Frankly might inform the way we do our debates here. Is an important global dialogue. I and thet question, president of a Dominican University. The selection of the debate site is not a small matter. I knew we were going to get to this question. It is not about the past. It is about why you choose colleges and universities as opposed to other sites. And whether this matters . Dynamicthe more economies is in california. Why colleges and universities . It is mantra. We are involved in educational function. We just that we would do this on university campuses. If you see what it does to a college community, it is just incredible. We continued to do that. Try to get geographical balance. We try to do it in the west, northeast, south. It does not always work that way. Sometimes the proposals do not meet the standards. There are very strict standards on hotel rooms within a certain district. You will have 10,000 reporters it is a facility to take care of the reporters from all over the world but are there. You have to feed them. Things thatlot of go into the process. In the final cut when we sit down as the secret service. We normally get it down to about 10 or 12 places. The secret service goes with us. They have to know it is security, that they can lock it down. It is a very serious matter. Whether it matters to a state i do not think so. Chairman, when i was where we going to hold the convention . If withholding california it will be california. Party has it worked out. I do not think the location much of the voting that goes on in that state. We try to get that geographic balance. We went to a campus that had a brandnew multimillion dollar theater for the performing arts. It was state of the art. He still had to put in 500,000 worth of additional lighting and air conditioning because the demand of the cameras and the light when youre doing national television. There are a lot of intricacies that go into the choice. We actually have some students from the junior statesmen programs that are here. The young people are so excited. So idealistic. A lot of universities and colleges that sponsored the debates with us develop curricula and so their students study the history of debates and they get into it. It is the idealistic element that you are going to get some sense of this is about the future of our country and here is the future and the students that are represented that makes the opportunity really refreshing. This is usually iterated to to others attributed saying there is no higher calling than public service. I would like you to join me in thanking them [applause] great job. Now to close. Resident of the Dominican University of california. Now this meeting is adjourned. [captioning performed by national captioning institute] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2013] gavel with that authority. And i am righthanded. In just under half an hour, president obama will sit down with john mccain and Lindsey Graham at the white house to talk about a response to serious after the apparent chemical up and attack on august 21 that took the life of 1429 people. They have suggested that they support a military response on that country. It begins at 2 00 p. M. Eastern. News wehere be any will have it for you. Members of the House Democratic conference were briefed on a. Onference call that call lasted about 70 minutes. The Senate Foreign Relations Committee will start. Senator mccain will attend. They have decide whether congress will authorize the use of force for violation of International Law on chemical weapons. Cspan will have live coverage starting at 230 eastern. We will hear house and Senate Members talk about serious when. Hey return on their we want to get your thoughts about how your members should vote. He says strikes on serial are warranted. They said it would be self destructed to except this kind of killing as legitimate combat by doing that in. This from molly hampton. They should focus on the problems at home. They have over 1500 responses so foar. The media is clearly an increasingly dominant criteria for every first lady. In the end, there are the human stories. Orm not limited to the 19th 20th century or media or anything else. It is how these people indoor and prevail in the very rough world of politics. Richard norton smith and edith mayo preview season two influenceladies, and image. Livesg at their private and public roles. Tonight at 9 00 eastern on c span, cspan radio, and c span. Org. Dartmouth College Hosted a discussion on the divisional digital revolution. We hear from harvard professor and the founder and president of living in digital times. It creates exhibitions to showcase new technologies. This is just over two hours. [applause] thank you very much for the generous words. A way for setting a good home for what it is we will be talking about. Inn i conjured up an image my mind of the digital revolution, in some ways it matched the cover of that program you have, the cartoon. My images walking through Harvard Square and coming straight at me with someone with a smart phone in hand, head down. A fine i jumped i out of the way we would have collided. Or walking into harvard yard with a nice statue. When hundred chores gathered around forests tourists gathered around snapping pictures. This past april, five young men got together in a cafe in cairo egypt. They decided to launch a ofition calling for the oust president morsi. Within a few weeks the petition had gathered 22 million , some ins done online hand and on paper. It gave an indication of the a technology to communicate against all thoughts of lines. All of us were brought up sharply recently. They have been gathering materials. Some several trillion phone calls listed. Then some trillion other internet records collected. The digital revolution is here. It raises many questions about where it came from, who was involved, he uses it, who is affected by it, who makes decisions involving it. As i want to do as a historian, i always ducked back to three prior revolutions. The scientific revolutions, the and theal revolution, biological revolution of the 20th and 21st centuries. A harvard colleague of mine was writing about the scientific revolution. I suspect in some ways that feels comfortable. In 1999 is book 1986 with the following line there is no such thing as a scientific revolution and this is a book about it. [laughter] what does it represent . A revolt of the historians. They were trying to Say Something new and do it in a different way. Is also represented an end of a time of certainty about climatic events. About thee knew natural world, its series and concepts at the core of the scientific revolution, how do they know it . How did they gain the knowledge . The telescopes. The microscopes. We know thate historians looking back hadlaim that mock modernity and europe had emerged from the dark ages. The great french historian Alexander Correa called it the most profound revolution achieved or suffered by antiquity. Ince the scientific, revolution outshines everything since the rise of christianity. It is the real origin of the modern world and of the modern mentality. These were not modest frames. It is interesting. What are they there for . What do they represent . The in the 17th in use century or the 18th century. 1939. Ame most, after Alexander Correa in the study of theleo talk about scientific revolution. Some of you back, i know were in courses that i was involved in some years ago, Nicholas Copernicus wrote his famous book. On the revolution of the heavenly spheres. Revolution. Revolution was the movement of bodiesddities as he as he proclaimed around the sun. Term probably came from during the french enlightenment of the mid to late 18th century. Let me go back to copernicus. What were they doing . They were talking about the change in series. To some extent they were supposedly talking about a new method for gaining knowledge and new practices for gaining that knowledge. They had new views of the heavens. They had new views of life itself tummy tuck. The philosopher servers of itself. Is philosophers, scientific covering should be driven not just by the quest for intellectual enlightenment but also for the relief of mens estate. In order tod nature dominate and command it. It is possible to obtain knowledge which is very useful in life instead of that speculative philosophy which is taught at schools. The scholastic philosophy. And surrender and to render ourselves masters and possessors of nature. The notion than during this early. Of modern science that one reason we Gain Knowledge is to dominate nature, to command it. Tension that exists in historical interpretations. Numerous others and claimed a utilitarian promise. The actual achievement never matched it. The vast majority of people, the great names of the scientific revolution or not known to the people at the time. Awareness ofbroad a revolution taking place. The literate were there. Poet, writinge the new philosophy called all in doubt. Weight can well direct him where to look for it. In a sense, there was a framing that some people were making of a world undergoing change. What does it mean . There are some underlying issues that emerge. Where did this science that in a world governed by keying and gs and priests and popes. The society will ignore all morality and politics. We will limit direct to the tv to those things which we can know directly in nature. In one hand they were proclaiming the greatness of the new science and its ability to change the world. On another level they were saying we are not going to challenge the authority of the societies in which we live whether secular or religious. Keys with the church of the state. There were new ways of understanding what happened in nature. , takeyal societys motto nobodys word for it. We will know nature only as we examine it directly. They were and exempt law. The natural philosophies could do. Who was he . Robert boyle came from a family ,onnected to the aristocracy the gentry with Large Holdings in ireland. Wealthy enough that he could