capture volunteers for the National Park service . If so, how can that be accomplished . Yes, sir. Lots of head shaking. I am i want to commend you on your offer to be of service. Yes, the National Park service has the benefit of over 200,000 individual volunteers as well as many groups that make substantial contribution of their own skills and talents to the parks and enriching the visiting experience. If you have a particular park you mentioned chatahoochie, call the chief ranger or email them or walk into the office and say, i want to volunteer. They will gladly accept your services. Its a question of how best to match your interest and your skill with the wide array of functions for which the park service is carried out in a given park area. If you go to the website nps. Gov, you can search for a park by state. You can look at a map, get a list by state. Look at those parks that are near you. Click on any park thats near you. There will be a contact page there. You send a message in there. I guarantee, you will get a response, because we are thirsty for volunteers. Next up is will in tulsa. You are on our program. Welcome. Caller thank you very much. I would like to say, happy centennial to the National Park service. I have had the lovely experience of going to the grand canyon. I wasnt able to spend as much time as i would like. My question is, osage county, next to tulsa, native american lands, is there any prospect or hope that perhaps some of the prairie in the midwest can be saved for National Park designati designation . I know its boring, see a bunch of tall grass. The terheritage is such that i would be interested. Thank you for the question. Thank you. There is, in fact a tall Grass Prairie park. But obviously, its a small representation of the vastness of tall grass throughout the midwest. There may be some areas that might warrant study to see whether or not the good could possibly be preserved either by the federal government, the state or by private interests. This is not always hearts and roses though. When a parcel of land when the government has its eye on one for preservation, you get into state issues and private property issues. How does that all get worked out . Yes. Its interesting to note that theres two things that the National Park service cannot do through its director. It cannot create a National Park nor when a park gets created to divest its interest in preserving that park. Parks are created through two primary sources, through an act of congress, to pass a bill, sign into law, creating the park. Or the president can exercise his authority under the act of 1906. Its an act which has been used extensively by president i think president roosevelt, one of the conservation legacies length ends have used it in 19 times. I believe president obama used it. I was a member of clinton administration. President clinton used it i think 19 times. It has to go through that process. But interestingly enough, congress has enacted legislation that the park service can expend up to 25,000 for a reconnaissancetype of study to determine whether or not an area should be considered as an additional to the National Park system. But only through an act of congress can an official study be authorized to spend x number of dollars to do a feesibility, suitability study. We have a tweet here from a viewer called ska city. We will use it as a jumping off point for the broader topic. Asking, have there been any confirmed Mountain Lion sightings on the appalachian trail in the past couple of years . Is that something either of you would know . I could not let me ask you about the intersection of wild life in the parks and the people coming to see them. How you both keep the public from being in danger at the same time preserving and conserving the species thats part of the mission of the park service as well. Its a continuing challenge. The way to really counter, if you will, native animals and people contact or conflict is to really acquaint the American Public with what is expected of their conduct as a visitor to the park. Parks are not zoos. And they are not tame animals. They are wildlife. In their own habitat. The American Public has to be respectful of that. And through this educational orientation process, there has been a continual reduction in terms of the conflict between wild animals and people who really want to enjoy the wild animals in the habitats. Now that everyone has cameras in the cell phones last time i was in yellowstone, i was amazed at people getting out of their car and getting what looked like awfully close to some of the wildlife that are not there for photo ops. Thats true. We discourage i say we. The National Park service discourages that. We understand that there is a tendency to get as close as possible to get the right shot and say i saw a bison or elk in the native habitat. Its not encouraged. A lot of the examples people think of western parks. Even here in the urban areas we have encounters. We had owls and foxes and we recently have coyotes confirmed on the property here just overlooking washington, d. C. In cases we have animals that get sick. We need to educate our visitors that the park service typically does is we allow the natural processes to move through. Thats whats best for nature. We try to inform people of that and let them see things. But not rush in to save the day if theres a sick animal or Something Like that. David is watching us in new orleans. You are on, david. Welcome. Caller hi. My question has to do with what you all refer to arlington house. My question is, number one, when was it built . Who built it . Ive never been there personally. But from the images s on television, it appears to be a monumental greek temple. I mean, where did that come from . Thanks. We did tell a bit of that history which clearly you missed. If you could briefly tell bus that. Absolutely. Im thrilled to take that. The house was built over a period of 1802 to 1818 by George Washington park custis. It was built by a sizable number of enslaved africanamericans as well as other laborers. It was designed by George Hadfield who was an early designer of the u. S. Capitol building. It is made to the greek revival style. Its a massive property. The room we are in is 18foot ceilings. It was really made to look almost like a templelike structure as a Memorial Monument to George Washington. Washington, as