Expansive approach to visualizing potential legal regulations in this domain will hardly be a successful in the absence of Development Practice of Space Operations. The success in achieving this goal will be core elements in the process of validating of space Traffic Management. We believe the important idea of establishing United Nation information platform is an instrument for accumulating multisource institutional information. As apart of National Effort to implement the guidelines, russia is currently working on creating an open information service, intended to increase awareness of states and other users. So here, russia has selfmotivation and methodology. Also, we have more than 20 research centers, and institutes under the umbrella of National Russian academy of science and the Space State Corporation that conducting Serious Research and development on space topic. We have for other development terrestrial infrastructure and several spacecraft dedicated observing solar activity. And the detailed technical presentation you may found at the website of world secure foundation, as we present, make representation, earlier this april, in the fantastic space event, organize would by World Security foundation and hosted by the u. S. State department. So expansion of reliable space situation situational information is and will remain the size factor of ensuring space operation. Speaking of space Traffic Management in general, russia is not against this topic deliberate dimensions. But we are rather unhappy with the trend we notice, when stm artificially branded a number one political issue. Crucial questions arise when one attempts to visualize and agreeable organization pattern for the related institutional operational aspects of space Traffic Management. There are many questions for states to address. For example, it would be important to understand the sources of legitimacy or super imposing of states criteria for acting in prescribed way, as well as the mechanism of for securing. We cannot help but notice the current ideas on expressed publicly are those that are based on assertions and important dramatic change of condition for Current Space activity. Some experts go as far as proposing to defy new, which would be between airspace and near outer space. Advancing this idea or this do recognize that the basic norms of International Space law are related to nonplacement of nuclear or other weapons in outer space will not apply to this newly identified stratum. We strongly oppose this idea. Were not also supportive of the idea that the right to selfdefense could be invoked in outer space. Here are some states that do not refer only to article 51 of the u. N. Charter. They also deem it appropriate to provide for preventative and preemptive selfdefense in outer space. The charter of the United Nations certainly does not provide for such types of selfdefense either on earth or anywhere thats thus it would be prudent to attempt to arrive a common understanding of preserving the concept of the u. N. Charter. A working paper presented by the Russian Federation within copuos specifically on this issue contains among the other things a question that could prove to be very useful to start meaningful discussion on this topic. It would be much better to arrive at universal understanding and have it approved by the u. N. Security council and the general assembly. Finally, russia invites the United States and all the partners participating in the process to give a good thought to and act constructively to achieve a task of drafting by 2018 the entire integrated set of the guidelines for regulation for safety of Space Operations to secure space sustainability. Thank you very much. [ applause ] thank you very much for inviting me to this very interesting session. Im director of space policy, japan. So to begin with, i would like to briefly explain japans current activity on outer space japan is one of the space nations. Japan is conducting our own Space Program and we cooperate with the international community. And also International Corporation especially large corporations japan is now in the International SpaceStation Program in cooperation with the United States, Russia Federation and canada and the European Union countries. And we decided to cooperate for this Program Project by the year 2024 and also japan will host the next round of the International Space exploration form, so called isef meeting in 2017. Our space activity has become much more diversified. Theres secure and outer space activity has become much more important so we emphasize the importance of the rule of law in outer space. In this context lts has long term sustainability guidelines and can play a very critical and Important Role to share and promote this concept in the world. Actually, japan participates in the support of this process from the beginning. During the six years of the negotiation process we contributed from the point of associates to this process of the chairman of the committee itself and the chairman of sdcs and chairman of the working group such as space weather. But however we are also facing to conclude the agreement on this point, but finally, in this june we could have the first xw guidelines. This is a quite important step for the rule of law in outer space. Actually, we couldnt have had any kind of agreement for these 40 or 50 years but now we need to have some kind of document. So this set of guidelines shows the importance of the rule of law in outer space and playing an Important Role to the process of rule making so at this stage i would like to explain for detail japans effort with regard to this first set of guidelines. For example the issue of guidelines one, two, and three, these guidelines deal with the National Registration favor and supervision until now, japan doesnt have any kind of concrete comprehensive space law but in complying in order to comply with these guidelines we are now preparing new legislation, so called japan space activity law. Under this law, the supervision and control of launch and the operation of Space Objects can be made by only one law. This law makes much more clear for japans space activities and also guideline 12 and guideline 13. These guidelines deal with sharing information about Space Objects and space debris. Also for japan we put the importance on the issue