conservatory,me someone who build the instrument which he wanted including the air pump tha. Robert hookual was who could not have done this on his own because he had no income other than that he got from boyle. Touching experiments the spring of the air and it affects made for the most part with a new new medical engine. This was the handbook of how you experimented in the new science. It became a model dealing with the properties of the air, combustion. Could combustion take place in an evacuated cube . No. Could a mouse survive after the engine had evacuated the air . The answer was no. And down the line they went. Could insects fly . No. It has been referred to historically as the greatest fact making machine in history, this volume. A lot the simple experiments. While this is largely practiced by those with a well thought there werentry, methods developed. Became which in turn democratizing. Who can know nature . To do not need great wealth know nature. You do have to understand a method of experimenting and observing nature. The new method even at a time when the practitioners were up here and most people lead down lived down here. Let me turn briefly to the Industrial Revolution. Like to pick a date. They roughly say 17 60 was when the Industrial Revolution began and lasted roughly to the 19th century. This is a very different history than the scientific revolutions history. It began in place. ,e know exactly where it began in england. Not in france or italy or germany. Actors. Re different in theor practitioners Industrial Revolution were from the emerging middle classes of British Society and a working class. There were different locales. The Industrial Revolution did not initially take place in london. What do we know about the middle cities . The cities were largely the home of dissenting how distance, not the organized Anglican Church but the new defenders, whether it be the quakers, the presbyterians, the methodist. Werewere the people who primarily those engaged in making the Industrial Revolution. There were different outcomes. What was happening . Theal, hand production, thing that artists and had engaged in was being replaced by machines. The workshop attached to the home was being replaced by factories. Making of cotton was revolutionize, turned upside down. Chemical manufacturing came at a scale that had not been known before. Things aree way being done but also scale. The Industrial Revolution allowed things to happen on a much grander scale. Iron production was greatly increased. Waterpower was developed and improved for mills and factories. Steam power was invented and developed. To ability to harness steam drive vehicles which in turn you could use for many activities. Machine tools were invented and produced. It is something we have lived with ever cents. The switch for the source of energy for this new Industrial Revolution. Of daily life was being transformed in england. Population, self sustained growth. There was a doubling every 50 years of england population, a striking fact. From the rurale areas to the cities but not to london to loop with places like manchester and birmingham in the citiesial midland, it which barely existed prior to the revolution. People drawled off the lands to the cities now earning a living, workers inome as these factories. By the early to mid 19th century trade unions became part of the scene as there is a redistribution within society of where influence and power resided. Said this is the in humanitynt area since the domestication of animals and plants. My guess is for any of you who want to take a look, look at my famouscolleagues studies of the Industrial Revolution. You will get a sense of the way in which things did seem to represent that change. There was a second Industrial Revolution which came in the hot on thecentury heels of the first Industrial Revolution. What was being transformed then . Transportation. How did you get from place to place. , theourse drawn carriage. Anal barge the ship under sail. These replaced the canals in those not very well paid roads of england at the time. Cotton spinning. Steam driven. An increase in output of workers by a factor of 1000. An enormous job and what a single work that could produce during the work week. He power loom increased the stationary steam engine increased deficiency and 20ectiveness by using only to 25 of the amount of coal that had previously been used to reduce the same amount of energy. By the 1820s that have been adapted for moving. Steam locomotives and steam ships. What about the social impact . Who is being affected . The initial impact on the lower classes, those drawn from the faced a severe reduction in Living Standards at spurs. Why . If farming you can almost be selfsufficient. Moved to slums around the industrial cities. There was squalor in these new cities. Dickens if you want a description of what it look like in the 19th century. The cities were cramped and crowded. Of whata developing had not really existed in england or on the continent. That is a new middle class. Lawyers, doc yours, businessman. People who earn their living by overseeing production, contracting production, and societyor it the ill of in a fuller manner. This is a. That represented the triumph of businessman. A shift in who had power within British Society. A shift that was replicated on the continent as france, italy germany underwent initially, there were Health Problems and you can guess what they were tb, lung disease, cholera, typhoid fever. As the Industrial Revolution increased, activity sanitation improved and there were conscious event, conscious movements to increase and improve sanitation. Factories emerged. Otton spinning was mechanized cotton production soared. Manchester became known at the lis, the centerpo for the production of cotton goods. But not everyone celebrated as we tend to now. There was pain, a lot of it at the time, and it was felt. To 1817, a called themselves luddites, followers of the mythical man led took up the challenge mythical man lud, took up the challenge and they were machine breakers. They would indeed break the machines when they got the chance these new cities. The weavers, and weavers, the isans one employed unemployed by these new machines. Remember William Blake possible full cry in jerusalem didnt those feet walk upon englands Mountain Screen and what the holy man of god in englands pastures seen. Did the countenance divine shine forth upon our clouded hills and was jerusalem built it here among those dark satanic mills. Ring me my whole of ringgold, bring me my arrows of desire, ring me my chariot of fire. I will not cease from mental fight nor shall my sword sleep in my hand that we have old jerusalem in englands green and wasnt land. 1808. ,s blake, a romantic, good poet as blake was reflecting the pains of some of his fellow citizens. Other intellectuals followed suit in much the same way. , wordsworth,ings keats, byron, shelley, and of course all of you remember mary shelley. Documentkenstein as a of the midIndustrial Revolution some ofcan begin to see the responses of the citizenry of the time. There was another movement led by another mythical figure called captain swing, a movement earnricultural workers who the threshing machines which. Ere replaced there were things called the swing letters. Sir, they write, your name is down among the in the black book and this is to advise you and the likes of you to make your wills. You have been the black art enemies of the people on all occasions. Ye have not done as he ought. Sir, this is to acquaint you that if youre threshing machines are not destroyed by you directly, we shall commence our labors, signed on behalf of swing. At the time, 600 protesters were imprisoned. 500 were transported, exiled to australia and other places like that. 19 were executed. As the Industrial Revolution proceeded, knowledge and practices were being transformed. Notice the transformations were not just among some intellectual, literate and wealthy classes, but now spread through society as a whole. How did people learn what was going on . You will probably recognize an old technique that was developed study tours. People from one city would go to see what was happening in another one. How did they organize their factories . Where did the workers live . What services were provided . What was the outcome like . How did you increase productivity compared to productivity being low . Study tours to visit the factories in the new cities. There were informal and formal philosophical societies formed in the new industrial heartland among these new middle classes. If the scientific revolution of the 17th century had seen the first of the organized intellectual bodies of the time, of 1650 ofa florence, the Royal Society of and the academy in france in 1665, these were the meeting laces, often patronized and crown or by a. Ocal nobleman, as in italy where the intelligentsia and wealthy met to explore knowledge and Exchange Ideas and begin publication of transactions. In the 18th century, the new groups which emerged included many from the new middle classes. Intellectuals, the luminous society of birmingham founded in 1865. Its name, very simple. They would meet on the night of the full moon because it made it easier for their fellows to travel to and from on streets which were not lighted. The names of its members, an Informal Group in the sense that they did not elect a president , but its members give you a clue as to who was involved. These were new names at the time, though we look back on them now troll star ones ysician grade matthew bolton, coinventor of the steam engine. Joseph black, one of the key chemists of the Industrial Revolution. James watt, the other inventor of the steam engine. American who spent a lot of time living in england representing the colonies and the youth the new United States. His name, you will recognize it immediately, Benjamin Franklin went to the meetings, taking reports tonding back the colonies and states over here of this new group of people. The American Philosophical