Day. She is in the south side of the city. Here is his mother who was born in norfolk and had Four Brothers who joined up to the Confederate Army from norfolk during the civil war. He was the youngest of the children. After the war in northlands, he met a man named Arthur Macarthur who had earned the medal of honor in the battle of chattanooga. They fell in love. When they got married, her three brothers who had served in the army and the cousins found other places to be during the wedding serum many. They were not able to make it. One of the things that people do not realize about them at mark about the macarthur memorial is that we are not all guns and battle. We are really about people and history. I like to show his baby picture. He was born in little rock, arkansas where his family where his father was stationed at the time. You can see the photograph here of his other brothers. Brother, his older arthur who went to annapolis and graduated from the Naval Academy. That is what these pictures show. They give you a sense of his family life. Douglas macarthur came back in 1951, he dedicated the old family estate as a city park. When i come to norfolk, i feel like i have come home. He spent some summers here in his early teens and always regarded norfolk as his spiritual home. The mayor of the time remembered that. In the early 1960s, when macarthur was trying to figure out what to do with his papers and artifacts, duckworth came to him and played on that and said i will build you a memorial, and archive, and a research center. Macarthur said i love it and can i be buried here with my wife . They outbid the smithsonian and the work college and west point. We do not just have his mothers family here that we have some artifacts from his fathers service. Here is a photograph of arthur 24ththur from the wisconsin. At age 18, he earned the medal of honor for leadership under fire. He becomes the exemplary for Douglas Macarthur. In many ways, to understand Douglas Mcarthur and what he strives to become a you have to understand his fathers career. He served in the spanishamerican war and fights in the philippines. Swords fromof his the philippines. It when people look at that, they think it must be douglas in world war ii. About a arthur back quarter of a century before that. Were a long time in the philippines, douglas was known as macarthur the younger to differentiate him from macarthur the elder. Thingsthe other neat that people do not realize that we have is what is in this case right here. From Arthur Macarthur. This was his field desk from the philippines. He was a senior american officer in the philippines. Military governor of the philippines also until he ran afoul of the civilian governor who was appointed over him, William Howard taft. The other thing i would point out is that down here, is Arthur Macarthurs glasses. You see pictures of him in later life and he looks a lot like teddy roosevelt. These are the glasses he is wearing in those pictures. 1898 is when the spanishamerican war started and Arthur Macarthur was on his way to command american troops in the campaign. Of manila. Attle douglas, 18 years old had just graduated from west Texas Military academy and had grown up idolizing his father and wants to go with his dad as a volunteer a. Arthur macarthur performed a brief service at this moment. He turned to his son and said done, you have an appointment to west point. I want you to take that appointment. This will not be the last war. This will not be the last war but my last war. Your job is to prepare yourself for that time. So douglas took his advice and went off to west point. Incidentally, mom followed along because with her oldest boy in the u. S. Navy, her husband going off to fight in the philippines, she really did not have anywhere else to go. So she took up residence for the next four years in the hotel. People joked that arthur although Mary Macarthur performed a valuable service. She would often host an offcampus gathering place. It was not all bad. She was very much a cadet friend. West point was greatly formative for Douglas Macarthur. Credo2, he said that his had been duty, honor, and country and west point really influenced him until his last days. In many different ways. Obviously through the education. He had one of the most outstanding academic records in the history of west point. First captain in his class. One of the things that really drove home to him was the idea that the way to become a leader and a good soldier was on the athletic field. You learn things like discipline, leadership. Hadfirst leadership role been in high school as quarterback of the High School Football team. He managed the Football Team in 1904. When he was there, one of his players was Joseph Stillwell who also was the one that brought basketball to west point. Played baseball. Another thing we have on display is a box score from the first end of the Naval Academy played the west point academy. Batting second is Douglas Macarthur. He ended up scoring the winning run. After graduation, macarthur took a commission in the corps of engineers. Your duty. Im on one of the advantages that he had and one of the significant moments of his career was in 1905 when his father who at the time was a senior ranking general in the army, a threestar general and only the chief of staff ranked higher. He was given a task to tour the far east and observe the russojapanese war. He took his young son, lieutenant Douglas Macarthur