you said, was a swamp at the time. How did the family survive the summers here . Yeah. It was pretty hot. But they would sometimes, especially down by the river he sometimes the river was a blessing, but sometimes it was a curse. There could be cool breezes but also if you went down there was a lot of swamps and mosquitos. It was not always a pleasant place. They didnt have air conditioning back then. Up here on this hill, theres a nice breeze sometimes. You open up the doors and windows in the front, the doors and windowsed in t s in the bac did the best you could. The family was connected to mount vernon. George washington was the step grandson of the first president. How Long Distance is it between here and mount vernon . How long would it take to travel there when he lived here . Were probably 15 miles or so north of mount vernon from here. There would have been accomplishable in a carriage ride over a few hours. It wouldnt have been like it was today. But you could probably do that trip in less than half a day or so. The family, when they lived here, frequented alexandria, now old town alexandria, took carriages there, went to church there and so thats really probably about an hour carriage ride away from here. How long did Martha Washington survive the president . A year. She would have had been passed away and he wouldnt have been correct. By the time he began construction here in 1802, Martha Washington had passed away. Julia is in california. You are on. Caller hi. Thank you so much to the National Park service for all of the wonderful things that they have done for all of us. I am so fortunate and a lot of times we look past the gifts that we have closest to us, that i live in colorado and were approximately an hour from sequoia National Park and kings canyon National Park. I was there for my birthday. This past weekend. Ten years our city has had a shuttle for 15, you can go round trip from our city up there to sequoia National Park where general sherman tree is. One of the challenges everyone faced up there was when the park service made the determination that they needed to go back to the natural state, because the giant sequoia trees, the root system was being threatened by the building and markets and the cabins there. They did an incredible job moving out its a 24 acres of asphalt and buildings. So my question is, first of all, to thank you and happy birthday. We just had our 75th anniversary and 150th sequoia and kings National Park. My question for you today is, i wonder what challenges face the National Park service in the next 100 years. Great. Thank you for that question. Dont spend too much time. We will talk about that in more detail later on. Whats the biggest challenge to the parks . I think we have alluded to on several occasions is that while we could argue that one of the challenges is budget, additional staff, innovative species and other adverse impacts on the preservational resources, the biggest challenge is to first recognize that we are a nation of over 300 million citizens of all walks of life, all backgrounds. We have the obligation to connect, at least provide opportunities for those citizens to connect with their heritage known as National Parks or the National Park system. There are many gaps in that connection. And that is a great challenge. Its ultimately the salvation, if you will, the park through individual citizen carrier. If we dont create that opportunity for them to have that connection with their own parks, they will not be ultimate supporters or stewards of the parks. That is a continuing challenge. A tweet from yolanda paris who wants to know once they have a property, how do you figure out trails and allowing the trail system so that people can enjoy it and preserve the environment . The park service is given the responsibility to develop a park to meet the needs of the visiting public. And obviously has to be very sensitive to creating trails and other facilities that respect fellow citizens with disabilities. But any facility that is to develop in a park is subject to a planning process in which the American People, through the established procedures, have an opportunity to comment on the merits of that given area. In many instances, it might require an environmental assessment. To some degree, it might require an Environmental Impact statement to reach a sound decision. And the public, if hetheyre no satisfied with the decision reached through that process, can go to the courts. There have been many cases in which the American Public, through their own right, have taken the park service to court saying that we do not believe its an appropriate way to develop the park. But its a publicinvolvement proce process. I cannot underscore enough the importance of public involvement in that process. Were going to go back to touring this house, arlington house. By the way, we should explain, this actually gave rise to the city thats right here, the name of this place. Arlington came from . We believe it came from england originally. Theres a town in england called arlington. There was the earl of arlington. That was the basis for the name of a plantation on the eastern shore. That was established many, many years before this arlington when George Washington park custis built this house here. He took the name, he borrowed the name electric thfrom that a plantation on the eastern shore, brought it here, called it arlington, that then turned to Arlington Cemetery, arlington city and everything we call arlington here. A thriving area across the river from washington, d. C. We will go back to touring this place. Matt will tell us more about the interpretation of robert e. Lees life here. Lets listen. Here we also have the one portrait of robert e. Lee in the ma mansion. It shows him as a young officer. Its not the version most people expect. Most think of robert e. Lee at the great general. What arlington house represents is his life before the civil war. His family life, that he married his wife here, that six of their seven children were born here. That this was the place he sacrificed to make the choice he did at the beginning of the civil war to side with virginia. To fight for a larger concept of what he considered to be his home and family. And that was virginia. But it came with a very knowing sacrifice. And while robert e. Lee would be in the minds of many during