Society in philadelphia founded early on. He American Academy of arts and sciences in boston, both having received information from their partners in europe. This group was the stellar group, but it was not a london group. They met in birmingham. There was the manchester literary and Philosophical Society founded in 1781. It organized more formally and did produce reports or proceedings of the society. It was very useful and key in ,arrying out activities reporting on the activities of these new groups. The names, some of which you will recognize because some of the people came over to manchester, but others like Thomas Percival who was the first president of the society, who did important work on public lth and factory revelation factory regulation and manchester. It was thomas bonds and thomas henry, the chemist trade robert , you recognize his name, he was in the Manchester Group. John dalton and James Prescott joule later on, the physicists. Mark,lburn, peter remember him . Areaote rogets thesaurus a mixed group that through the centuries through the century represented the new entries into knowledge making and knowledge practicing. Something like the Manchester Group bridged the gap between the Industrial Revolution and betweenic revolution practices, industry manufacturer, and the science. The derby Philosophical Society, founded by arrest must darwin as the lunar group declined. William pickering, william strut and others. A group at newcastle, the newcastle literary and Philosophical Society. A group in liverpool. Notice what is happening. The midlands of england are being populated by people who consciously were working on issues of science, manufacture industry. By the time of the second Industrial Revolution, roughly 1850 on, the revolution in chemistry, petroleum work and there was work, strong interaction occurring by the mid19th century with the scientific revolution. Experiment, material manufacturer, science practice itself was being transformed at the time. This is when people began talking about science as a handmaiden of industry. A different relationship that had been thought of before. Think of our local Massachusetts Institute of technology founded in 1861, very much in the model of the polytechnic university, combining professional and liberal education. Combining Laboratory Instruction and cooperation with industry that goes on to this day. Character of the the knowledge being developed and the people engaged in the knowledge and the penetration of that knowledge into the society. Let me turn to the biological revolution. The 20th century, 21st century revolution. 1931, aldus huxley, the grandson of thomas henry huxley, remember he was a famous mid 19thcentury biologist, designated as darwyns old dog. A public defender of charles darwin. Aldus huxley was the younger brother of julius huxley, the important biologist and first president of unesco. Huxleybook, aldus projected a vision of the year ford. After in his view, you now dated dings the new time of industrialized, must produce society. Produced society. Brave new world is a book you all knew. Babies using genetic theory and eugenic practices and procedures. Embryos being manipulated. Poor moans or being invented and controlled the growth, metabolism and sex of human beings. Drugs would be brought into being or found in nature which could mimic the activities of the brain and alter behavior. And of course, psychological conditioning would become a tool of everyday life. To make people happier, more productive and more docile. 1960, Aldous Huxley wrote a new preface to the book and he reduced 600 years after ford to 100 years. In other words, it was coming a lot more rapidly. Certainly by 1960, that was very much the case. Huxley is dead now, but had he lived, into the new millennium, he would have seen many of the elements of what he had called the real revolutionary revolution which would take waste in the flesh of human beings. To some large extent, much of that is extend now if you think of embryological manipulation, new drugs, if you think of elements of thought control and if you think of hormones for maintaining all sorts of different forms of behavior. Had our test tube babies. I was reading the other day how old is she now . 43 . The first of test tube babies and many have come since then. If we can date the biological revolution were firmly . This was the prophecy in 1931, but i will dated 18 25th april 25, 1853, a date everyone in the room are members. There was an article, a note published in nature a structure for taxi ribonucleic acid. What a were producing was a radically different structure for dna. They talked about to helical chains wrapped around each other. There had been another chain. But our just the year before by another very prominent chemist in the United States among linus pauling. As pauling lamented, he understood immediately what they had found, but he had three chains and the three chains did not produce what to did. Let me tell you why. If you have these two chains, which the feature in chains were held together by Hydrogen Bonding so they could their closeand in of the first article, they wrote it has not escaped our notice that the specific pairing we have postulated immediately suggests a mechanism for genetic material. A raceew they were in and they were pushing hard and fast. Who want af you marvelous, unholy recounting, go to watsons took called the double helix. Way, itwn personal spells out what they were doing. Remember the way the book opens . He is talking about his fellow inventor. I have never seen Francis Crick in a modest mood. I think its true that neither watson nor crick were modest. Thate time they publish first paper in 1953, watson was 25 years old. Two years out of his phd he had done at indiana university. That firstafter paper, may 30, and 1953, they public at they publish a second. Dna where the carrier of part, if not all specificity twohe gene and there were chains held together by the Hydrogen Bonds in which i mentioned. What would they represent if they came apart . Another molecule could be built right alongside it using the same system of Hydrogen Bonding. So you are replicating and replicating and replicating. The two chains separated and this pose was still speculative, but despite uncertainties, they wrote we feel our proposed solveure for dna may help one of the fundamental biological problems the molecular basis for the template needed for genetic replication. Right, alongeed with a few others working at the time. Another pair shared the nobel prize in 1962. But from 1953 until last month Us Supreme Court decision on the patenting of genes, mystery after mistry has fallen. The relentless advances of biological sciences have been there. Any number of articles start the way the New York Times had it not too ago that we are on the rink of altering life. Over and over again, you hear on the brink of changing this, on the cusp of a new wave of inventions. On to work on the code, as did others. The code that was carried in dna. All proteins are derived from the 20 amino acids. The basic life forms from bacteria, to wail, to human. 20 amino acids. In a sense, the Industrial Revolution of biotechnology was underway, particularly in the 1970s, as it turned out, not surprisingly, that scientists theovered you could open up dna component of an organism and insert new pieces called recombinant dna, a tech week being developed. What does it allow you to do . It allows you to swap genes between species. Sense, it allowed you to design specific characteristics that you wanted to have show up in a given organism. In Animal Breeding and farming, regulate dna theing going on in which dna is added to or subtracted. You can create bacteria which can produce materials previously produced only in human organisms. There were an array of activities you could look at. 1956, Arthur Kornberg preliminary read preliminary as is a dna race which is necessary for synthesizing dna itself great 1961, halfway of dna synthesis of proteins is developed and he specifies and identifies the genetic code involved, the triplet. The three bases that make up dna in each case, the code for one of the 20 amino acids. Within five years, the entire code of dna had been deciphered. In 1961, in france, they developed the theory of genetic regulation, the regulatory mechanisms of how genetic reproduction occurs. The took it down to molecular level, how genes were activated and how gene acts of it gene activation was suppressed. In 1969, a colleague at harvard isolated a single bacterial gene, the first time a single gene had been identified and you could look at all its pieces. And970, Howard Timmins David Baltimore discovered dnarse transcript days being made from rna serving as a template. This was essential for genetic engineering. 