Transcripts For CSPAN2 After Words 20131228

Way he was doing things the could have elevated the two chairmen or ceo but you never know. It is what it is i am happy as i look back with mostly great satisfaction. Host most i think would say you havent had a very successful career. Are you really retired . What is next . Certainly i will not be an executive and a Major Corporation but i am a contributor to force, d. C. Contributor i write a column for a magazine and a board member for a variety of companies and two consulting and i am now involved man with a partner in producing premium mens watches and one of which is right here starting a small automotive venture. I have plenty to keep me busy. Host why i dont call that retired. You have a lot of wisdom that Somebody Just starting a new one to follow in your footsteps of what was a your party words of wisdom be male or female with leadership . First of all, be passionate. If you are passionate about fashion or the furniture business go with that. If its about the hospitality go into that last night i heard a lecture of the sports caster probably the most famous sportscaster in the United States in said from the time he could walk he would hold a spoon pretending to be a sports caster what he wanted his whole life. So that is the essential ingredient otherwise you will end up to use the of nine to five slave kicking off the months to retirement and will not be successful. Follow the area of your greatest passions and hard work always try to exceed requirements. Never be satisfied with the status quo and always give extra and always maintain professional integrity dont try to pull funny stuff fourstar rivers to ingratiate yourself by shading the truth. Just behave with absolute integrity which i seek is of lesson that America Needs today needs to hear. Host you are great and have taught me a lot and you are one that i love you say it as it is. I dont always agree but you are one of those who are willing to save what they think. Guest john is one of my heros. Host i love you both. Host i look forward to seeing you soon and people learn from your insights. Bob lutz. Fatefully there are fewer idiots a. M. There were icons [laughter] guest thank you. Good night. Thats the best interview ive had on the book tour. I just got it from charles. And loved the interview on things that matter. His new collection of essays. Some of which are auto biographical. That makes my day. I like radio. Three hours is an abundance of time. I can do so many different things. Youre watching cspan2 with politics and public affairs. Weekdays featuring live coverage of the u. S. Senate. On weeknights watch key Public Policy events. And every weekend the latest nonfiction authors and books on booktv. You can see past programs and get your schedules on our website. You can join in the conversation on social media sites. Up next on booktv. After words with political activist, radio host joe madison. Talkingtalking with craig wilder on ebony and ivy. In the book, the host i guess the first question is, how did you start down the road . We were laughing when you said ten years ago when you started you had hair. Guest not a lot. But i had hair. [laughter] host what started you down the road to actually put ebony and ivy together. Guest its a long story i can make short. I had just been moving from one job to another one teaching position. I just finished a book project. I started out on whey thought was going to be a simple book, a simple article. I was going explain how black abolitionists got their education. Give the fact they were excluded by race from american colleges and universities. I was going tell the story of where they went. Some went to europe. Some went to new england and studied privately. Some studied privately in the atlantic and became ministers, teachers, and doctors. But in fact, actually, one of the things i got more interested in, i started that project was why they were excluded from the colleges and universities. That these, colleges, in fact had a long history write black people. On campus. And enslaved people but not as students. But they had a long history with native americans. And thats a very at black students were excluded. Native American Students were on campus for 200 years. Host doing what . As students . Guest students for almost 200 years. Host how were they able to be on campuses. You write about that. Guest thats the beginning of the book. If you think about it, you know, the first attempt to build a college for native American Students is about 210 years before the first attempt build a black college. The first native american graduate from a college is 200 years. The first may native minister 150. It sounds like native americans are privileged inspect fact, part of the story telling the book is precisely the role of the university in conquest. Its precisely the role of the university in colonialism. That explains the early presence of native students on campus and precisely that role that explains how universities turn to the slave trade to fund their enterprise. Host now. When you say the conquest. From what i was reading is that the part of the conquest was this thing of these are savages. These are people that are infour your enfour your and we have to educate them or train them or somehow make them unsavage like. Im speaking in reference to the native american. The belief is that the goal the obligation was to bring the gospel to bring the bible to untutored people. And to civilize them in that way. A lot of projects went hand inhand with conquest, and territorial expansion. One of the things that was surprising