that war and the years to follow, somewhat of a villain in history, labeled a traitor to his country by the u. S. Government and still a controversial figure, many during his lifetime, including many officers and soldiers who fought for the union, respected lee in large part because of that sacrifice he was willing to make. And in fact, it was lewis crampton, a congressman from michigan whose father served who first proposed the legislation that would dedicate this house as a memorial to robert e. Lee. Such was the respect given to him even by many of his enemies. As we come into here, this is the morning room. This is one of the oldest rooms in the house. Also one of the most significant. It was built in 1804. And it was in 1811 that robert e. Lee and his family first visited arlington. He was 4. Mary custis, his future wife, was 2 1 2. So we like to think that this might have been the room when they first met. As children, as young children. There is a story and Family Tradition that suggest they were childhood sweethearts growing up. That as teenagers, they became romantic. But he suffered a number of tragedies in his early life. His father died when he was quite young. His mother died right after he graduated from west point. He didnt inherit wealth, property. And so he had in many ways to take life very seriously from a young age. And devote himself to a career in the army. And so he went to west point, graduated second in his class. But following that, he turned his attention once again to miss mary custis at arlington and courted her and married her and became a part of this family. Now this room then in many ways perhaps is the best room that symbolizes how he was connected to this place. Almost his entire life. Arlington meant something important to robert e. Lee. Almost all of it revolved around the relationship he had with his wife mary. Now, mary and her father used this room in different ways. But especially as a painting studio. They were both passionate artists. She did two of the paintings that you see next to the window over here to the left. But here is also where you see some of George Washington park custis important revolutionary war scenes. All of these paintings done to represent washington as the great hero of the revolution, the indispensable man. You see him on his white horse at the front of the army. Literally within just a few feet of the lines of the british or germans in this case at the battle of trenton. These paintings glorified washington. And that was the purpose of his life. But it wasnt just to glorify washington. It was also to promote washington and his beliefs, his ideals and his values. When this country was first created in the years following the American Revolution, it was deeply divided. Between the followers of the Thomas Jefferson who believed in limited national government, states rights, the right to leave the union, the right of nullificati nullification, the right of armed rebellion of the government and the followers of washington who believed the opposite of those things. Washington, a true nationalist, who believed this was a perpetual union. When custis started building the house in 1802, man who was president of the United States, Thomas Jefferson. So some believe he built this house on this Prominent Hill in this greek revival fashion out front almost as a way of thumbing his nose at jefferson across the river. That may be something of an exaggeration. But he definitely meant this place to make a political statement. He declared this house a federalist house. This was to represent all the beliefs and ideals of George Washington. And that included, once again, the idea that this nation would exist forever. And that no state had a right to leave it. So how ironic is it that that mans daughter would marry robert e. Lee who became the great confederate general and perhaps the man who came closest than any other man in history to destroying the nation that was created in the American Revolution . And it was in the room just through that doorway that robert e. Lee made that choice. He made that decision to side with virginia, to leave the union. He was a u. S. Army officer, 32 years. He spent four years at west point. He spent his entire adult life in the service of the United States army. He loved his country. And he also believed in preserving the union. But when virginia left the union, he could not fight a war against home and family. Thats how he stated it in letter after letter after letter. He had great conflict in his heart and his soul over making this decision. But in the end, that was the only choice he felt he could make. But one of the aspects of that decision that made it so consequential was that lee was first offered command of federal troops. President lincoln wanted him to command what would become the union army. The army that would cross the river, suppress rebellion in virginia and save the union. And lee turned it down. That decision would be in many ways a great Pivotal Moment in American History. Many historians believe if lee had chosen to accept president lincolns offer the war would have been shorter. Certainly, hundreds of thousands of lives would have been shared. At the same time, the great political change and cultural change, social change that occurred in this country because of that war and including the obolition of slavery might not have happened or happened differently. We will never know. Its one of those unanswerable questions. But its very clear that the decision robert e. Lee made in that room had a profound influence on the course of American History. He did not know that. He had no way of predicting that, of course. But one thing he did know that was very clear, because that view out front, he knew the union army had to take over arlington to defend washington. Arlington may have been one of the most Important Properties in the entire country, because whichever army controlled it the heights here at arlington controlled the fate of the nations capitol. It had to be held at all costs by the United States army. Lee knew that. And so he expected when he left here two days after resigning that his family was likely to lose their home. His wife had hopes that they would be able to return here once the war was over. But by the end of that first summer, when most americans became more and more aware of the fact that this war was not