1972, the first dna molecule is assembled combining genes from several organisms. A critical step. 1973, herbert goya and stanley took recombinant june 8 technology and engineered molecules which they could atone and foreign cells to create functional organisms, a bacterium which could produce things you wanted produced but did not want to use a more complex organism. In 1977, techniques were developed for sequencing dna which could be used in improvements and images of molecules. I can go on and on. There is a long list of these. Developing automated genes sing cleansers. You begin to see the interaction with the digital revolution as you take complex activity, speed them up by handling information much more effectively and efficiently. , these newse techniques were developed just in time for the beginning of the human genome project which began in 1991 when two groups, one federally sponsored, the other industrially sponsored, attempting to map the entire human genome. And i can go on with a long list. By now, you are probably saying what is happening . This is just an array of one thing after another. Sometimes on top of each other, sometimes alongside each other. The question im sure youre asking in your mind as all this was owing on, much of it with direct or implicit potential effects on human beings and human life, the engineering of life, and attempts were made to evaluating, to monitor and regulate. I can remember back to something 1976,involved in in together with two younger colleagues, we wrote a report called recombinant ena, science as a social problem. It was part of a special study to the report for the commission of human subjects on biomedical and Behavioral Research published in 1976. It is quite clear we were involved in an attempt to see what the dangers might be. ,ongress mandated a commission the National Academy of sciences took it up and other groups are working on it. Where had it come from . Why did it bubble up that way in 1976 . Several months before our report came out, i was on an airplane from washington dc to a meeting in santa fe. As i got on the plane, i picked up a copy of the then published washington star. Remember when you use to be able to come and airplanes and pick up a copy as you passed to the door . They asked on the front page, harvardfthand side, is the proper place for frankenstein tinkering . [laughter] not surprisingly, it caught my eye. Series oferred to a experiments that had been carried out, that were being carried out by jim watson then his lab at harvard in which they were indeed to use recombinant dna techniques to develop new organisms with new capabilities and new capacities. This point the Cambridge City council. February 7, 1977. Whichassed an ordinance that the report of the cambridge experimentation review board be enacted and sent on. At that time, a member of the Cambridge City council told me that had the question of recombinant dna experiment in cambridge been taken to a vote in the city, it would have failed 99 to one grade the would have one to ban the research. Scientists saw this as a poorly educated public. Harvard hadself and inherited the issue from a Conference Held not far from here. One of these Golden Research conferences held on the campuses of private schools. In 1977, 1 of these conferences drafted a letter to the national worryingf sciences, out loud about recombinant dna experimentation and its implications to human safety. In 1975,of rapid steps a group of scientists involved in that research called a where theycalifornia took up the issue of recombinant coli. Ing the bacterium e. The bacteria that exists in the gut of human beings and many other organisms. What was interesting at the conference was they separated the scientific from the moral, ethical and political implications. They did not want to deal with those. They would deal only with scientific issues. I remember at the time, one of my colleagues wrote a letter to the New York Times in which he labeled labeled this group of scientists meeting who were attempting to protect their research from scrutiny at the same time as being responsible. Them theeagues of bishops of sylmar. 1976 was a meeting held in at harvard, called by one of our committees on experimentation. The room in the Science Center was jammed and george wald and jim watson squared off against each other, watson saying if there was a stopping of research he would take his lab somewhere else. George wald leaping forward and saying if so, i would be glad to help you come and pack it up. [laughter] toward the end of the meeting, a woman toward the back stood up and introduced herself as arbor ackerman, a member of the Cambridge City council. She said we the counsel are very interested in this question. Shortly after, the council began a series of hearing. Established a review board which had citizens, no scientist except for the Health Commissioner of cambridge who served as the ex officio member. They held meetings, 75 hours of meetings with dirty five witnesses. I took a group of my graduate students with me since these were public, held in the city hall chambers. They were fascinating. At the end of their 75 hours of ,eetings, it took almost a year a unanimous report was issued and the report recommended the city establish a mean in simple biohazard committee, but they argued we ought to do that but local authority was not make aiate place to decision on scientific experimentation because experimentation was taking place internationally and therefore you had to go beyond that. Thattherefore recommended there be uniform federal legislation. They did maintain a temporary has beenm which proclaimed in cambridge on certain types of experimentation. Ultimately, we know after sylmar and other meetings, there were no uniform regulations. The was rapid industrial and commercial development. There was some increased care on the part of active scientists, concerned in the sense that some of them had missed for missed before the mistakes that could be made. On. Rimentation went bacteria were programmed to produce human insulin, interferon, important steps. The experimentation was largely done overseas, much of it taking place in switzerland, to biogen which had been known iv scheringplough companies. In the New York Times, there was a story headed portions the apple but doesnt step on the serpent. What were they talking about . The question was whether harvard itself should enter into Business Partnership with some of their scientists who were doing this work which clearly promised very significant economic advantages, economic gains. Art buchwald, who some of you will remember, parodied the issue very directly. Wrote, but wont it compromise academic ideals of you start doing Research Just for profit question mark academic ideals my foot, we are making money, and thats what university is for. We are going to become another xerox. Some of myber colleagues in the Harvard Administration were not that amused at the time, but indeed, they did not go into partnership with theire biochemists genetic friends. Built as theing weekly magazine science was quote but it there was being built and academic industrial complex. I know at that time, Walter Gilbert resigned from the harvard faculty to become the chief of biogen, the industrial corporate firm. But in acame back sense, he saw the real action occurring in the commercial sector, not the University Sector at that time. Congressman al gore started a series of hearings on the University Industrial relations. Yale and harvard at the time established rules for faculty and corporate relations. The long cherished myth that there was a sharp bifurcation between the production of knowledge and utilization of knowledge, the university and manufacturing company, that long shared ms. That the sharp between theexisted production and utilization of knowledge was no longer tenable. The question became how do you deal with that . There were layers of Public Interest and lurking in the background in this area of science was the custom of genetic engineering. If genetic engineering were to come possible and it seems as though its becoming more possible with each day, how would it be governed . Who would be involved . What kind of bodies would they be . Would they be able to create International Regulations and standards . Have witnessed transformation and we have witnessed questions asked. Science and who practices it . Koos affected by this new science and new knowledge as its being utilized . Who governs it and regulate it . Revolution is more than heroic episodes. Revolutions require more fully develop citizen participation, something which is hard because the Knowledge Level may be high and one of the challenges is how you bridge the gap when societies become more complex. The activities become more complex. Be left behind it allowseyre not the citizen become to to become an active part of the decisionmaking processes, whether its new industries, new manufacturing techniques, new ways of living. Science, i guess we could say is too important in our lives to be left to experts alone. We question i would ask as move into discussions of this digital revolution is are we and incin constructed . Thank you. [applause] and now, our second speaker, professor mendelsohn, if he is the Gold Standard on historical revolutions, then robin raskin must hold roughly the same impressive position within the digital community. 30 years as an author and editor , magazine publisher, blogger, tv and radio personality, maker of the voice the industry listens to, but please dont forget while you are listening to this intriguing presentation, right down questions for her. We will pick them up as we go on. Welcome robin to the stage. [applause] enqueue. It is thank you. Its really wonderful to be here. When jimmy wales came into my office, i was the editor of pc magazine he said were going to have an encyclopedia but nobodys going to write it, everybody is going to write it. I called my boss and said we have this nut in my office who thinks were going to chip in and all right and encyclopedia. The digital revolution never ceases to amaze. And to perplex. I drove up to new york yesterday. Andde a list in the car connected to the internet using my mobile hotspot. When that didnt work, i spent 15 minutes on the phone with my provider asking if they could reorient the towers from me. That three business calls involved my i pleaded. I plugged myd computer in. We navigated with the gps that could have been anywhere. It didnt matter anywhere. Border, it to the said this is so pretty. I have not looked up yet. That is going to get me to the idea that the digital revolution keeps giving, but it keeps taking. I wanted to give you of the idea of the ferocity of the story who do we blame for all of this . The cofounders of intel said something a while ago that has held true. The number of transistors on a chip would double. First, he said every year and they modified it to every two years. Are added,ransistors they go faster and faster and can store more knowledge and more knowledge. That doesnt seem to be going away anytime soon. The byproduct of that is an internet that has allowed us to do many of the things we have been talking about. I want to momentn five of the things i think you need to understand