to me, as i started the book, was the quite that they played in that early colonial period. Im a american college. The american colleges and universities helped take me as a kid with a single mother raising three kids all by herself in brooklyn, new york and turn me to a College Professor with tenure. Host you and your sister. Who is an m. D. Guest yeah. My sister is a pediatrician in d. C. Ive always thought of Higher Education and colleges and universities. The benevolent institutions. The institutions that do good things if we can get access to them. What the Research Began to expose was the other role that universities can play. Universities can be, in my mind, weapons of social just u, but what shocked me they could be weapons of social destruction. Host in what way . Guest they can play a huge nart undermining the integrity of native american nations and civilizations. One of the things i write about in the first chapter is the desire to christianize native people in the americas. Several attempt to build colleges which was all the early colonial colleges have as a primary mission. The education of native people. Are going to be tour or ited in i english, and only have, in fact, the remnant of native culture and native language. Host in the book ebony and ivy do you talk about the type of cause m that might have been created as it relates to intergenerational conflict . Guest sure. I touch on it in the first chapters of the book and try show the ways ways in which the early colleges actually had a multitrystic role. Part of the goal port of their purpose was to help achieve the strategic aim of the colonies. And this is the white we awrve deploy education and deploy schools in the colonial world to soften the of native people to european. Host lets fast forward to then the whole issue of slavery. One thing that captures peoples attention and the critics have talked about this how the slavery funded these College Campuses. It funded and built these campuses. Who were the individuals that built the harvard, yale, brown, i think many of may remember the headline from Brown University that started with a study there. How much of that had an impact on what was in ebony and i i have. I was four or five years to the project when Brown University released its report, and the former president of brown, courageously, actually, and within the face of great citizens and great criticism from her from her own constituents, you know, brown she articulated the purpose of Higher Education. Which is the pursuit of truth. And we pursued truth in all of these other arenas. We also have to put some truth in our own history as institutions. And the brown report mattered a lot to me. I was four or five years to the project, and, you know, this was a massive undertaking. And it was about 2006 when i realized how big it was. How much time it was going take. How many years it was going take. And it was a good part of me that didnt want to go forward. Host why . Guest it just seemed enormous. And it wasnt clear that, you know, 5 or 10 years later i would have a coherent book. At that time the book wasnt clear in my head yet. What i was clear about the amount of material to go through. The number of places they had would to go to put it took me from, you know, quebec city in dan to the carolinas along the east coast to scotland and england, to holland. Host why. Start with the farthest away. Guest okay. Host why scotland . I could understand england. Why scott land . Bring people up in to understanding why would a book on race, slavery, and the troubling American University. Why scott land . Guest its in the race book. Its the section about the rise of race and racial scot sland a tremendous influence on the rise of the colonial north america. And ultimately on the United States scottish immigrants are the Largest Group of free people. The Largest Group of free people to cross the atlantic. The pennsylvania back country. Appalachia. Yeah. And with this enormous migration. Also comes a migration of idea. The Scottish University in helping to modernize the colonial american colleges. Both scottish faculty who come to teach in the americas, scottish ministers who come govern over some of the schools, and then, i mean, just loads of American Students colonial students who those scotland to study science and study medicine and come back to north america to do things like establish the first medical school. The principle players the slave trade . Guest theyre not the usual suspects you look at. Theres a trade that comes out of scotland. But we have to remember small towns like that. We have to remember just how massive the slave trade is. And part behalf the book is about, in many ways, is actually the enormity of the africa trade in the 17th en18th search. How they shaped the Atlantic World and instituted the economy that connected europe to the americas to africa to south america. And created, in fact, a transoceanic trade. How to which the United States be born. Host in term of building the campuses, when did who were these founders of these universities . Were they slave traders . Guest no. Host they werent slave traders . Guest well, they are largely ministers. Okay. From the various denominations. And so, you know, theres the dutch reform which is now rutgers and theres the college of new jersey which is princeton. These are actually denomination schools. They are schools that emerge out of the church communion. And then once they are established and as you establish them, you need money to do it. And a lot of money. The would be england. Why would they want to fund . Guest thats one