going to be short, it was going to be terrible, it was going to be long, it was going to be bloody, the lees became more and more resigned to the fact that they would never live in their home again. And they never did. You are hearing the story of the robert e. Lee family who were the of course paccupants o house. Lost it during the civil war. Thanks for being with us on American History tv. Our special guests for this twohour live program from arlington house overlooking washington, d. C. Are bob stanton, former director of the National Park service. Spent his life in conservation of American History. Even though he is retired, you are still involved in all this. Im working on it. And brandon bies, with the National Park service and has the task of restoring this place. Someone walked in now, it looks a little ragged around the edges. One day David Rubenstein, cofounder of the carlisle group, is very wealthy man who has become a philanthropist in washington, walked in here and what did he do . He walked in here and saw the same thing. Fortunately for us, he contacted the director of the National Park service and said, this is a significant historic home for america. The stories that it tells. How can i help . Ultimately, he wanted to make this place perfect and asked us what did we need. So we were incredibly fortunate that we were able to really t l tailor our specific needs for all kinds of things for museum ob objects and for the physical fix, not just to the building but to the grounds and gardens. We were able to present that and he very generously donated 12. 35 million to make that happen. Over 12 million. Which time frame . How long did you have to do this . So were hoping to get started with work in early of next year. Most likely in the springtime frame is when were going to get started with the work. We have been working for the last year or so going through the planning process. I know that never sounds like fun. But in a very sensitive Historic Place like this, you cant just run in right away and start with the construction. You have to go through reviews, consult with historians, go through various commissions and approval processes. So were in the midst, were finalizing that right now. Were hopeful in may of next year is when were going to get started with the real bricks and mortar construction. Thats going to take about a year. Then after that is done, we will start to reopen the site. But theres more work to be done once the bricks and mortar work is done. We have to put in new exhibits and new outdoor signage and things like that. When this is all said and done in another year or so, it is going to completely transform this place. You talked about one of the major tasks is going to be better interpreting the lives of the enslaved people who were very much a part of this history. What about the lee family itself . What point in time will you choose to tell their story . Thats a great question. Our enabling legislation actually directs that. Thats one of the things when congress establishes National Parks, when they established arlington house, they should it should be restored and interpreted the period just before or on the eve of the civil war. So this house will look like the paint colors, the rooms, the objects in the rooms, will it will be that period really on the eve of lees resignation. That will be the period the house will look like. But we have that difficult task of telling the story of what this place was like and people who lived here in some cases 60 years before that. We have moved a lot of it. Thank you for letting us do that. Theres a lot of furniture in the house. One of the neat things when you read about the history of this place is that a lot of the people who took objects from the house returned them to the National Park service when you began to try to tell the story. Can you talk about that . Absolutely. Many objects disappeared over time. Keep in mind, so many of the objects in this house had their ties to mount vernon. Thats where the washington treasury as we call it, the bed washington died on, very significant pieces, china from mount vernon, during the civil war, this area was occupied for the entire war essentially by Union Soldiers. For souvenirs, they took things. We have many instances in the years after the war and more recently where people found in their family collections objects that were taken from arlington house or objects that maybe they had had we have examples of objects held by the families of the enslaved africanamericans who were here who have we have been able to bring back to this place. Thats one of the things were excited about during this restoration project is having the funds to locate and potentially purchase some of the original objects and bring them back to this house. Our phone lines are open. We will be here for half an hour more. We would like to hear questions or comments about the National Park system, what your concerns are about how it does its job of interpreting our american story. Or if you want to tell us a story about a park you visited, we will vlisten. Theres a conversation going on facebook about your favorite park and why and or what the park service might do to better engage with the American Public. To that end, i want to read this facebook posting. The young people of today want to touch, feel and interact with history. Seeing doesnt satisfy their needs. Do more interactive programs. Were going to do that. One of the things were planning we can accomplish that in a few ways. Were going to be putting in somewhat we call tactile exhibits. These are places where people can touch either reproduction items or can see a sign and maybe feel a model of what the plantation looked like. Were even talking about putting a map on the ground here that will be a colorized map outside in the rear yard of what this plantation looked like. There will be opportunities for people to interact and to also be able to leave a little bit of them here. Again, we want to facilitate that dialogue. We want people to come here and have the opportunity to maybe leave a little video of themselves or a note or something that talks about what this site means for them. Another way that were going to facilitate is through online exhibits, the ability to see parts of arlington house that maybe you cant physically get to but you can use an ipad to zoom in on an