and im going to call step two of the digital revolution. Social networking, the quantified self, how we measure the stuff about ourselves. There the new computers. Human interface, pointing, gesturing, big data and what that means and this notion of the internet of things where my car is talking to your oven regularly. Say here is digital revolution one and here is digital revolution to, here is what i would say it was about the internet and searching and people actually search less often but get a personalized search or convenience. We have moved from the desktop which is incredibly revolutionary, to the thing in our pocket which has more transistor than anything on our desktop ever had. We have moved from rants that target us. Youve got on the internet and toyota and ford would be on a banner ad to you are the brand. Weve got kids making their livelihoods and statements about who they are and what they are, and they are their brands on the internet. To ant from typing input variety of new input devices and went from mass reduction. Every Dell Computer looked the same and every ibm computer looked the same to to a very personalized feeling about technology. Two weeks ago in new york, i had a hightech fashion show in new york. Definell continue to your personal style. Printinge the 3d looming on the horizon, this idea that im having a dinner Party Next Week and i would like read issues to serve my guests on. I think i will make is that and send them to my 3d printer. Goingal manufacturing is to be really exciting in the near future. You fors this mean for your children and grandchildren . It redefines what lifes work is and means you cannot train for it. If you studied programming in college, you Better Believe its not going to be what you need to get through life. Process of ongoing, lifelong learning, the process i understand here at dartmouth, there is no massively online happening but it is rapidly everywhere around the world, that you can take a course from the best professor in the world on a given subject in the comfort of your own bed, in your pajama, for credit or not credit depending on how you want it. And that is going to abouttionize how we feel education, about lifelong education, about the premium services. I know the slides Broadcasting Networks that provide commercial free. We have raised a generation, like it or not that believes everything is free. They havent aid for their music, theyre not going to pay for their music, theyre not going to pay for their apps. Right now, madison avenue is subsidizing that. But that may change or not. Servicesy premium change, meaning there is a digital divide. People who will be smart in this future are the ones who cannot get distracted, who can ferret out the information they need the moment they need it and create new, Great Solutions based on this entire knowledge of the world. Change pretty much everything about our lives. Start talking about social networks because it is important. Beer inson drinking the the lower frame is my son. And hes drinking it underwater. He thought that was incredibly cool. So cool that he put it on the cover of his facebook page. Know dear, when you are looking for a job, this is not like a great thing. He turned to me and said i dont want to live a double life like you did. I want my life to be authentic and transparent. [laughter] and if they dont like me for who i am, i dont want that job. [laughter] day shes going to kill me that is his picture, but that is very much of the moment. Or many of you today tweeted the fact you would be here. I actually got some nice notes from friends who i kind of know who said stop by afterwards. But thats whats happening. World is shrinking because of these these networks and there is an openness and transparency in these relationships we are forming and they are not bound by any traditional things. This isame time, incredibly seductive and addictive and im sure you all knew people who have confused their online lives and realize and not set the boundaries between each. Ad i think you have seen generation of younger kids that have no boundaries between each. It is both together at the same time. When you think about it, this is the original facebook. Harvard. S this is an elitist wing. We have aol, compuserve, and everyone was invited. Here was the latest thing just for college students. Edu addresshave a. To be on facebook. Fast forward to todays race book and its a hot form. You can post videos, create events, talk about the news, the rules for facebook living are probably as obligated as any other government in terms of youryou can do and who friends are and what permissions you grant them. Facebook is an enabling platform for everything from gameplaying to movie watching to club making. Place. Become a robust the next frontier is mobile because facebook was born of the desktop revolution era. They are working hard to create the mobile tools so thats always with you all a time. So we have facebook and we will talk about linkedin and twitter. Why would anybody need so many social networks . How many friends can you have . There is an evolving culture of why some are better suited than others. In general, if you have been on erest,rest been on pint we speak and graphics. We put up images and we capture them we caption them. Old brands of individuals who are not curators who are curators and arbiters of good taste will make this statement, a graphical language that takes all of 10 seconds to put together but could take years to think about and curate to your liking. Allavorite post i have is of the deaths in paris. Catacombs, the whole deal, and it every day, im amazed at how many people nterest. D like my pi so we are going to prepare and we are going to compare the Popular Social Networks now we have facebook that is your personal place and it could be personal for your Kindergarten Teacher to your longlost friends, to your current friends, but it is personal and i am large, you have some contact with them. Thethere are limits on things you can do. Twitter is realtime. Its a way to get a sense of the entire world or the world you share. It really is about thought leadership. If you dont think 140 characters is hard to master, i suggest you go home and try to Say Something intelligent and 140 characters. Like haiku. Orm its incredible to distill your thoughts, be clever and that insight in 140 characters. The people who do it are really good and are thought leaders with hundreds of thousands of followers. Linkedin, another social network is for your professional life. Who am i connected to and why should they care and i care . It is the who knows who that has been around for ever embodied in technical form. Ongle plus, if youve been it at all, google plus is amazing. Videos,re google world, photos, your location, your interests. But it is a little overwhelming. On google plus, you create circles of friends, so you can be my New Hampshire friends when ive got and ive got my magazine friends and television friends, and i can very selectively target my comments instead of one big bunch of an segregated french an segregated friends, which is what the other networks do. These things are really different. This is not me. This is a great journalists. I cant attribute it. Peeays lets look at through the social network. If youre on twitter, i need to be. Facebook, i need ee, are you happy for me. Quora, its wide i need to pee. On linkedin, you brag about how good you are at it. [applause] i take no credit for that. Its just hanging around the internet, but i thought it was just really and because these are fine nuances. The people who master these nuances will be the masters of the digital age area how does a normal person go through this stuff and a normal day when its not your job but adjunct to your job. I look at hoot suite. I can actually say Different Things on different networks, so dashboard. My this is a business tool, probably the most powerful business tool ive ever seen. You can selectively decide what you are going to post where and selectively manage your dashboard. The most important thing you can learn is not to live on it. I dont understand why somebody doesnt build an app that says an hour is up, you can look at ,t again because it is very very seductive to have that there. Also, if you are a facebook go toand go home and unalpha his Search Engine is based on mathematical algorithms. He has an app that let you look at your facebook life in great detail. What sucks are your friends, how old are your friends, where do they live what sex are your friends. Aboutes you information you that may surprise you and may provide a good filter of your facebook usage. More tools like this are going to be invented that will help us look at the usage of our digital habits and help us get a better grip and a reality check. Where are we going next . If you have children and grandchildren, they have told you. And isk is likely bar getting tired and the parents are coming in, so they are going to go somewhere else. Next up is video. This is an incredibly graphic and speed driven youth audience. You can send short, six second videos that loop continuously using snap chat. Using vine, im sorry. Vine is getting really popular. Video will be there, sharing photos, news. What comes after video . I think it is impermanence. This is where you see snapshot. Snap chat. I can set a timer that says destroy this after five seconds. I can send it to you and theres no record. Ingn it first came out, sext was a very heavily used feature. I can send a naked picture and my parents will never know, my boyfriend will never know or Anthony Weiner will never know and there is no permanent record. If as if these other social media were not impermanent enough, more is on the way. The nexta month phenomena all of this social network is bringing in is crowd sourcing. Thats the idea that the wisdom of the crowd will surface. I find this notion terrible because im never quite sure how smart the crowd will how smart the crowd really is. But you are dealing with a generation that