to observe. This was a very important period. He wrote in his memoirs, ever after asia had fastened itself with a grip that never relax. He said that he realized on that trip that the fate of the United States was forever bound in the far east. That is an attitude he gained that would color and influence his days for the rest of his life. He becomes a pan asian general for the u. S. The other thing about this to 1916rom 1905 occurred in 1960. He becomes the first public chief of information in the history of the u. S. Army. They never had a public affairs. Fficer this is important because Douglas Macarthur learns press relations, he learns how to promote and this is also the time of the great debate over what the army, and navy will look like. They know that world war i has the going on since 1814 and American People know that eventually they will get dragged into it. What do we need to do to get the army and the navy ready. As the chief of public information, Douglas Macarthur was at the forefront telling the story of the army, showcasing it, and how to get it from where it is to where it needs to be. Criticizedople Douglas Macarthur later for a flare of publicity and that he was a shameless self promoter. There is a certain amount of truth to that but you need to remember that he learned that at a very early age. Learned that at the early age. Many ways, he was ahead of his contemporaries in terms of press relations. And the skills he will learn here he will use for the rest of his career. And with that, let us go upstairs and take a look at macarthur in world war i. In august, started 1914 but the u. S. Did not get 1917. Ed until time numberede only about 400,000 active. , thethe next 18 months army would grow to 4 million. A tremendous war effort on the part of the u. S. At one at the core of this was Douglas Macarthur. First things the National Guard is vying for is the right for the first group over to france. They want to send an American Expeditionary force. A statehan have Division Like pennsylvania, new york rather than giving one state the whole thing, they created an amalgamation of states. As many as they could put into one infantry division. With 26 states and the District Of Columbia represented in this division. It was known as the 42nd division. They were trying to think of a nickname. They he said it will stretch like a rainbow across the country. So it was the 42nd rainbow division. The 42nd division fought in world war i, world war ii, and remains on the books today. Waslas macarthur because he perfectly situated, appoints himself colonel and chief of staff of the 42nd division. He will end up being chief of staff and he will later command the 84th brigade, one half of the division during world war i in combat. At the end and for the occupation of germany and the rhineland, late 1918, until most of 1919, he will be division commander. The Youngest Division commander in the world war i and the youngest general. He was promoted to brigadier general. Iss object the hind me macarthurs traveling trunk. This befits a senior officer. Carried, most soldiers what they owned on their back but the Senior Officers are allowed to bring their own baggage. This is his trunk. It has uniforms and it is worth pointing out that american uniforms, american soldiers lived and worked in the same uniform. Unlike later times. Was a very well read officer. A student of military history and he had various books as well as files and papers. He had a sewing kit which soldiers nicknamed the housewife. By the way, i should point out that officers bought their own uniforms. The last thing in the one thing i want to show you is what they be the most important thing in this trunk. It is the straight razors. Why is this you ask . In world war i, was the ofroduction to the use chemical warfare. A mans ability to get his gas mask on in seconds was the difference between death and life. A gas mask does not get a good seal on the face if there is stubble or a beard. Use of theective razor and keeping yourself cleanshaven can sometimes mean the difference between life and death. I mentioned macarthurs brother in passing and i want to call your attention to this plaque for the uss chattanooga. Arthur macarthur hunted german the first during world war across the atlantic. He achieved quite a record doing it. This was a plaque from the uss chattanooga that he commanded. How the u. S. Gets in and we looked at how macarthur gets into france. Let us look at the battlefield. A tell that story, we have section of reproduced trench. It shows you a little bit of the depth of trench warfare. Lived innfantrymen trenches. It started with a stalemate on the western front in belgium and france starting in october 1914 continuing without letup until the summer of 1918. Cut almost a 500 miles car from the north sea in belgium to the swiss border. Alliednches themselves, and german. Sometimes, no mans land. The space in between was often measured in just yards. The trenches were higher than a man stood tall. There is a fair amount of protection. This soldier here who is on the firing step is peering out over into no mans land. He is watching the enemy. Every morning and evening, they had what was called stand to encase the enemy tried to do something crazy. Everyone was in fighting positions. That is what he is doing care. One thing you will notice he is very low to the ground but he is poking his head up to see what is going on. If he poked up