The remains of the sailors were covered by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the u. S. Navy in 2002. In this american artifact, we will observe the ceremony and learn the history of the monitor and the efforts to identify the remains of recovered sailors. We spoke after the burial with david hallberg, superintendent of the monitor National Marine sanctuary. Mr. Alberg im responsible for the daily management and protection and longrange preservation of the shipwreck that was 16 miles off of cape hatteras, north carolina. Ultimately my job is about managing the sanctuary which protects the shipwreck, americas first marine section rate established in 1975 to protect the wreck of the monitor. Today ceremony was a culmination of more than a decades worth of work. It started in 2002 when the remains of two u. S. Sailors were recovered from the uss monitor by navy divers. Those remains of been in Hickam Air Force base in hawaii at the joint pow mia accounting command. They have been working to identify these two men have returned to their families. Although they got great information on the age and the height and some of the ailments and even some of the things that were habits. One individual smoked a pipe which is very clear by the wear in his tooth, they were not able to provide a dna match. The secretary of the navy made the decision that these men were to be honored at the Arlington National cemetery with the burial. And today we did that. We thank you for being with us today to one of the two to honor the two sailors we in terror and the 14 others we inter and the 14 others perished so long ago aboard monitor. In a larger sense this ceremony also offers every individual who ever put to sea in defense of our country. From the marblehead men who rode washington across the delaware to these brave souls, to those who serve today in Nuclear Powered carriers and submarines. Sailors have always been the same. They are at heart risktakers. Willing, even eager to brave the unknown and your past distance distant horizons. And look past it is fitting we hold the ceremony on the 151st anniversary of the battle of Hampton Roads where the monitor engaged the virginia for control of the james river and the southern chesapeake bay. The outcome that day was a draw. The battle enshrined each ship enable immortality. In naval immortality. Mr. Alberg the monitor was a revolutionary kind of ship that would change warfare in a single day. The ship was different from its predecessors because it was an iron ship, made entirely of iron. It was a transition from the wooden warship to the age of iron. Probably more significant than that was its revolving gunter it. Gunned for it. Turrette. Itit was designed by the swedish engineer John Erickson who designed this vessel with two guns. His contemporaries had as many as 40, but it had two guns protected in a heavily armed terrorists that could rotate 360 degrees. For the first time in history it separated the navigation from the ship from the firing of the weapons. This changed everything. On march 9 151 years ago tomorrow, the monitor that the virginia and for four hours the two ships slug it out pretty much to withdraw. What change that day was the course of Naval Warfare would take in every navy in the world. The norths entire strategy was based between the states on victim will choke the south economically. It was an Economic Strategy to keep the south from bringing in supplies that were necessary for the war effort, and just as important to keep her from shipping cotton which was its primary revenue stream. By choking or for, mobile bay, charleston, and preventing the south and getting the things in and out the belief was the south would eventually crumble. Critical to that was the ability to do that. The north established blockading squadrons at all these major ports. The news of the confederates were creating an ironclad that could jeopardize that strategy and blanket blockading break the blockading was terrifying. The navy and lincoln and many people have this vision of the virginia being constructed and destroying this blockade squadron and hansen roads and add Hampton Roads and sailing of the potomac and shelling washington and the word be lost and a matter of days. War would be lost in a matter of days. The monitor was the last line of defense. As James Mcpherson said, march 8, 1862 was the worst they until pearl harbor. Hundreds of United States sailors killed. All in one date by you ship that seemingly was unstoppable. Range . Mr. Alberg as often happens in history, these moments of serendipity and fate, the monitor arrives in a heavy fog that evening and much of the concern of the navy that was observing this tiny ship who believed she was not in the building of anything the merrimack is sweeping the union fleet. Even the capital will be at the mercy of the guns of the merrimack. What of the monitor . If it ever reaches hansen roads, the merrimack will blow her out of the water. So that is the monitor . Fire [cannon fire] mr. Alberg the virginia was never able to get out of Hampton Roads and was eventually destroy for keep her from falling into the hands of the union. The strategy was intact and that is what made monitors a significant. It wasnt she had a superior, clear victory at the battle of canton roads. Hampton roads. But it was able to stop the virginia for doing what she had done and that changed everything. So what happened . Mr. Alberg december 29, 1862 monitor leads Hampton Roads for north carolina, hopefully down to charleston or she will participate in the blockade of charleston. She encounters one of these typical noreaster storms the bills of quickly