of the problems. I jokingly described it to myself as i was working on the chapters, you know, why would the english want to give the pure contains money to establish a school of new england in massachusetts when in fact, getting rid of the pure contain school was a great goal. [laughter] theres not necessarily warm friendly relationship between them. This is where we get back to native American History and native americans become king. Because the american columnist were fearful at raising money, using the e advantagelation of native people as the goal. And so sending off missionary to england to britain under and raising money under the claim that evangelizing native people in the american. The first at harvard is the indian college. Thats where the money is coming from. And, you know, accelerates the crumbling of theytive society on the frontier and on the borders. So they are quote, unquote, slave owners. Then eventually after independence. Guest even before. They do turn guest yeah. Host they turn pretty quickly. These are religious schools to begin with. Very quickly they have to figure out the sources of funding. One source is going to be europe, england in particular, and raising money often under the claim one is evangelizing native american. The other source of money they have available to them is the rising population of colonial elites. People who actually have money within the colony. And in particular, both in england and in the americas, that group is made up of slave traders who are operating out of places like bar barbados and jamie jamaica. Many of them actually live are absentee landlord that live in england and manage it from afar. Often sending children the male children, the oldest might go military or the oldest might go to own to land. The mid child and the next youngest go off to the colony. I point out they station their children the key in the operation to the family networks. Who studied for a long time. But also send to the caribbean. And establish they send another son to england. And from the various points, they can manage their operations more e fresh single female. Move more money and goods efficiency and give them a chance to make the strategic changes in the plans are for these long extended shipping voyages. Through increasingly wealthy men and families. Right. Guest with interest in the americas. And begin to advertise themselves actually to this class of family. The classes. In fact one of the chapters is named after it. In which he says, you know, the very name of the indian. It come imply great love. Then he goes on to promise that if they send their boys to princeton, theyll be taken care of. And guided and supervised. And turned in to substantial and responsible young men. But if you send them off to england, the british universities are too large and too decentralized to give them that kind of attention. And what hes really selling is the potential of the american colonies to serve themselves and the potential of these education nam institutions to cater to the needs of the colonial elite. The colonialial elite is largely a product of the slave trade. The slave trading merchants and in large plantation own inert caribbean and americas. When we read the of course the reviews as most people probably will before. Without getting to the meat and were talking with professor Craig Steven Wilder. The book, the subtitle race, slavery, and the troubled history of american universities the impression is that slaves built these universities not just the money from the slave trade finance but actually the presence of slaves on it . The university of harvard and yale, pribs princeton, and brown. Or every capacity . Enslaved people in the hotels are often called dormitory of the colonial period that clean up after the students. They prepare meals. They collect wood. They gather wood for fires. They are in charge of lightening the cakdz candling and putting them out in the evening. Many of the president s owned enslaved people. Within a couple of years the purchase at least two people. One for the main house and one for the campus house. Now, were these individuals under the ownership of the university incorporated or under the ownership of various professors . Guest right. I mean, i think the problem is that this is a kind of technical issue. That is a little bit harder to deceiver in the colonial period. For instance, there was a one of the ways i was exploring this. I looked at a lot of county records in which the colleges where the colleges are. When you look at the colonial county records, often youll have the name of the president or the name of the professor and then listed with their taxable property. Will be an enslaved person or two or three. Host did students bring slaves . Guest yes. Host they brought them to cool them . Guest yes. If you think about this, if you look at the name of the president and three lines over, part of his taxable property is an enslaved person bhap youll often have in the case of princeton or harvard, youll actually have the president s name ditto the college. Who ons the person . In the Common Knowledge of the town, of the local area. The president and the college are kind of inseparateble anyway. And so i didnt spend lot of time actually trying to deceiver that. Host well college town. Guest right. And thats [inaudible conversations] and more College Towns than now. Guest if you can believe that. Even more dominant. These are host the came bridge would be a college town. Guest yeah. Nassau the tallest building in british america when its built. These colleges dominate the environment. One of the