his head too far, there was probably a german sniper not too far away that would drill him in the forehead. Inpers and artillery particular were very serious weapons. Trenches are very confined spaces. You have to live and work there. There was a lot of other forms of life that lived there including rats, fleas, ticks and all kinds of things. In a good rainstorm, they can fly. There is some iconic photographs of the trenches in flanders where the men are fighting in kneehigh or waist high water. There were dugouts where men could bunk. Bugs and dirt are ever present. Part of the physical stress and the psychological stress of the enemy being this close and death eating one wrong movement away, had a psychological toll on these guys. Onthe time these guys average, a soldier would spend four days in a frontline trench, four days in a rear position,a support and then they would spend a week on rest. In the rear for maintenance and training and replenishing supplies. That was the rotation. Four days on the front, four days in reserve, and a week of rest and start the cycle again. The last thing i would point out to you is the combat in the short, sharp,ften and brutal. If you went over the top, a lot of men never made it to the barbed wire halfway across no man slammed. Oryou rated the enemy trench if the enemy graded your trench, it would be close quarter combat with knives, pistols, sometimes dressed knuckles. This was also the first war to illustrate this point and the veracity of the close quarter contact. This was also the first war where officer where soldiers were issued shotguns. And were called trench guns were designed specifically for use in close quarters. Intense or boring at times. The trenches were not a Pleasant Place to be. Everyone long for war to move again. This brings me to the last piece where we will talk about Douglas Macarthur on the battlefield. One of the best illustrations we have is taken from some photographs. This brings me to the first of a series of murals done specifically for the memorial. Alton tobey in 1965. It shows different aspects and segments of Douglas Macarthurs life. This is one of the first. There are a lot of things going on in this portrait. They tell you about him on the battlefield as well as american troops. You can see americans marching forward to engage in combat. A arthur was involved in several battles during the summer of 1918 in the champagne region. Argonne offensive in 1918. This is probably late fall judging by the weather. Most of the men are marching forward. You notice this officer here standing with binoculars. That is General Macarthur. He adopted a distinct look. He realized that as a chief of staff, he had a good staff and he realized that to keep up his mens morale and help them cope and the there for a quick battlefield decision, he had to be up front. In order for his men to realize the boss is here he decided to dress distinctly. Georgeothing patton were a distinctive look in world war ii that was made famous. There are many other generals that cut distinctive figures so that their men knew here is the boss. There is one officer in the American Army in france that dresses like this. If you see someone like this, it is General Macarthur. You notice he is not wearing a gas mask. He was gassed twice in the war. He also issued orders that if anyone followed his example, they would be courtmartialed. This is important not only for the distinctive look but look at where he is. Most generalse were in the rear, comfortably, macarthur is up front also notice, he is not wearing a weapon. He would often lead attacks carrying nothing but a riding crop. The men looked at this and realize if the kernel and later the brigadier can take it, i can take it also. That is called command presence. Not just bravado. He wrote later that leadership crystallized in a physical manifestation. Front, by being fearless, it shows that he was leading in a very visible way. Douglas macarthur in world war i was the most decorated american. He earned several seven silver stars, and a host of other metals. Medals. To end on a light note. Caused him. Lmost in early november 19 18, as the americans are racing forward in victory, there is an order given to ignore divisional boundaries. Macarthur was commanding the eta for the brigade and decided to an objective in a neighboring sector. He goes over to reckon later the area and gets captured by a First Division soldier. The soldier had never seen an american dressed like this. It took him six years to convince them that he was an american. It is only when the 84th realized where is our general that they realized who he was. Macarthur, leading from the from the very much cut same cloth of the other great leaders. World war i in particular help solidify who he was and how he would lead forward. Even in world war ii and korea, he leads from the front in most cases. Where would he get that idea of being out front . And being able to make a quick battlefield decision of necessary . He got it in the trenches in france. Ends november 11, 1918 and macarthurs career in some ways is only just beginning. He is a Major General at the end of the war and he is destined for great things. Let us look at macarthur in the interwork period. Interwar. R period. I will stop you here and show you that this is General Macarthur coming home in 1919. He dressed extremely well. Division, ife 42nd he ever ran across a veteran of the 42nd division in later life, he always had time for them. He always attended the reunions. The 42nd was always a big part of his life. Tributes from the division throughout the rest of his life were some of his most cherished artifacts. The division has donated all of the artifacts and memory bill yet to the memorial about five years ago in recognition of his strong presence. 