believes the crowd very much. They believe that their friends think, they care what their parents think, they care what whatbody thinks area everybody thinks. You have things like kickstart her where you can things like , where you can list your invention and offering some small reward i will give you a product or a tshirt or put your name in the credits. You can set up different price structures and people are giving millions of dollars toward funding all sorts of creative projects through kickstart her diegogo. Even microsoft Just Announced a crowd source for your children who cant afford computers. They get there and and say i would like a computer and you can get up there and donate. Crowd sourcing, this idea of coming together around idea,ing, supporting the is going to be a major part of social networking. The downside is that is the wisdom of the crowd can sometimes force an individual not to say what they really feel. Are not talking to your kids at all, i say please, not everybody has to love every decision you make. Thats going to be increasingly important. As i move you from social networking that is sort of step one internet of things is step two. Youre going to europe a lot about this you are going to hear a lot about this is here. Everything from your toothbrush to your car will have internet capability. Why . Because they came up with a new platform for the internet, version six, about one year ago that gave it comes more addressable space. Now that we have all of this addressable space, its easy to have my toothbrush call your car and have a chat. [laughter] exactly whatou that means. You have seen lots of this great scene the next for mom and that lets you regulate your house , but it learns about your preferences. You can also call it up on your mobile phone and say im coming home, turn on your conditioner. There is a finding things finding your tea, finding your glasses, everything finding your keys, finding your glasses. Everything from the sublime to the absolutely stupid the pet trackers or are a lot of humorous projects you will see come to market based on when you go to the parks, kids get a geolocator chip. They just swipe mickey there. At an internet of things and geolocation. This whole internet of things is used to track and to find, and the pill bottle is a great example. Half the people who take medications suffer because they are not compliant with taking their medications. Talking pill bottle, that will of they say you took one zen hour ago when you open the can. [laughter] lockede, keep the cap and reported to the drugstore if wo instead of t one. That is today tossed internet. Next up are things actually not just tracking and finding, but talking to each other. Last year we did an event in las vegas and we have the google car drivein in california by itself, where some poor guy had to sit with it, drive in the entire way and made a film the entire way of this driverless car, and what is on top is a combination of motion sensors and radar that navigate the car. You can see the internet of things will start with these simple trackers and then move toward all devices talking to each other. Bear that in mind as we start to move toward what the industry is now calling the quantified self, the idea that you are the computer and your body is a set of inputs and outputs just like any other machine, and the more you know about it the better off you will be, or you are the most narcissistic people in the world. [laughter] how much is this tracking going to change behavior question mark behavior . If 40 of people who have issues, then tracking can help and we are talking about things like body sensors, pedometers, part pressure monitors, so we are talking about you being the computer in a series of devices performanceeet your the same way you might have done to your computer. We are walking distance. We have the social networks. We are going to have wearable technology. If you do not go to the cocktail without your job own or your strides, like people would be talking about you. You have your wearable, you have your smartphones that goes up to the clouds and sends the information from the wearable. Think of the wearable with sensors with ip addresses. Since he all sorts of things about you and putting that information to your phone and then to the internet. That is what is happening right to, and i want to think about this. There is a couple rule that the smaller the screen is the more you look at it syria and thef use of chemical weapons, he emphasized we emphasized to the president that has now been over a year since the president said it would be a game changer if chemical weapons were used. It has been two years since the president said assad must leave. , thell emphasize importance we place to actions assadsld degrade capabilities, upgrade the change the and to momentum on the ground in order army canpresyrian prevail over time. That does not mean we support puts on the ground. Now it is an unfair fight with the thousands of hezbollah fighters who have weapons coming in from russia and iran, and iran basically being a sponsor of bosch are alassad. So we had a productive conversation. Both senator graham and i are in agreement, that now that a resolution is going to be before the congress of the United States, we want to work to make that asolution something majority of members of both houses can support. A rejection of that, a vote against that resolution by congress, i think would be catastrophic among because it would undermine the credibility of the United States of america and the president of United States. None of us want that. At we do want and articulate an articulation of goals that over time will degrade assads take abilities, increase and upgrade the capabilities of the freesyrian army and the pre syrian government, so they can reverse the inertia on the battlefield. Received an abundance from his sponsors, russia and iran. Finally, this is a regional conflict. This is not a conflict that is confined to just syria. Destabilized. Jordan is badly destabilize. Aidingas turned into an place for al qaeda and islamic guests remiss. We have to understand that not only is there a threat, but this conflict spreading, but the iranian issue is one and their pursuit of Nuclear Weapons that will be directly affected by our actions in syria. I want to again, we appreciate the president meeting with us. We had a candid exchange of views. And i think we have found some areas that we can work together. But we have a long way to go. The way i would turn the conversation is there is a consensus being formed that we need to degrade assads capabilities and upgrade the opposition. The first thing i suggested the president is at the opposition a chance to meet directly to the American People. John and i and the president all are not al qaeda sympathizers. They are not trying to replace assad whose whole family has been brutal for generations, to have al qaeda run syria. That makes no sense. It is time for this year in opposition to step forward. I want a statement from the opposition that if we get in charge of serious with your help, we will run out skeptical weapons in the news survey. There will be no chemical weapons because we will turn over to the international community. We would like to see a more sustained military effort, but understand where the president is at on that issue, but it is my hope even a limited military strike will degrade his deep abilities. There seems to be emerging from this administration a solid n to degrade the opposition to upgrade the opposition. More overt. Me to be when it comes to financing, the people in the region needo bear the lions share. Whatansoh carolina . Iraqiot say a lot about and afghanistan, because i do not want to. I can tell the people of South Carolina if we do not get weigh onight, it will serial right, and it weighs strongly on the president s shoulders. With the chemical weapons being used in syria, what effect would that have on iran in terms of their Nuclear Program . South carolinians get that point. I hope we will know more about degrading and upgrading, and when the vote comes we can go to the floor and say the administration has a plan apart from a limited love their action that will allow us to get to where we need to get to as a nation, which is to turnaround from Nuclear Weapons. We were to strike soon, the opposition is in any kind of position to take advantage of that . They could take advantage of it, but the question is how much . The fact is we have not given the arms and equipment to the resistance, which has been shameful, while huge amounts of arms have flown in from russia and nowr on iran thousands of hezbollah on the ground from lebanon. If we have a plan to give them the arms they need, which i believe is part of an upgrade that we could orchestrate and this government could do, it would matter. Frankly itit is shameful that we have not. We should have done it two years ago. With a limited strike, that you might have been is that a farris of the is that a Fair Assessment . It is a Fair Assessment to say we still have a significant concerns, but we believe there is in formulation a strategy to upgrade the capabilities of the Free Syrian Army and to degrade the capabilities of assad. Before this meeting, we had not had that indication. Now it is a question whether that will be put into a concrete strategy that we can sell to our colleagues. Senator mccain, we have heard republicans and democrats coming out of readings skeptical about this. How hard is the president going to have to work to get this resolution passed . I think he is going to have to work very hard. Americans are very skeptical. Americans have to be a short that the plan will entail american that the plan will not entail american boots on the ground. I believe if we can formulate this strategy that i just assadsted, degrading capability, upgrading resistance, in the long term i think that we have a chance of succeeding in the vote. Do you think congressman will reject this . If the congress were to reject a