things that i also found fascinating about ebony and ivy as you talk about the slaves who build campuses and wait order the faculty and students was the curriculum. This white supreme single that was perpetrated. So you a teach ier. What we now consider liberal institutions. Teaching white supreme single female im not trying to sound as if im surprised, but if you if you said that now about yale or harvard, you know, people would think, well, my goodness, when did this start . How did they get started . So you sort of explain that because of the people who started these universities. Guest the origin s in the source of their funding and the continued remember, at the American Revolution approaches, and the tension between the colonies and england increase, the capacity of the american to raise money in england. Host right. Guest the indian college, hazard. Is largely, you know, taken down at the end of the 17th century and beginning of the 18th century. Host some believe they cant financially guest they are still using it. And to be perfectly honest. I tread in the book is as the native American Military threat in new england decline, the interest in evangelizing native american declines. Within the book and saints related to the question that you asked me earlier about did students bring slaves to campus. Yes. They do. At william and mary they pay fees to house the slaves on campus. At klum columbia and Kings College. George washington comes to new york city with his stepson, jackie, and jackie is a slave. And the president of columbia, Kings College at the time, myles cooper gives him a suite of rooms that jackie has painted and suited to obtain. And joe is actually in the smaller bedroom of the two where he can , you know, so yes. People the students arrived with slaves to campus. The faculty often had slaves. But one of the thing i wanted to get across in the book, particularly in the chapter about enslaved people on campus. Enslaved people were inseparateble part of the College Experience in the colonial world. Host which meant that they were exposed to Higher Education. Guest right. Yeah. They were. In fact, there are examples of this betsy who was enslaved to one of the president s of princeton studied in the library of the president s house and becomes an extraordinary gifted biblical scholar. Shes being consulted by biblical scholars. Host and shes selftaught. Guest shes largely selftaught. The president gave her instructions. He instructed her in the president s house and she continued to study on her own as she got older. Host let me share something i highlighted and have you expound. It comes from the chapter cot tom comes through to harvard. And charles [inaudible] was first of all, who was he . And the reason i bring this us, the future cotton planter. They were talking i believe henry watson, jr. Also wrote that the ancient gips had the curly hair and other feature was of the african race in that contemporary egyptians were only lighter in european and professor did not leave it to his students to infer that black africans so often advanced in fair of slavery. Expand on that, because it seems to be this apparently what youre saying here there was a conflict, i take it, who were the egyptian. How was racism taught. Who were africans, who werent africans. Even to the point, i bring it up, the argument takes place today. Guest yeah. It sounds modern. Host it does guest every table and street side book seller. Was engaged in the debate with some proud host right. Guest for at least a decade. It sounds very modern. It is modern. Lets think about who it is. Henry watson, jr. Is a young man from east windsor, crittle. Who goes to Washington College in harvard, which is now trinity college. And finishes education at harvard. And he graduates in the early is the 30s with the ba from harvard. As he sets out on the world. And introt conduction to the book is actually largely uses henry watson junior jr. s story. He those alabama and hes looking to become a tutor on a plantation to make some money that he can save and then go to law school. The reason i find him fascinating like a lot of Young College men in the 1830s, the south represented an extraordinary field of opportunity for him. He was precisely the who was the wealth of the plantation. But it was also the educational neglect of the south that created opportunities for welleducate northerners who wanted to head south to begin their career. And like a lot of them, watson plan god for a year, make money, go back home, become an attorney. Host he would be educating the children guest of the plantation host he would be working on a plantation as a tutor to the sons and daughters. There was an unequal destruction of time. Hes looking for this sort of i give examples of all the lots of young men who make this choice after graduating in the same time period. A lot of whom become famous like benjamin one of the most important science professor in the history of yale. And the professor who really begins yale science program. Actually faces the same choice when he finishes college. Waitedson heads south and hes disappointed. He doesnt get the job. So he heads back home and his father has been supporting him and becoming increasingly selfconscious about getting money from his father, when the endeavour has proven fruitless. He heads back to connecticut, he actually does study law and questions south again. He heads right back to alabama. And establishes himself as a planter. And over the next decade, he becomes quite wealthy and successful as a planter. On the eve of the civil war, he owns more than 100 people. He owns