object in a room. We cant have people touching some of these objects. But we can use ipads for people to hold on to and zoom in close to see details. Beyond the work done here, ian says i would love Virtual Reality recordings that give a flavor of the attractions allowing millions of us that will never be able to visit them for various reasons. Is the park Service Getting involved in allowing people to experience it virtually rather than going to parks . Yes. But perhaps not to the scale that we all are seeking. And to use todays technology, particularly connecting with new audiences, particularly with our youth. We have the responsibility to maximize the use of technology. One would not subject, however, that we will not continue to encourage to the extent possible, all people visiting their National Park nearby or at a distance, but to compensate for that Virtual Reality, the use of modern technology is a measure towards that end. I want to talk to you about private fill ae philanthropy. Over the course of the history of the National Parks, what has been the role of not just in this age but in earlier ages of private citizens and helping the mission of the National Park service . It has been integral to the acquisition, development and operation of National Parks. One would think initially about the Rockefeller Family making substantial donations of land and grand titon National Park, gray smoke and another park where i had the opportunity to work, Virgin Islands National Park, a substantial contribution of land there. But in addition to that, here in the nations capitol, the i think of two major example. The Frederick Douglass home. Located on a 14 acre estate was entirely donated by an organization founded by his second wife. Think about wolf trap farm park for the performing arts. The land and Construction Costs for lane center was donated in full. So there are many classic examples in which many of the parks that we enjoy today came to us from private individual or from organizations that had a civic approach to conservation and preservation. Do you get checks from people who dont have a lot of means . Small donations from people as well . No question about that. I dont know what the dollar level is, but the federal government and the park service in particular is authorized to accept donations unilaterally. Also, congress in 1967 established the National Park foundation which is the arm of the National Park service. It has raised and continues to raise substantial sums of dollars. I think the target during the centennial year is for foundation to raise from the private sector from individuals and various organizations i believe in the neighborhood of 350 million that will be used by the National Park service for preservation, interpretation, education. Donations, major gifts have been integral to the park system. I think that will continue. How do you balance access and protection . We said this is the most visited of the Historic Houses. When you think about redoing it and the numbers of people in this place, how do you balance those . Its really tough. We want people to see these places. 650,000 people a year, we can do a million. We know we have well over a Million People Walking Around the grounds here. At the same time, this is a 200yearold house. You really have to balance that. Were looking at bringing people into certain parts of the house that can handle more foot traffic. But then do special guided tours to certain areas or having Virtual Tours available for certain areas, because we really have an issue we call a caring capacity. That stands in Historic Homes but also for trails and places like that where its an issue across the park service. We dont want our parks to be loved to death. We want people to be able to come and enjoy them and not people need to be able to see thefrequently do you have timed visitations . Thats another way of controlling crowd access. Thats correct. I think thats in place at the Washington Monument now. You are preticketed for the Washington Monument. That was the case in terms of visitation to the white house. There are a number of parks that have a structured process of how to effectively and efficiently move people through that park. The interesting point i would like to make about visitation and about impact is that that there are many parks not widely known but yet they are a significant aspect of our heritage. Its incumbent upon the park service to make Information Available on the park and to encourage people to visit lesser known parks. Also if you have a park such as yellowstone everybody going to yellowstone wants to go to old faithful. Notwithstanding yellowstone is 2. 2 million acres and roughly 90 of that dont see many people. You try to encourage people, well, maybe not old faithful this year, why not this part of the park . Its an educational and encouragement process. Next is leslie in california. Caller hi. I have a memory story for you. Was the ar lilington house knows the lee mansion . I believe i was 9 and my family and i came from buffalo, new york, and saw washington and went to the lee mansion. And i believe i think i saw it as im sitting here watching the program there was a doll in a little girls bedroom upstairs in the cradle. Wow. What a good memory you have. My goodness. Why did because you were young that doll resonated with you . Caller i love dolls. My dad said i had a memory like an elephant. At almost 75, i still do. It was a wonderful memory. Thats a terrific memory from long ago. Those are accurate. Shes referring to the girls dressing room upstairs. The Custis Lee Mansion was known as until it was changed after your visit to arlington house, the robert e. Lee memori memorial. Next up is jean in wyoming. Caller hello. Please go ahead. Hello. Were listening. Whats your question . Caller i have a couple of questions. The one question is, why do you not why do you not advertise more often about your events and stuff coming along . Okay. You have another question . Caller yes. The other question is, i am actually a volunteer from for the laramie. I was there you know what . Were getting feedback on your call. We will take your first one. Why doesnt the park service advertise more frequently . Hopefully, were doing a better job of doing that. Its difficult for us to take out time on media to be able to put things out there. We do our best. We