out of cape hatteras. The ship, which was designed to operate in shallow coastal areas was overwhelmed by the season claimed by it. The painting shows monitor in uss randolph, swept up in a perilous winter gale. The night of december 30, 1862 progressed, and the storm worsened, monitor begin to take on water. For pumps began to fail in the crew decided to abandon ship. William keeler, one of the 46 survivors, wrote to his wife when he was safely a short saying, a heavy seas rolled over our bow, dashing against the pilot house and searching out surging out. Words cannot depict the agony of those moments as our Little Company gathered on top of the turret with a massive sinking iron beneath us. Crews from the randolph ventured into lifeboats to say the men of the monitor. Sailors struggling to save other sailors. At 1 00 in the morning in the pouring rain and pitch blackness, monitor slipped below those raging seas. 16 men went with her. When was it discovered and how was it discovered . Mr. Alberg it was discovered in 1973 by researchers from Duke University under johnny, horton watts, and another gentle man named sheridan. They were out testing a new kind of sonar, side scan sonar. They were looking for a target it would be clearly identifiable. They picked the monitor as a way to test the equipment. In august of 1973 they identify the target that had this unique shape that was similar to the monitor. What they had not expected was the ship it flipped over. On the seabed this target has a little bump coming out of it which ultimately became found to be the turret. What is more amazing is that within about six months after that the Nation Congress established it as the first marine sanctuary. What is the story after that . 1998, a project began . Mr. Alberg Congress Asked what was the plan to reserve the monitor . Can you raise the shipwreck . Do you leave it in place and do nothing or is there a third option . The third option was selective recovery of this iconic pieces that were representative of the Technological Advancement the monitor had. The gun turret, the engine. The propeller. In 1998 they partnered to recover the artifacts and provide the navy and commit is Training Opportunity for the deep saturation program which they had gotten away from for many years. It was a great way for them to use this as a Training Opportunity, recover their heritage, support the National Efforts are fo to preserve the monitor. In 2000 to the turret came up and the rest is history. [drums] [drums] ready, 2. [drumroll] ready order order pallbearers ready. Mr. Alberg when the recovery was underway we worked with jay pac jpac and we had a forensic anthropologist in case of body was found. The first skeletal remains were found. In excavation stopped in the july. Decision was made to raise the ruttet turret at that point. A second sailor was found lying below him. Two. Full skeletons were recovered and sent immediately to hawaii. The chances of that happening were always thought the be fairly high. The turret would have been the last bastion of safety. We were not certain but it was not a surprise. How do we get from 2002 two today to what happened today . Mr. Alberg jpac worked for about six years on the forensic work to determine age, height, ailments. Taking dna samples. And doing the rough scientific work to narrow the field down. We note three africanamericans died, but 16 were lost. These never clearly caucasian. That eliminated three of the crews possibilities. We believe based on the artifacts it was highly likely they were enlisted rather than some of the four officers. That takes you down to nine. Based on enlistment records of age and height, assuming those were correct at the time they were taken down, it was it down to about six. That was the first step. The second step is the tougher part. Finding a living descendents somewhere in the world. Many of these crews were immigrants. The could be ireland, wales, england, scotland. There would come forward and provide a dna sample that can be compared to the dna recovered from the remains. Although a number of families did, none came forward and provided a positive match. Mr. Mann im a forensic anthropologist and also the director of Forensic Science academy for jpac. What is difficult to see if there is a round spot right here in the teeth. Its a little semicircle on top and a semicircle on the bottom. You put the teeth together and it looks like this. That is a pipe stem groove. Back in the civil war a lot of sailor smoked types. They were smoking pipes are very abrasive. They put this clay pipe in your teeth, they grind on it and after a while it actually sandpaper. It wears groups in the teeth. What we know about this individual, nasa mission the bones and not that these bones are talking to us saying i was a pipe smoker, though we have evidence in his teeth. There is no doubt about it. This individual smoked a pipe. What we can tell from this individual is this is somebody who is in his 30s. 3040 years old. We note this is a white individual because of the nasal opening is very narrow and tall. This little spine of bone is very prominent. Typical of white. These large budget can grab hold of it your fingers like this, that is typical of a white individual. We talk about sex of the individual. Is sloping forehead is a male. We have no question about it. This is a white male, a young white male disease over the development of the teeth and the growth caps on the skull. We have a 1724yearold white male. And we have a 3040yearold white male. How many 1724yearold white males were there . How many 30 have fouryearold white males were 57 and the same height. Where the missing