thousand of acres of land and a leading voice in defense of slave own perhaps the young man sat if the class of an abolitionist, charles, at harvard. In the early 1830s. He took it. He heard him make an argument, not just an abolitionist argument but an antiracist argument. He was trying to argue that the mountain of myth that were being used to defend american slavery were nothing more than that. They were just men. If one looked at history. Host approached this in a scholarly way. Guest yeah. He chose history. He chose examples from it. He largely used history and so he went back to the ancient egyptian and made the argument we were often making on the Street Corner in the 1990s. And so it does sound very modern. It sounds very contemporary. But its an interesting character. This is a young man who had brought to liberalize germany and who has chairnged out of europe. Arrested for his activism. Chased out of europe. He comes to the United States, he has the, you know, sort of intha experience of running to hes brought back. During the American Revolutionary. And on the 50th anniversary of the decoration of independence, congress invites him back to the americas. To celebrate. He runs in to him in philadelphia, and calls his not calls but contacts his biographer at harvard. I think its according george in religion. And he arrange for an appointment for him. Glasgow at some point, we do read in history and you do write about it, at some point former slaves, africanamericans are allowed to attend the harvards andy ailes. At what point did that change . Guest actually it happens and change stages at different points. You can go avoid back actually to the revolutionary era. The first black people to come to campus as students in what becomes United States is probably right after the revolution. And what happens is the number of residents at these no longer colonial early american schools began accepting black students for private study. Host for what reason . Guest the reasons are very different. Some are affected by the rhetoric of the revolution itself. The call for liberty and justice actually resonates with them and they began to question slavery themselves. There is an active antislavery debate happening on american campuses in the aftermath of the American Revolution. This discussion is happening in the aftermath of the revolution. You know, College Faculty and College Students actually would debate the question of slavery quite a bit. Host in such universities that we would recognize today, we have talked about northeastern new jersey. Lets talk about the southern universities. Guest the university of georgia and the university of North Carolina. The university of North Carolina has been abolitionist speaker at it one of its campuses in the early 19th century. And then the trustees actually published the speech. Its actually circulated around the United States. Host are these individuals who live in slaveowning states again in ebony and ivy you write about it. Are they abolitionist or is this a Free Exchange of intellectual debate and discussion . Guest is a Free Exchange of an selection of debate and discussion and often driven by abolitionist or at least by people who are uncomfortable with the continuation of slavery as is. The new york society which is made up largely of slaveholders and was established at the end of the revolution begins to fund an award at columbia for the best beach against slavery that actually exposes the immorality of slavery and the slave. This is actually given at graduation. And its based on something that happened in england already. They borrow a medal that is actually a model of incentivizing this discussion i offering a medal. So these are debates that are happening across the campuses and in the aftermath of the American Revolution its because some of the president s are affected by the rhetoric of the revolution itself and they have now been exposed to the british Antislavery Campaign and the extraordinary Political Force that represents on both sides of the atlantic and some of them have been swayed by those arguments particularly on the question of the slave. There is another group who actually begins to see black americans as potentially a tool for christianizing africa and so they began to take on black students with the hope of preparing them as missionaries as they will put it to send back to africa as christian missionaries are you with the logic that much like native americans. Host it goes back to the earlier part of this discussion. Guest if you remember 200 years earlier. How do you christianize a native nation . Host you christianize those the children and they become a second generation. I follow you. Guest in fact be evangelization of natives with people of their own is one minister puts if people of their own color and tone. You take native children and turn them into missionaries and return them as late teenagers early 20s and they will do the work of evangelizing. Host as you are talking and im just curious, does this create once again i will use the term a chasm between older blacks and younger educated blacks who are being educated for other purposes . Do you understand where im trying to go with this . And you know we often have this argument even today, well you are just a tool. Thats really what im getting at. You discussed this in ebony and ivy. Guest were these educated africanamericans tools, did they know they were being tools . Guest i ask or try to be native americans and africanamericans who received this education and the way that i talk about them. I try to be cautious because in fact actually for