rely not exclusively but a lot on social media, try to get people to love the park a lot of the sites have facebook pages or twitter accounts. We do we work with our local media. We certainly have, i would say, around the centennial, done a huge push both interenally but through the park service to get the word out there. If you have access to the facebook, you can learn more about the park events there. If you go most almost all websites for National Park services, they have news and events, you can click on a calendar and find out whats going on almost every weekend in that park. We would be remiss if we were not to commend cspan for its coverage of the National Parks and the park service. Smi Smith Smithsonian channel. On that note, barbara said, special Affordable Events would be a plus at the lodges. Some people are notes aphysically active for all the wonderful outdoor adventures at the park. Thats her idea how to make things better. Have special Affordable Events at the lodges, because i cant get out and move around inside the park. When you say the lodges, the lodges within National Parks . Yes. I think theres a concern that we need to increase the needs of those who may have some limitations. I think you would find that if you stay at the lodge in the valley of yosemite or in glacier National Park, they would visit the those facilities and give talks if you will. There may be a Campfire Program in close prom i have proximity. In many instances, the lodges that by and large are operated by concessioners under a contract with the National Park service can provide transportation for the guests to an organized park program. But we realize that more has to be done to assure that everyone has the opportunity to enjoy the activities. On a related note, accessibility for people with disabilities. How do you thats much its required by law. But its also something we are all much more aware of as making sites more accessible. What are you doing here on that . Thats one of the real tough things. Thats one of the reasons we have to be so delicate in that planning process we go through and work with all the Historic Preservation groups out there, because we have to find a universally accessible way to get people in and out of the mansion and to have the same experience. So as part of this project, were trying our best to put some ramping in that will theres steps to get up into the mansion. Were try doing that in a sensitive way. But we need to be able to do it to get people here. Also around the site, people need to be able to move around in wheelchairs and strollers and things. We will put in an accessible path so if someone is in a wheelchair, they will get to every place on the site, whether its the slave quarters, the mansion, the museum building, pass through the gardens. Those will be paths that are made to look like packed dirt. They have Nice Technology where we can do that. But its actually an accessible hard surface that wheelchairs can go over. What do do you fyou do for o disabilities . I mentioned about the tactile exhibits. Thats for people who perhaps are visually impaired. We will have a model of arlington house in bronze where they can feel the wings of the house, the chimney, those objects. We will have programs obviously in braille. We have programs for people who maybe cant go upstairs. They can sit here in the house and view a virtual tour. Those types of objects. We will have pamphlets in many, many different Foreign Languages as well. Is this happening across all the parks . Is this interpretation happening across all the parks . Yes. If not, it should be. You would find that there is that level of sensitivity on the part of the park staff to reach out and to include individuals that may have some limitations. And many of the partners that operate within parks, a Corporate Association or a concessioner, they have that sense of obligation to provide those services. To all visitors. 100th anniversary of the National Park service. We are talking about that while we are based here live at arlington house overlooking washington. If you get to d. C. , come up here. Its going to be closed how long . It will be the grounds will be closed for about a year, perhaps certainly more than that. We invite people to come up. We have time left before we close the site. Certainly, when we reopen, cop and visit us. Its a fantastic place. Its the most spectacular view of washington, d. C. That you can find anywhere around here. Please do put it on your list if you get here. Next is pam in michigan. Hi. You are on. Caller hi. I would just like to know that if its true or not. I read mrs. Lee did not come back in person to pay the taxes because her and mr. Robert e. Lee thought that she would have been arrested at that time. And my other question is, is the house haunted . Thank you very much for taking my call. Thank you very much. Is the house haunted . Is the house haunted . Its rather dark in here. Ambience and whatnot. I can tell you, i personally have not had an experience here. But we do have staff who have relayed stories of things like footsteps upstairs when they turn out to be the only one in the house. There are stories, not for me to say whether or not its haunted. Theres a number of folks who have had interesting experiences. You have an 1803 house with cre creaky floors. All by itself. She asked yeah. We discussed that earlier. That absolutely is true. When they that law was passed in 1862, the taxes were due. They had to be paid by the owner of the house who at that time was mary lee. She was not able to pay the taxes for fear of being captured. She tried to send a cousin here to pay the taxes. But they refused them because they to be paid in person. John white asked about twitter, dayton Aviation Park is spread over many individual locations in our urban area. Is that multisite park unique in the park service . Are there other multisite parks . There are a number of multisite parks. Many of the civil war sites have different sites that depict what may have occurred in an individual battle. Most parks are contiguous within a given boundary. But dayton park is not an exception to that. Certainly, in urban areas, thats very common. I think of places like golden gate and even here, many of the parks here in washington, d. C. Are theres pieces of the park nearly all over the place. That is correct. In a place