1919o wanted to talk about as something of a watershed. When we do chores for military groups and schoolchildren, one of the things i always point out to people is i ask them this question when was the map of the middle east drawn . It was drawn at versailles at the end of world war i. If you look at the middle east borders have only existed for less than 100 years. If you look at the middle east today you can imagine iraq, jordan, and israel there is a reason why iraq and jordan are shaped the way they are. British, if the suez canal was ever closed, would still have a land route to cross. Those borders have created all sorts of political problems but it all goes back to the end of the First World War with the treaty of her side. Something to keep in mind. When you think about the history there is a relevance to it. There are many parts of the world particularly in world war ii it is like yesterday. To understand the world, you have to understand the things that went on during General Macarthur. Back at the end of world war i and becomes superintendent of west point. This is the superintendents house where he lived. When macarthur got to west point, virtually little had changed in 100 years. He realized you cannot just train engineers. It is one of the finest engineering schools and still is in many ways. But you cannot just train them. We have to train officers and soldiers and not just be professionals but also to take command of a Mass Citizen Army and leave them on a modern data field with mechanization. Warfare has changed a lot since the civil war. So macarthur said about under great resistance to change and modernize west point. A lot of it stuck. As the fatherday of the modern west point. Two of the more prominent examples of his reforms that have endured the most the first, west point has always had an honor code but it has never with anmalized agreedupon language until macarthur was superintendent. He other thing that he did and this is something that is literally etched in stone at the military academy, is he for armyd a real boost athletics. And that goes back to his playing days. It inscribedad over the gymnasium on the field of friendly strife are sown seeds that upon other fields on other days will bear the fruits of victory. This is where you learn the discipline, leadership skills to prepare yourselves for an athletic competition, and you get the leadership skills you will need to leading men and women on the battlefield. Macarthur firmly lived at that in his life. He was not the only one to believe that what he was able to institutionalize that. While there, he also gets married for the first time at age 42. On valentines day 1922, he marries Louise Cromwell brooks after a short courtship. Very happy marriage for the first few years. It will end in divorce in the latter part of the 1920s. This is a photograph of General Macarthur and his first wife louise. The other thing macarthur did as superintendent of west point is he hosted dignitaries including the prince of wales in 1922. Both were veterans of the western front. Of wales eventually becomes king edward the eighth. As we come down after macarthur leaves west point in 1922, he goes to the philippines for a and in 1924 or 1925, it was a tough time for a General Macarthur. Brotherber 1923, his dies of appendicitis. On his way to admiral. He dies as a captain. This was one of the great whatifs. Admiral. Future what if Arthur Macarthur had not died. That is the first great tragedy that strikes. The second, not necessarily a tragedy that it has an emotional component to it was the courtmartial of Billy Mitchell, the great airpower pioneer, a great air leader from world war i. From milwaukee. s fathers hometown. Mitchell hadilly known each other as kids. They had grown up in with each other in some ways. And to sit on the courtmartial of an old family friend could not have been easy for the general. We do not know how he voted but Billy Mitchell was convicted. Down time for General Macarthur. An interesting thing that most people do not realize he ran the u. S. Olympic team. Was designated to pick the team and the coaches and lead them as the senior American Olympic official to amsterdam for the summer games. The events and the number of participating countries would be about one third of what they are today. Still no less of an event. More gold medals than any other country in the 1928 games. When General Macarthur was roundly praised for his performance with the u. S. Olympic team. A little known fact the u. S. Army has had a role in every since 1896. Ic team George Patton was an olympian in 1912. U. S. Army shooting team represented the United States in london in 2012 and they will again in rio in 2016. There has always been a soldier participation. In 1920, it was special in a sense. We come to the 1930s. Another important time in his life. About now achieved just everything has father had achieved in his army career except for one thing. His father was never chief of of the army, the seniormost Commanding Officer of the army. In 1930, Douglas Macarthur managed to do what his father never did and he