instance with the native americans, during king philips war in 1675 when king philips was the campaign resistance led i who the english call king philip and its the combination of native nations against the puritans. It almost conquers new england. It comes very close at this point. Without external help and good luck christian new england might have fallen. Serving with king philip or actually two or three native people who have been educated at harvard. And thats also true two centuries later as we begin to take young black men and young black women and prepare them for these various roles. Very often actually those educations become radicalizing experiences, not necessarily the civilizing ones that the benefactors have matched. The capacity of people of color to use their education to pursue their own entities and the to pursue you know the project of liberating their people. It shouldnt be ignored or swept under the rug. We actually can Pay Attention to that so im careful in the book not to make the subject point that we could use education strategically is one thing. Host that they were successful. Guest native americans among africanamericans where we find loads of examples of people who took that education and turned them to radical emancipatory purposes within their own communities. Host what in your research,n this, 10 years. When you first started with this concept of turning this into ebony and ivy and again Craig Steven Wilder a fascinating read on this. Im just curious if this will be required reading for your students at m. I. T. . Guest i never have asked question to buy any book that i have written. Host you are very unique. Guest i could tell them whats in it. Host was there anything as a historian, was there anything that surprised you as you are researching and writing ebony and ivy . Just to this day if i were a student in your class and i would ask that question professor wilder what really caught your attention . What really stuck with you and surprised you . Guest honestly the thing that i wrestled with the most as i was writing the book, and this is rooted in my experiences as a black man growing up in the United States in the arab that i did, was how to balance these historical narratives of different groups of people. Once you take up the topic of politics and slavery it seems to me that it would be a less than honest discussion if i didnt actually explain the relationship between these colleges and native american nations. That story doesnt make sense. For instance in the colonial period really you cant tell the story of how these colleges got involved in the slave. And how their trustees and that becoming slave traders and have they created these cozy relationships to planters in the south and in the west indies. The slave traders in the northeast and europe, where they cultivated this people so aggressively for so long. The story doesnt make sense unless you actually look west and you think about the ambitions of the colonial project. Host when you say wes guest west of the east coast. And you actually think about the native american nations aligned along the boundary between the colonies and indian country. So i had to bring, i felt to tell this story well i actually had to become a student of native americanism. Host when we think of native americans and again the common historical thought that we are often taught is that native americans did not make good slaves. But you do talk about them being enslaved. You do talk about them so is that a myth wax is that a myth and a fallacy . Guest we have all sorts of myths about native people and actually if you think about native slavery, there is an enormous. In native people in the colonial americas and the carolinas as one historian has pointed out. The South Carolina and North Carolina created a two slave trades. Its a trait that enslaved africans being brought into the carolinas in a. In enslaved native people being sold out of the carolinas. Into the caribbean and also to canada. New france from the 17th century on in Eastern Canada have been a healthy and receptive market for native people enslaved in wars throughout the americas. Native people are actually enslaved and sold into the caribbean. These are largely, we have a lot of mythmaking about slavery but when it comes to the thing that surprised me the most. Host i was going to say thats a surprise me in the book and im so glad we had a chance to discuss that because it is the common thought often expressed in casual historical conversation and the reason blacks and africans were brought here is because native americans simply didnt make good slaves. They ran away and disappeared in to the western wilderness. Guest the other part of it is the enormous death rates the extraordinary mortality rates among native people due to the new diseases in the first 100 years of contact but in fact none of that stopped us from enslaving people. Thats the lesson you take away. Not a single one of those factors stop this from capturing native people into bondage and other parts of the americas. Trading enslaved people, there are native american slaves on College Campuses owned by the faculty and officers of colleges and i list some of them. Host the reason i wanted to make sure we emphasize that is because people get into ebony and ivy and they might start saying when are we getting into the african slave part of it but you spend a great deal of time as you say processing the relationship of africans and slavery with what happened prior to africans being in essence brought in and enslaved. This is the other question as we start to wrap up. There will