like this, what percentage of your visitors are foreign . Thats a great question. I dont have the exact statistic. I would say probably approaching almost a quarter of the visitors. Most of our visitors are typical visitors who are here for Arlington National cemetery. Many dont expect to come here. They happen upon it. Probably a little less than a quarter. Certainly, a sizable number. Phillip is watching us in wisconsin as we talk about the park service on its anniversary. Whats your question . Caller yes. I live in wisconsin. I do camming up here. It seems like they are closing campsites up here. The sites are deteriorating, like the picnic benches, there are chunks of wood missing out of them. What are you going do about this . Deer titeriorating campsites. I dont know the particular circumstances of the given park. Obviously, the superintendent of that given park would not be pleased that a facility is deteriorating. There could be a question of budget, could be a question of priorities. But that is not the acceptable standard for any park. But admittedly, there are some deteriorated facilities throughout the National Park system. Yes. Certainly, verify its a national a lot of folks assume the National Park service runs all campgrounds. So it could be it may or may not be park service. Please get in touch with the superintendent, go to the contact page and let them know. Next up is marilyn who is in South Carolina. Marilyn, whats on your mind tonight . Caller yes. Incidentally, seven years ago today, edwood kennedy passed away. I have a question about president kennedy. When he was buried there in 1963, how did that influence the demand for burial there . Thats a great question. Incidental incidentally, i was here when senator ted kennedy passed away. We overlooked that as he was buried alongside his brothers. Let me in terms of jurisdiction, arlington Memorial Service is not part of the National Park service. Right. Its the army that runs the cemetery. The National Park service is, we are surrounded by the cemetery. The caller was correct, the demand for burials here in the cemetery increased after president kennedy was buried here in the point that after that time is when the cemetery had to start putting some restrictions or limitations on the qualifications for people to have for inground burials because it had a huge impact on the cemetery. And on the visitation of the cemetery and as well as arlington house. We have 12 more minutes left in our twohour special on the 100th anniversary of the National Park service. All day long on cspan3 we have been showing you different park Service Sites from all around the country. We hope you enjoyed it. That is on our video library. Search and find locations that perhaps you have always been interested in visiting and learn more about that. We have heard references to your career as we have been talking here. How did you get into this . Im a product, if you will, of the leadership of president kennedy, vicepresident johnson and my hero as a secretary of the interior, the late stewart lee udahl. Second udahl coming into the office in the first few months of the kennedy administration, looked at the work force and did not see the face of america. Thats my term in terms of not having the diversity in the staff. So he made a decision to recruit in places where the foreign interior had not recruited substantially at historically black colleges and universities. And i was fortunate to be recommended by the president of the college for this opportunity to work as a seasonal ranger. It was in 1962. I had the Great Fortune of working as a seasonal ranger in the summer of 62 and 63 and became permanent in 66 and stepped down at the 15th director on january 19, 2001, concluding 35 years with the National Park service. A rewarding career that exceeded all expectations. One of the most gorgeous places in the world, absolutely beautiful there. Since i dont have responsible for all the parks, yes, you are right. All of you park Service People are always so always so whenever you ask your favorite park. Now that youre retired, you can tell us. Did you get the bug immediately when working there as a College Student this is what i want to do . No. I grew up in a different america. I grew up under the doctrine but separate but equal. There was not an encouragement for africanamericans to go into nontraditional career opportunities. State and local parks were closed to me. Restaurants and theaters were closed to me. So it was a new day. Again, that was in leadership, the courageous leadership, of stewart udall, because many facilities surrounding parks were not open to me, but another courageous secretary under the Roosevelt Administration issued a proclamation, secretary proclamation in 1945 saying that all facilities within National Parks would be available to all who would come, notwithstanding in communities you may not be able to go to a hotel or restaurant, but that was the leadership, fathered by the leadership of stewart lee udall. Brandon bies, we want to hear your story, but we want to take a couple calls first. Which are the most significant National Park Service Rights that tell the modern civil rights story . Well, the Martin Luther king site in georgia, selma to montgomery, talking about the Voting Rights that led to president Lyndon Johnson signing that law, the Voting Rights law, in 1965. But one would have to go back earlier, and i think about port chicago and california, in which there was a major destruction of ships through bombs that exploded as they were being loaded and killed roughly 300 africanamericans who were receiving treatment in terms of training and work, what have you, and that triggered president truman ultimately to issue a president ial executive order, executive order, saying that we would no longer have a segregated military force. And you could go beyond that in terms of major protest for labor to argue for equal protection under the law as guaranteed by the 14th amendment. But what one would argue that the seeking of full rights is a continuum in that every generation makes a little bit more progress towards that which we proclaimed in our constitution towards a more perfect union. But i grew up in the socalled modern civil rights movement, so the student protests, of which i was a part of in the 50s and the 60s, i can remember, but i also remember the