resolution like this after the president of the United States has already committed to action, the consequences would be catastrophic in that the withbility of this country friends and allies alike would be shredded, and it would be there would be implications not only for this presidency, but for future presidencies as well. Has no one tont blame except himself about the lack of public understanding about what has taken place in surrey. There wasago where an opportunity to get a sought out, a year from now there will will be tens of thousands of refugees. Two years ago, there were not refugees copper my zinc the kingdom. President to up his game and inform the American People what does it mean that assad wins and the opposition loses . That assad, mean with backing of a rainy and and russians, wins after we say of thought has to go . The russians and the iranians are all in. I see an effort by this effo administration to counter. If we do not get serious right, good luck in the hitting the array needs to change their behavior. We let it be known that we do not want to end this war. War is a terrible thing. We do not sustainable security. That isa is a cancer going in the growing. For two years the president has allowed us to become quite frankly a buckle, and when it comes to selling the American People am a what we should do in syria, given the indifference and contradictions, it has to be a tough sell, but is not too late. Clear the air. Decisive, the firm about why it matters to us as a nation to get serious right. I will go to South Carolina and listen to the people to give them what happens if we do nothing and what happens if we get serious right. A weak response is almost as bad as doing nothing. Senator mccain, is what you heard from the president s vision for you and senator graham to go out and try to gain support for the president s plan . I think it is encouraging, but we have to have concrete plans great we have to have concrete details. And we have to be a short at this is a dramatic difference from the last two years of a policy of neglect which has led to the deaths of a hundred thousand people, a million children being refugees, and a spreading of this conflict through the region. Hikes are you satisfied are you satisfied that this timeline is of no consequence . I am not satisfied. Everyone knows that assad is moving his assets into civilian populations. It is much harder now than it would have and if we had acted initially. This a heartening aspect of the president in terms of penetrating blows that can be struct . Those are some of the details that frankly they have not shared with us and probably should not, but we have been given some reason to believe that very serious strikes may take based as opposed to cosmetic. May, because we need to see a lot of the details. For the first time i have an understanding that what happens the first day after the smoke clears. Israel does not announce their attacks ahead of time for reason. This is bizarre to give the enemy weeks to reconfigure their force, but we are where we are, and eight degrading strike, limiting in scope, to degrade the muggle weapons Delivery System could have a beneficial effect of the battlefield momento. There will never be a political settlement in syria as long as as thought is winning. I told the president , how do you expect anybody judiciary as long as assad is winning . And if you believed series will not accept him, then he has to go. The president needs to do a better job selling this. What do you mean, what does he need to do specifically . A articulate a strategy and plan, which so far has not been there. This meant was they were going to have some strikes, and specifically categorizing that is not intended to effect regime change. I disagree with that, and i believe if we can degrade and as i mentioned and upgrade, then i think we have a chance. But we need to see that plan, we need to see that strategy articulated. We have to make it clear that a bee against this would catastrophic in its consequences, not only as far as this issue is concerned, but in the future. The president talks about regime change too often. Is this a situation where that is not as important as in other issues . It is a tough sell. Whenever you commit american forces, even in limited military involvement, and there is a credibility gap because of the last two years where nothing has happened while people have been massacred by the thousands, as than 100,000. Theres a credibility gap with some of us who believe we could have ended this war two years ago, when now there is possibly a change in strategy that could bring successful conclusion to this conflict. How he was going to circulate articulate we cant talk [indiscernible] of my colleagues in congress have yet to be convinced either way. They need to have the hearings that we will have starting tomorrow in the Foreign Relations committee, and they need to be briefed, and they need to understand, and i am sure they do, the seriousness of this issue. Of view, theint Republican Point of view, there is a libertarian wing that fortress america will not work. But having said that, it is not a history that most members are reluctant to engage when it comes to syria because they do not know what is going to happen. They do not have any idea how this military strike, limited in focus and nature, will change things. What are they going to tell people back home . We shot missiles, and then what . For the first time i see the development of a strategy that will upgrade the opposition as well as degrade assad, that i think if it becomes a reality we will know in the next couple days that i can believe in my heart will work, and to my colleagues, if you think the outcome in syria does not matter to the United States am a then you must really believe the king of jordan is a somebody else in the mideast. If you cannot see the connection between syria and iran, you are blind at a time havehistory needs us to good eyesight. The connection between syria and iran is clear as about, and to disconnect these two would be a huge policy National Security mistake, and i hope the president above all else will make that connection. [indiscernible] what senator graham said about the opposition . We will use military means to upgrade the opposition. The president said it would be a catastrophe does that not really mean a weakek Response Response is something that would give us a serious d ilemma. Do you think he really would go forward with an attack of Congress Rejects it would be harder if congress has rejected it. He had ample precedent in previous republican and democratic president s in acting without the approval of congress. What do you think this about face is about . I think he found with the british voting the way they did and obviously without the United Nations approval, as long as the russians and the chinese are that athat perhaps resolution of congress would give him some more sustainability. And by the way, again, these attacks have to be sustainable. A sustainable to degrade a thoughts capability and upgrade the Free Syrian Armys comfortability to bring this conflict to an and. He will only leave when the tide of battle turns against him. How long is sustainable . It is harder and harder now with this delay. He is moving his forces around and making it more difficult to target them, despite what the chairman of the joint chiefs might say. Anyone who knows the military in actions like lindsay said, the israelis and others do not telegraph their intention days, even weeks ahead of time. If the goal is to have a military strike to degrade the capability of the assad regime to develop chemical weapons in the future, that means Delivery Systems have to be affected. It means the ability to deliver has to be affected. If that is done in a way to keep it today chemical weapons Delivery System, that will have a substantial effect the grading the assadlity of regime. You are to upgrading they capability of the opposition, cohesion, and giving reasonable force behind the opposition. These three things would work, but if the goal is to put it in my lap, i welcome a discussion about what we should do. I have been telling you for two years what i think. I welcome the discussion with the president and collects. To those who say in the Congress Serious not our business, then you really honest to god do not understand the world in which we live in. If you do not understand that the American People are not going to follow an uncertain trumpet, now is the time for you to reshape public and world opinion. Take advantage of it. Tell the president what does it matter to us as a nation if assad wins . I believe the president is capable of doing that, and is ready to do it, and if he is ready to do that, i am ready to go to my colleagues and say is the time for us to come together before it is too late. Are you confident that supporting the opposition would not also support links to al qaeda . I am 100 confident that we will know who the Free Syrian Army is, you know what they need, i have a preponderant force fighting against assad, and some of these al qaeda groups are spending their time trying to impose sharia law. There is a definite Geographic Division between them. We know who they are. If they have a safe area, we would know exactly how to get those weapons to them. Southeast have provided weapons. Dis have provided weapons. Are you reworking republican policy . We are going to have hearings in the foreign relation committee. You personally . I am already talking to a lot of my colleagues, but before i cant persuade them to support this, i have to be persuaded. I am saying that the president i think made sense in a lot of things he had to say, but we are a long way from achieving what i think would be a most effective strategy, and finally for those who say we did not care about syria, it does not matter to us, czechoslovakia the not matter in matter and china did not when atrocities took place in those countries, we paid a herbal price for not paying attention to what happened