be those then who will read ebony and ivy and i also have the sense and correct me if im wrong professor that is almost two books in one. What i mean by that and i mentioned that earlier, its the glossary, the footnote that i tend to turn to how people come up with the narratives that it right about. Its just amazing and you have done that on purpose so again researchers, historians can see where you got this information and then expand upon it. Guest michael was to take a difficult topic and make it accessible to the public. To make it readable and approachable. There is also in fact another public that i write for which our academics and people doing research in this field. I wanted to provide them with as accurate a map to the sources as i could to help along their projects and the work that they have been publishing has certainly helped me in this project. Host i would he remove sub i didnt ask about your own institution and my tea. Where do they fit in . Guest actually we show up at the very end of the book. The rise of the technical and engineering colleges and universities in the decades before the civil war which is very much influenced by the expansion of the cotton culture of the United States. It is Cotton Textile manufacturing that produces a whole wave of new wealth that in order to get those manufactumanufactu res running unique qualified engineers and the owners of those mill towns in that investors began investing in engineering and Science Education at both the existing universities host the southern plantation owners that have the cotton. Guest is financed through new york. Host the Raw Materials in the south produced by slaves, financed by new york bankers and insurers and then the industrialization. Guest manufactured in new england and into textiles. Host and then sold around the world. Guest you need scientists and engineers and we begin investing as one historian put it in raising whole towns along the river banks where we can actually do this largescale manufacturing. Host there would also be those that may finish reading ebony and ivy and say or ask the question, do these universities, do i dare mention the word reparations . And so i dont know if that is your next book and i dont know how that discussion comes up in your classroom. That might need the thought process that some people end up with and what are your thoughts . Guest id have to go back to what we were talking about a few minutes ago. One of the things i have learned in doing this book is that history is not a race to see who is worse off. And who is the most oppressed. Another reason i wanted to lend together the stories and histories of native americans with africanamericans was to actually get to the truth, to the facts in the details of what happened and to explain them as accurately and carefully as i could. I see my job as a historian back to the lloyds difficult topics but to choose difficult topics and my task is to take readers through that to help them and to guide them through difficult moments in the history. There are consequences for these universities. Host such as . Guest brownness already began to initiate and implement the recommendations from the Brown Committee in 2006 and weighs which brown can actually reconcile its reality. They established a center established on campus areas there was a decision to make a more aggressive investment in Financial Aid and scholarship money and to just be proactive to recommit to a diverse campus and a campus that recognize that education can be a tool of social justice. At william and mary there has been movement in that same direction and an exhibit on campus. There was a faculty statement about the history of the institution with slavery and i think that is in some ways the right motion. I dont have a prescription for all the universities that i write about in this book. I do think that universities have to engage their own histories and i recognize there are consequences to that. Host when you say universities have to engage and again the book is ebony and ivy, engage them and deal with their own consequence is what i think i heard you say. That should be left up to the universities to decide . Guest actually i think its about the students and about the alumni. Its a conversation that needs to happen on campus but its also about the surrounding area. Host the surrounding area meaning . Guest the cities and towns in which they live. I think the solution for yale is different than the solution for middle america. Host or for cambridge. Guest part of grappling with the troubled history of the American University is recognizing the troubled history of American University student and with this book. One of the things they did and thats book was i stopped the book at the highpoint of scientific racism because i wanted to get to the point where they could see the modern University Without necessarily spending another 10 years telling the story. Host i love the term you being a professor at m. I. T. Scientific racism. Just lee, what do you say in the book . What is scientific racism . Guest there are few chapters in the book where i write about the emergence of race in science, within science. One of the things that i argue is that not only does science, one of the key ways for establishing the legitimacy of racial and the racial defense of slavery. Host in essence would i be incorrect in saying White Supremacy . Guest yeah. I would argue its the racial defense of slavery. Its the idea that African People are inherently inferior and created or prepared by nature for a certain level of humanity. And for certain level of treatment