out of the 16 . We got it down to two. Lsu volunteered to do the facial reproduction. Its a science and an art. They can be reconstructed based on averages and on the expertise of whoever it is the artist is doing it. We have gone back and looked at many, many photos of the monitor sailors sitting out on the deck. Hopefully we will find out sunday will be actually identify these individuals. If we could get photographs, that would be so cool to do and make a comparison. We are hopeful that we dont know what they look like. Honor guard honor guard attention present [gunshots] [gunshots] for yourself, today, what was the experience like . Mr. Alberg peaceful. A reeling of real peace and tranquility. The thought that these men are being honored by the nation wanted 50 years later and we have not forgotten them. 150 years later. We value the sacrifices they made 150 years ago to make a nation we enjoy today. And knowing that these men are finally addressed and that at rest and that noahs work will continue to identify the men and make sure the story is passed on to the next generation. There is a lot of press attention today. Did the amount of attentions surprise you . Mr. Alberg the monitor is one of those stories that for whatever reason has this amazing ability to captivate and interest people of all generations. I was not surprised i that. By that. Was there ever consideration of returning them to their comrades at the monitor site . How was the decision made . Mr. Alberg the decision on what to do with the men lies with the secretary of the navy. He has the authority over them because they are u. S. Naval personnel. We internally talked about the possibility of returning the remains back to the wreck site when position petitioning the navy to consider that. In thinking about it arlington is for the nation buries its heroes. Its the hallowed ground. As are all the national cemeteries. If you were to weigh the value and the contribution of their sacrifice, we felt the most important place for them, the rightful place would be at arlington. We have for a while trying to encourage the navy that when the day came to make a decision on what should be done with the remains that arlington should be heavily considered. And in fact it was. How was that specific spot chosen . Mr. Alberg it was chosen by the navy and Arlington National cemetery. For those that will visit the site you will know immediately this is one of the most special places within arlington. The challenger memorial is there. The mass of the uss maine. The apollo astronauts. This is one of the most honorific places that the men could inlaid rest. Its just steps from the tomb of the unknown soldier, right by the amphitheater. I could not be more proud of the decision to place them there. [taps] order order it will not be the last time we buried naval personnel who fought the civil war at arlington. We do not hesitate to keep faith and honor this tradition even more than 150 years after the promise was made. Our nation honors our fallen sailors, soldiers, airmen, marines, and coast guardsmen because we do not want their sacrifice, however distant, to be unremembered. [drums] [drums] [drums] [drums] ladies and gentlemen, this does conclude the service. This closes one chapter but is no mean the end of our work. Noah will continue to protect and study the shipwreck. We have varied to make today the 14 others were lost at sea. At least some of this may still be inside the wreck itself. It will always be a grave site, hall of the to be protected and treated with dignity. Our work will continue. You can learn more about the uss monitor at monitor. Noah. Gov. Weekend, historian dennis by describes the reactions of both northerners ad southerners to the rate of federal armory at this very by abolitionist john brown. Heres a preview. America in 1859, in the winter of 18591860, is not a nation of thoughtful people. Of people whon are reacting to her feelings. We are not spending time intellectualizing around about john brown, we are responding to john brown. We were responding to an attack , somebut for a reason would say, and the reason thats justified, some with hank. Some would think. What is john brown . Not always he, what is he . Not who is he, what is he . What words come to mind . Think for a moment. Thats one of new, any different of onions . A freedom fighter, i dont need to hear anything more. We have people from the same community who have two very just opinions that are on far reaches of the planet with those words. Terrorist freedom fighter. Watch the entire program with dennis price saturday at 6 00 p. M. Eastern here on cspan th ree. Is live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. Join the con for station join the conversation. Coming up tuesday morning, journalists from politico discuss their approach to covering washington. Be sure to watch washington journal this coming tuesday is the first in the Nation New Hampshire primary. Next Political Science professor , andrew smith teaches a class on the history of the primary and its significance in the president ial election process. We recorded the class at the university of New Hampshire in 2011. His class is about an hour and 15 minutes. Professor smith welcome. Today, we are going to talk about the history of the New Hampshire primary. Before we get into the history, i want to talk for a bit about the history of the nomination process en toto. How do we nominate the candidates for president . The thing i want to talk about overall, first off, giving you a sense of the New Hampshire primary. New hampshire did not start with the first pren
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