Supreme Court decision in 1954, because all of my public school, segregated school, in which they declared in the field of public education, the doctrine of separate but equal has no place. So ive seen that in my lifetime, but yet theres much more to be done. We have about seven minutes left on this centennial National Park service. Next up is a phone call from robert in waterville, new york. Hi, robert. Caller hello. Director stanton, former director stanton, this questions probably for you. Within the National Parks, particularly yosemite, some of the colorado parks, whats the National Park service doing about purchasing the inholdings that commercial developers are trying to purchase and develop into resorts, things like that . The Water Conservation fund was one funding source. Whats the status of that whole system . An excellent question. The land and Water Conservation fund provides revenues for acquisition not only by, as you well know, by the federal government, but also by State Government and also land and Water Conservation funds are available to tribal governments and a governmenttogovernment relationship. I know personally that there are many inholders throughout the National Parks system. Something i personally experienced when i was in the Virgin Island National Park. The dollars that are available are not adequate to meet the acquisition of all the socalled inholder. Progress is being made. There are some private individuals, some corporations, that are requiring of many of these inholders and then donating free of charge to the government to include areas of that given park, but it is a critical it is a critical set of circumstances, because some of the private Properties Within parks are development we would perhaps judge not being compatible with other preservation objectives of a given park. So youre right on target of raising that as a major challenge. Well, on facebook jim asks, is there a satisfactory level of cooperation between the National Park service and the various state parks and the many county and local parks nationally . The National Park service, and i would say this with all humility and gratitude, has an excellent relationship with the state parks. The state parks have a National Sensation of state park directors, and there are frequent meetings between members of the organization and their counterparts in the National Park service. And similarly with local and municipal parks that have outstanding programs, and they work with the National Park service and with their national association. I might add that the park service has a specific function that allows park Service Employees to provide Technical Assistance within the resources they have available to state and to local parks in terms of interpretation, in terms of planning, resource preservation, so is the shared experience and its a shared opportunity between all the organizations, every spectrum of the government level, to cooperate and collaborate towards achieving effective and efficient stewardship. Brandon bies, how did you get into this line of work . Sure, so i started my Parks Service career, actually i started with an interest in history, American History, military history, and also in archaeology, so i began as an archaeologist for the National Park service. I was very fortunate to do work as an archaeologist at a number of civil war battlefields, petersburg, spent a number of years working at other places, and i was then able to get a permanent position as a Cultural Research specialist doing preservation work for the National Park service here in the washington, d. C. , area, did that for several years, and then ventured a little bit into park management. Had a nice chance to work at Great Falls Park just here north of town, and then served four years as the manager here at arlington house. And well see where we go from there. Where did you go to school . I went to my undergraduate at university of delaware and got degrees in American History and anthropology, then my masters in applied anthropology from the university of maryland. Director stanton, weve talked about a lot of the challenges for the next hundred years for the National Park Service Throughout our program. One is young people who are digitally oriented, getting them to come, others always going to be funding. One of the ones always cited is the whole Climate Change issue and its impact on the parks. How serious is that for the lands that youre and the sites that youre trying to preserve, and what is the Parks Service doing to remedy it . Yes. Ive been away from the Parks Service 16 years, so im not fully abreast with what is being done in terms of adapting to Climate Change or any of the mitigating measures that the individual parks or the leadership of the Parks Service may be undertaking, but i am abreast of some of the news accounts of the deterioration of some of the glaciers, if you will, in alaska and some have speculated there may not really be a glacier National Park in northern montana, just in terms of the melting. And i think that many of the seashore parks, and there are a large number of seashore parks that are beginning to recognize a change in the level of the sea in terms of beach erosion, may be the impact on cultural resources, may be in proximity to the shoreline. So i do know there are a number of measures that are being taken not only by the National Park service, but by fish and wildlife service, u. S. Forest service, land management, and i will expect some comparable measures are being taken at the state level. But the scientists continue to advise us that things are changing, and its a question of how can we adapt to those changes, plus how can we reduce our impact on Carbon Emissions as the as being rolled out. Were going to take a final phone call from stephanie all the way in hawaii. Hi, stephanie, youre our last caller tonight. Whats on your mind . Caller yes, hi, thank you for taking my call and happy birthday to the Parks Service. Thank you very much. Caller im really proud to be an american for that reason. There is a National Monument that has a long hawaiian name, im afraid i cant pronounce it. They are talking about expanding area, i wondered if anybody knew where that stood. And thank you for taking my call. Im not familiar with, you know, any proposal, as i said before, ive been sort of out of the loop, as it were, but,