of the Space Situational Awareness ssa and cooperation for the best policy on space now japan is implementing space activity as a country including the u. S. And also we tried to compact this. Currently we have only to look for the ssa activities but we are now developing much more comprehensive pictures of japans ssa activities. Guideline 25 and 26, these guidelines the Capacity Building and awareness rating issue. A space faring nation, japan is always implementing our cooperation project to basically in the region. For example japan established the framework of the japan regional space agency forum. Politically holds the in this, we deal with so many projects in the area of prevention and global issues such as the environmental issue and also the active engagement of International Space activities by countries through the project. At the same time japan tried to make these activities to disseminate the concept of importance of rule of law in outer space to these countries. So, for the future, what is necessary, as we discussed amongst the economists, most important thing is to implement the 12 guidelines. That shows the very important best practices for the future. At the same time we may have to develop compromises in the discussions about the remaining set of guidelines. Actually, there are some Draft Guidelines that fit the discussion, but the point is always very conflicted. But we have some other issue which we may have to address urgently such as the conjunctional assessment. So, japan will be flexible and try to be to make an agreement in 2018. But, again, for now, how to implement the guideline that we have, that we make a clear message. Thank you very much. [ applause ] good morning, everyone. Thank you for allowing me to join this very distinguished panel. I will be very quick because ill be going into the lunch hour. First, we would like to welcome the consensus reached in june on the first set of guidelines on long term sustainability of activities. We appreciate the efforts of the staff person for guiding us to that point. Human activity in space a making an important contribution here on earth. We want this to continue and the uk is on the guidelines and we will continue to do so as well as a well established space they have developed legislation and standards and practice that is are relevant to the implementation of the first set of guidelines and rather than going through them one by one, i have themes. So looking at the policies one, two and three. And then the responsibilities as well as the compliance with a we consider things like health and safety requirements, the environmental impact, national security, Foreign Policy interest, financial responsibilities and reliabilities as well as compliance with international propagations. We use methods to evaluate the safety of proposed safety activities. Reliability and functions of critical Safety Systems and how it is associated with hardware and risks as well as public property and individuals who are near the launch sight and the flight path. The qualifications of individuals and internal and external interfaces. Our evaluations are informed by best practice and standardization. The committee for space data systems, the British Standard institute and the space debris guidelines on the outer space. It is increasing rapidly. We have to ensure our policies and regulations are fit in circumstances. To that end, we published a National Space policy in december of last year. Through our outer space act, the Uk Space Agency is trying to traffic light approach to regulation that helps guide operators in the choice of parameters. Turning to the second theme of radio spectrum or a guideline. These electromag needic sprek chums in the uk is regulated on a legal basis and the act of 2003 and the act of 2006. It ensures the most effective way of both uses within the uk. Commonly space agency Work Together to promote the International Sustainable use of the spectrum and to discourage hoarding of frequences. They do not pose orbital regions. We ensure that the orbital lifetime is compliant with 25 year recommendations in the guidelines and in geo orbit, require Space Operators to boost their spacecraft into an orbit above the region so they dont become part of the graveyard orbits. Regulative check with with the deorbit system and to fuel it. In terms of orbital safety or guidelines 12, 13, 27 and 28. The uk is engaged in a number of national and International Activities to improve the collection and sharing of data on orbital objects and debris. We have conducted research and experiments for the accuracy and collaboration with australia. We are also home to the space association, which is an association of operators that support the controlled relishl and sharing data that is critical to space flight operatio operations. We are of the interagency debris coordination. We hosted the last meeting in april of this year. And we share data and methodologies in support of efforts to better understand how orbital debris is populated. As the rate at which orbits are placed in orbit is exceeding the rate at which they are removed, the active removal of debris will therefore become a necessity in the future. And the uk is at the forefront of research into technologies and methods for the remove Debris Mission from the university of surry. We should also introduce the amount of debris created during launch and were creating technologies which has the power to deliver low cost, low impact and reusable access to space. Moving now to space weather or guidelines 16 and 17, weve identified space weather as a potential risk to the longterm sustainable activities in outer space. The weather strategy in 2015 to go a direction to improve the uk resilience on the ground and in space to space weather events. Were working internationally with our partners to improve the forecasting of and response to space weather events. For example, the uk office is involved in the interprogram Coordination Team on space weather at the meteorological organization. And the Uk Met Office is part of the International SpaceEnvironment Services association collaborating on space weather forecasting and modeling. The British Geographical survey hosts the World Data Center for geomagnetism which forms part of a worldwide system of Data Exchange on such events. And we also