becomes of chif of staff of the army. A post he will hold for the next five years. A really rough time for the United States. The great depression. The stock market had crashed in 1929. Mcarthur has a very turbulent time as chief of staff of the army. Several things go on that contribute to that turbulence. The first is when the stock of thecrashes, 25 country goes into the darkest deepest depression it is ever had and there are a lot of veterans that have been promised bonuses. Several thousand of them march on washington in early 1932 and camp out in southeastern washington on the anacostia flat to ask congress we are destitute and we have nowhere else to go. Can you help us out and advance our bonuses and pay them immediately . Known asing becomes the Bonus Expeditionary force. In the summer of 1932, macarthur stationed in washington, gives the mentoredar out against the advice of one of his aides, Dwight David Eisenhower who later becomes president , tos his uniform and goes off command the troops. They clear it out in a violent move. A few casualties and wounds. But the pictures of the burning and the way that the American Army treated veterans of the preview previous battles was one of the darker moments of his career. He later tries to paint those men as something of a communist uprising. This remains one of the more controversial aspects of his career. The other thing about macarthurs career as chief of staff is budget. They need leaders to think about the future of the organization. The army was a largest part of the federal budget. Every year that he was chief of staff but for the last, it took a 10 cut every year. Macarthur quickly had to prioritize. Do i save programs where people . Do i save programs or do i save people . He said i have to say the people. The only weapon that cannot be extended christ, generated ized, is the leadership. That would be the foundation of the army in the future. This is the early 1930s. Hitlers has risen in germany. Mussolini is rearming italy. Fascism is on the march. Japan is marching in the far east. There are prospects for war in the future. Who did macarthur keep in the army . Who stayed in . George marshall. Mark clark. Patton. Dwight eisenhowers are. Collins. In other words, all of the generals. That will fight and win the second world war. He also saved research and development dollars. What is developed at this time . The m1 rifle. The thompson submachine gun. The b17 bomber. P 40. The p 41. The thunderbolt. All started their development under macarthur. These are the weapons that will be used, the most famous ones that will be used by the American Army to win the second world war. Last impact of macarthur as chief of staff and one of the things he did to find jobs for these people he was maintaining, was macarthur assumed control of a conservation court. Thise marshall said later was his experience with vast mobilization organized for an objective. This group created our national parks. Did all of this public works. Under the u. S. Army. Tremendous legacy. Visible in our country as a national treasure. Macarthurs tenure as chief of staff of the army was a very positive thing. And it had some negative things as well. It was certainly turbulent. But he stays in it for five years. Littled been extended a more than the traditional four years. 1945, there is not really a suitable job for him. He has done everything an army officer can expect to do. Philippines a place he has been before. They hire him as their military officer. Someone to advise and create a Philippine Army and who better to do that than the outgoing u. S. Army chief of staff. Macarthur excepts. Of 1935, heelys. Ashington he moves to manila to build the Philippine Army. And live out his days in the philippines. Fate has something different. You can watch this and other programs by living by visiting our website. This week, the Churchill Center posted the 33rd International Conference in washington, d. C. American history tv was live at the conference at yesterday. Up next, a portion of the conference discussing the legacy of Winston Churchill. I am enjoying my First Experience at the churchill conference and i am pleased to be introducing our next speaker, Andrew Roberts. Coming from kansas city. We have enjoyed many partnerships with the Churchill Center. Looking forward to the next partnership. Holick is in a new Young Professionals group that will be hosting a meeting next saturday. As someone who works in social media 24 7, i cannot help but wonder what Winston Churchill would have done had he had access to twitter especially at 3 00 a. M. [laughter] but i encourage everyone here to continue to tweak out using the churchill2016. The social media team has been doing a wonderful job. And Andrew Roberts is on twitter, as well, so it is absolutely ok. I emailed Andrew Roberts a few times as i was constructing this introduction and i asked him to give the highlights to it she replied, a nondirect quote, i have written 13 books. I do have the immense honor to introduce Andrew Roberts, who is 13 times over an incredible author. Andrew roberts is presently a visiting professor at the Kings College department in london and a lecturer at the New York Historical society. He has written or edited 19 books, which have been translated into 22 languages. His works include hitler and churchill, masters and commanders, and the storm of war and writing a biography of churchill for penguin, which would be published