Fund Projects through the European Space agency and European Union developing space weather forecasting techniques and models. And the Uk Space Agency funded a study on the Socio Economic costs of space, whether at a global or national level. Finally, of Capacity Building and information sharing. Guidelines 25 and 26, a good example of some of our recent Capacity Building is the uks participation in the International Charter on space and major disasters. The Uk Space Agency works with dmz, International Imaging limited to enable countries affected by natural disasters to make optial use of space, derive data to respond to those disasters and another example is providing access to International Experts on space governance through courses such as ones held by the London Institute of space agency and law. And thats a quick counter through some of the uk national activities. Thank you. I really want to thank the panel for everyone keeping it to their time. That was amazing. And its really hard to, do i know, to stay within ten minutes. The organizers, victoria, has let me know we have ten minutes maybe to eat a little bit into the lunch break so people can ask questions. I do encourage the audience to do so. This is a great opportunity for you all with such a great panel. So please wait for the microphone and identify yourself please. Thank you. Im marsha smith with space and Technology Policy group. My question, there are 12 guidelines on which theres agreement. Theres another set on where agreement is close and another set where agreement is far apart. When you talk about theed me for an integrated set of guidelines Going Forward in 2018, is it russias position that all of them have to have consensus reached or can you have a smaller set go forward . Actually, we consider that by 2018, it should be integrated package of the guidelines. Yes, we do not consider the guidance of safety operation as additional one. We think that it will be a full package of even more, i can follow up with a more with our minister of foreign affairs. Thank you. Do i see anyone else . Im blinded by the lights here. Okay. Well, then ill take an opportunity, the chair, to ask a question. I wanted to ask you pascal, about europes efforts to develop a space tracking, Space Situational Awareness network. You used sst, space surveillance and tracking, if im correct. And not only this is under guideline 12, i think, about sharing orbital information. And i wanted to know what progress youve made, and i also wanted to know whether or not you are in conversations with other countries such as the u. S. About how that eventual network will be able to share data with other entities in other countries because we seem a lot of people are working on these capabilities, but we really dont have a system for sharing that kind of data. Thank you for the question. Indeed, theres an initiative in europe today, and we are building this cooperation for the moment with five member states. And we do not talk deeply on this initiative without [ inaudible ]. I think today there is a proposal on the table. It was a u. S. Proposal to create an expat group on Information Exchange on Space Objects and event, so we need to work on that issue. The objective would be to discuss the possibility to Exchange Information so we are clear i would say objective, but then how can we implement this proposal . There could be international cooperation. It could be regional cooperation, as in europe today. There could be a could be different proposals, different means to reach this objective of exchanging information on Space Objects and events. And i cant say today what could be the result of such a work. So i need to work on this before we make some conclusions. Thank you. Do i see any other questions . If not, i think everybody must be hungry. If not, well adjourn to lunch. Victoria, is it just straight out the door . So thank you all, and lets give a big round of applause to this fabulous panel. [ applause ] this weekend on American History tv on cspan3 saturday night at 8 00 eastern on lectures in history. The only essential difference between a nazi mob hunting down jews in Central Europe and an american mob burning black men at the stake in mississippi is that, one it is actually encouraged by its National Government and one is just tolerated by its National Government. Gettysburg professor on world war ii and its impact on civil rights. On reel america a film on the black panthers founded 50 years ago by huey newton and bobby seal. So it appears the police only enact energy, not for our security but the security of the Business Owners in the community and also to see that the status quo is kept intact. Sunday afternoon at 4 30, archaeologist dean snow on his findings while excavating the battlefield of saratoga. And his book 1777, Tipping Point at saratoga. What was that lady doing out there . Five feet tall and 60 years old and a battle casualty. And on american artifacts the french method was they put you in one with the wings cut down. Your second training flight, they give you more wing and a little bigger engine on the thing and youd literally hop up and down the field. Then ready for the big day and talked to your instructor who had been talking to you on the ground, hed pat you on the shoulder and you get in an airplane and make your first real solo flight all by yourself. Pilot Robert Boone Powell takes us on a tour of the aviation museum. To learn about advances in Aviation Technology during those wars. For our complete American History tv schedule go to cspan. Org. Cspan, where history unfolds daily. In 1979, cspan was created as a Public Service by americas Cable Television companies and is brought to you today by your cable or satellite provider. Tonight on cspan3, a house hearing on the security of internetconnected devices. Then Nuclear Physicists testify at a Senate Hearing on the future of nuclear power. And later from the palestine centers annual conference, a discussion about the arabisraeli conflict. On wednesday, Tech Industry insiders testified about the security of internetconnected consumer devices. They discussed the devices vulnerabilities and those that are trying to exploit them. This is a joint hearing of two house energy and commerce subcommittees. It begins with an Opening Statement from oregon congressman greg walden