in 2018. Speaking today on the romantic imagination of Winston Churchill, welcome Andrew Roberts. [applause] mr. Roberts it is a great honor to be invited to address your again and thank you, megan, for your kind words. I put a book over there, not because it has anything whatsoever to do with my speech today, but simply because i believe in the power of subliminal advertising. [laughter] in august 1933, churchill wrote that american audiences yield to none in the interest, attention and good nature to which they follow a lengthy considered statement. It is up to you to keep that tradition going for at least the next 45 minutes. The concept of the british stiff upper lip was invented by the victorian and prevalent in the upper classes, where it was considered did predict to show ones emotions openly and where ones heart on one sleeve. It was believed that the empire depended on the capacity of officers and men to rise but the natural Human Emotions and stay calm and collected regardless of what appalling thing was going on. The center of that british believe system was to be found in the british army. In the earlier periods, cheerfulness did not imply a lack of manliness or selfcontrol. At a funeral in january 1886, every single one of the eight admirals who had carried the coffin to the cathedral, was in tears. As well as it least half of the allmale congregation. Regency officers were not expected to have to control their emotions in the way that their victorian grandsons and great grandsons were. Upperclass british army who cried to such an extraordinary event, that we need to regard him and said that being a victorian, but she was chronologically speaking, but as a regency figure, born out of his time. Winston churchill was a profoundly romantic with the capacity for empathy and also possessing such aristocratic disregard to what others thought of him, that if he felt like crying, he did. Such was his historical imagination, too, that this astonishing could be released at minor moments and of great occasions, especially if music was involved. In 1993, churchills last secretary was interviewed about churchills tendency to weep. When i was with them about three months, he wept a lot and he said to him after dinner, i blubber an awful lot. You will have to get used to that. John asked, what would stimulate that . Anthony replied, tales of heroism, the motions of tales of heroism. He loved animals, a noble dog struggling through the snow to his master would inspire tears. It was touching and i found it acceptable. When it came to tears and sweat, church only about all of them, especially tears. Lord halifax described him as having a childs emotion and demands reason. Here are a few occasions through churchills life in which he is recorded as crying. The 30th of september, 1897, he wrote to his mother, i really detect a genuine emotion myself of this great friend, lieutenant William Brent clayton, who was killed close to him on the expedition. I must rank it as a rare instance the fact that i cried when i saw Brown Clayton literally cut to pieces on the stretcher. Churchill wept for henry wilson, the commanderinchief of the british expedition, after parting for france in 1914. I never liked him so much, wilson wrote about him. On the 10th of august of that year, when his faithful manservant Thomas Horton died, who had worked for his father before him, he wrote after the funeral, alas, i have lost this noble friend, devoted entry, who have known since i have been a youth. He added that there were about 40 mourners, including all the household who worked. It is fair to assume that he could be included amongst them. On the eighth of november, 1924, when Sandy Baldwin asked if he would serve as chancellor, churchill assumed it meant of lancaster instead of the duchy and baldwin said no and tears came into churchills eyes because he said that he would be able to vindicate the chancellorship of his late father. On the death of f. E. Smith, churchills great friend in 1930, last night, winston left for his friend and he said several times, i feel so lonely. In november, 1934, the soviet ambassador, whose brilliant diaries have just been published, by the way, he was attending the wedding of the duke of kent to the princess of greece and he wrote that churchill looked deeply moved. I remember how churchill shed tears in 1935 wrote captain. On the 11th of december, 1936, the day after his abdication. As i saw mr. Churchill off, there were tears in his eyes, but they were royalist tears. Six months later, at the moment the queen consul was crowned, churchill, eyes full of tears, turned to clemency and said, you are right, i see now that the other one would not have done. During the munich crisis, there was a dinner at the savoy, where it was discovered that none would join him in signing a telegram to neville chamberlain, adjuring him to make no further accessions. It is recalled that the telegram was not despised and one by one, our friends went out defeated. Winston remains, sitting in his chair, immobile, frozen and i saw tears in his eyes. I could feel the iron entering his sould his last attempt to salvage what was honor and i spoke with bitterness to those who had refused to put a name to the principles and policies which they professed and you spoke, what are they made of . Todays not far when it will not be signatures the day is not far off when it will not be signatures we have to give but the lives of millions. Can we survive . It will be hard to do so and there is no courage anywhere. Three days later, alfred resigned and churchill cried again. In 1940, when fdrs hopkins told churchill then he would get a million rifles from the usa, he was moved to tears. On the 13th of may, 1940, on the same day, we read george recorded the [indiscernible] mix of moving speech telling winston how ponty is of him. Winston cries and wiped his eyes. Winstons eyes filled with tears as he buried his eyes in his left hand and wiped his face. On the fourth of july, 1940, churchill cried after the house of commons applauded his decision. To sink the french fleet. When churchill finished his speech, the whole house, the respected party affiliation, jumped to their seats and applauded him for several minutes, loud, powerful and sitting on the treasury bench, the tension draining from his body, churchill lowered his head and the tears ran down his cheeks. It was a strong and stirring scene. At last, have a real leader, echoed through the lobbies. The recorded at that occasion, winston left the house visibly affected. I heard him say, this is heartbreaking for me. Visiting a share where people have been killed after the first grade, churchill in the words of a letter from the secretary to the war cabinet broke down completely at his welcome. You see, he cares, and he really cares, a woman calls out. He is crying. Two months later, another mp and pps to halifax wrote that winston had the decency to cry as soon as he stood by the coffin. January 1941, hopkins recited where you go, i will go. Cash recited cummaquid taoist goes, i will go. It was hard for Winston Churchill to recall the incident without being overcome with emotion. [indiscernible] he would say, we had two lovely films after dinner. One was called escape and the other was a comedy called quite wedding. They were several short reels from the ministry. Her husband was the minister at that point in the churchill government. Winston managed to cry to all of them. Including the comedy. [laughter] the months after that in march 1921, there were tears in churchills eyes when he met the japanese ambassador. When he was asked why . He was said to have told him that he was an emotional man. Now he has tears because he wants to crush hitler and a year from now, he may have tears because of the war. Elizabeth nels joined the number 10 team, and said, sometimes his voice becomes thick with emotion and a tear would run down his cheek during the next month, he cried when visiting the house of commons and did not make an attempt to operate the tears. In june 1941, colonel george met churchill in london. His accounts of the suffering in france reduced churchill to tears. And at the foreign office, they noticed the Prime Minister crying the following month while watching the hamilton woman, the great Laurence Olivier movie about nelson. In that same month on the 10th of august, while singing, it was noticed that churchill was affected emotionally. That november, it was written to tom about the bombing of cities and the way it affected churchill personally. And particularly, he wrote to the Prime Minister that he was keen to suffering. His eyes filled up with tears and talked about the suffering of the jews in germany. He looked at the houses and said, poor homes. It is beside the character not always appreciated. The fact that some people mentioned it shows in and of itself calling usual it was for men to cry in public in those days. Even something as mundane as a lobbyist journalist in 1922, that set off churchills waterworks. Major general john kennedy recalls on that particular day with tears, it brought him applause. On the 16th of october, 1942, he was moved to tears by a speech. The Prime Minister of south africa. The next month, he cried again during the march in the 51st edition in tripoli. Colonel ian jacob, the secretary for the cabinet, the sun shown down in a cloudy sky and they set up on the upper part of the ruined castle, outlined in the archery, all under the veterans of the army, expanding the last city of bruce braleys empire. No wonder the tears rolled down his cheek as he took the salute of one of our finest divisions. The bitter moment in the white house when it fell was swallowed up in the joy of the morning in tripoli. When admiral cunningham took the Prime Minister to visit the submarine crews and the harbor in june 1943, churchill made a delightful speech. He came away with tears running down his cheeks. Cunningham. Churchill talked about walking in the valley of the shadow of death, and in that affect the morale of submarine crews that day. That november during the conference, one day after lunch with the president , he asked his daughter sarah to arrange for cry to go to the pyramids to see if we could get close enough to take fdr there. It was written to the president that he must simply go to see this links on the impairments. Churchill turned abruptly away and said, we will wait for you in the car. Outside in the simmering sunshine, his eyes are bright with tears. The end of that conference that same conference, and sarahs words, as it was thanksgiving, we had turkey. The president carved a giant turkey for 20 people like a professional. He made little speeches afterward and tears were flowing down his cheeks. A band composed of american boys played beautifully in the background, and everyone saying home on the range. New year 1944 saw churchill seriously ill in america in