in those countries, and we paid a heavy price in world war ii. We have to Pay Attention to this region, and we have to bring a solid down. Assad down. Isnt what is being contemplated about as risk free as it gets in the way . Isnt that a key selling point . Absolutely, and the key selling point is no american roots on the ground. They are tired and weary of that, and we have to tell them, no american boots on the ground. You have to show them a way forward, and that so far has not been articulated to congress or the people. [indiscernible] degrade man and control you still believe that . I believe it. Destroying the chemical weapons Delivery System they are one and the same. The Delivery Systems are the same. A are the scud evidence that deliver conventional weapons as well as chemical weapons. These capabilities for chemical weapons would degrade his capability. To grant an advantage that assad has is air. He uses it to move his logistics around. Air moves his supplies and andlies from iran russia. He uses it to launch attacks against the Free Syrian Army, which is the deciding factor on the battlefield. Ir, he isout his haira at a distinct disadvantage. Ok, thanks. John mccain and Lindsey Graham briefing after a meeting with obama today for an hour on syria. Both expressing support for a limited military solution. Reportinggraph is asking the you and to seek a peaceful end to the crisis. This meeting coming ahead of tomorrows Senate Meeting on syria, which you heard mccain referred to. You will hear testimony from secretary hagel and john kerry. The question is whether congress should authorize the use of force for a violation of International Law on chemical weapons. Cspan will have live coverage at 2 30 tomorrow. Senate expect house and members to offer their thoughts on syria, on their perspective chamber floors when they return on monday, september 9. You can see the senate live on cspan two and a house on c span. There are at least 900 remarks on the situation in serious on our facebook page, where we are asking how you believe your members of congress should vote. Looking at some of your responses, or is that i hope they vote no. They choose to go to war, let there be a draft so their children are called war two. That would stop the war call, because that would mean they did not want their children to go. Inther call, a congressman the house said he will vote no. Allthy says they should vote present. We would like to know what you think. Share your comments. Morning, we will hear more about syria and how military action could impact u. S. Foreign relations. Our guest is steve clemons, and hofmeister. Miguelthaniel thomas will discuss 00 mcgill will discuss his film americanmade movie. The media is clearly a dominant, increasingly dominant criteria for every first lady. In the end there are the endless, the biographical, the human stories, which are not limited to the 19th century, 20th century, but it is how endure and oran prevail in the very tough world of politics. Historians preview season two s, lookingadies at their private lives and public roles. Tonight at 9 00 eastern. Discussion on the future of race in america from this Years International festival of arts and ideas. Examining what racial consciousness might be like and how religiousness and transnational is an may shape racial identity. Good afternoon. I wanted to offer a definition of race, but we could spend the entire hour or month debating that. It isace means essentially a social construct, not a scientific construct, and therefore changes over time. Cultural andve to social changes, changes such as the increasing interaction among ethnicities,ferent increased interaction, changes in immigration policy, the digital revolution, the changing role of racial and ethnic ,ubculture in Popular Culture for example, hiphop taking over the world and white males in the dogg. Bs singing snoop there are all these changes in culture that change the meaning and significance of race. At the same time, the meaning and significance of race is constrained to the racial understandings of the past him a and that is because our own psyches are shaped by understandings of the past, and pass understandings of what race means and what it does. Embedded inton our institutions. We have all these changes that have the effect of altering our understanding of what race is, and at the same time past misunderstandings are deeply embedded. I ask you to predict the future. [laughter] where are we headed . 20, 30,l race look like 40, 50 years from now, racial consciousness, racial identity, racial as a determinant of power and povich in society . Lets start with you. That is what i get for not looking at my shoes. Tisa wenger. Past year on native americans and christianity, and have done a good amount of research on the topics of native americans and religious freedom. Whomerican history, that is i am and where i am coming from. This has been said so often it is a cliche to my really, that i am a historian. Historians do not do the future. Were not very good at so that is my opening disclaimer. I will do my best to reflect on this question, and i think there you started there about race as a social construct, was also where i was going to art. You got me started in a good direction. It is very clear in American History that how people understand race and divide up racial groupings has changed so drastically over time, so i think it is safe to say that it will continue to change. One of the things that historians talk about great deal in thinking about race in American History is the black white wine area as being a way that racial difference has been structured, and that has always been looked somewhat different depending on what region of the country you are in. I have spent a good bit of time living in hell foreign and arizona, where the presence of the presence of latino and hispanic people, and beens as well has always much more visible than perhaps it has been historically in the north east and in the south, especially. Is i think one way that race changing is that it will no longer be possible for any of us , anywhere in the country, to think about race exclusively in terms of that blackwhite eye binary, because demographics are changing so that other racial minority groups are much more visible around the country. I think it isat, ifortant not to pretend as that binary does not continue to exist, or that or to allow t invisibility of racial minority groups lead us to believe that we have entered a happy state of multi culturalism and racial world is him which is in fact not the case. Racialized systems of power and privilege continue to structur our lives in this country in many ways. I could keep on talking for quite a bit. I have a feeling you want me to turn this over to somebody else. Youre looking at me . [laughter] i teachme is kathy, and at dickinson university. I am delighted to be here. Thank you for inviting me to be a part of this panel. And you asked a question, had to prophesies and look ahead, i think about the year 2050 and i think there is also these 2050, yous that year are thrown out, that white folks would be a minority then. Abracadabra, we will erase 274 years of White Privilege that has been embedded in our legal system. I think that is important to keep in mind. One of the things that will affect what race looks like in 2050 is how much we are able to deal with bringing some of the invisible to the visible. So how much in the public consciousness can we get more conversations about white normal activity the and White Privilege and understanding that there are inherent advantages that are embedded in everyday life. That will affect how we see race in 2050. I want to ask about the opposite. You talk about turning the visible to the invisible. Ways that raise works in defining the value, of assigning privilege, power, is that people can determine visually what race a person is, or at least we think we can, and we get very puzzled. It seems to me increasingly that will not ease so easy. At yale, the largest undergraduate racial group is biracial. Increasingly, with intermarriage or at least for the production of children of different races, whether parents are married or at, i once had suggested thought experiment of a country called basia, where everybody is color. Tion of beige lets imagine that 50 years from now that is a physical suppose that is what america looks like, and there are not such variations in physiognomy. I used to be black man i thought it was a legacy what i am asking is, as the visual changes, does anything else change . Other factors will come out, for example, religion. I think that is the first and that comes to mind for me, then what are some other factors that will surface . Also, when we look at biracial, multiracial people even today, in their minds, their Life Experience is the legacy of their family in terms of hearing what happened to parents and grandparents and siblings and not siblings are not even look alike. I think that what was the ce he called basia you can have basia, but that does not mean colorsim is not real. Religion, the way religion is live, is also affected by race, and we have the racial is asian why ifgion, which is you are brown in America Today the attachment is made your are. I go to the airport. One day i was walking through, i was leaving my house, and i was going to read this book by bayoumi, and the cover has arabic on it. And somebody said, you want to walk through the airport with that . [laughter] that is the other thing. Arecilis vazquez. Child of the americas. I am multiracial. Puerto rico,e form and i am also part of the latino community. Of i think of race, i think how in my community how we internalize that. Though we are the Fastest Growing population in america, there is a lot of racism that occurs within that community. I think for example my church where i hear my young girls i have that hair. What does that mean . Who is a be a man black latino, and are comments made, or the fact that someone oh, he is a white man. Lets welcome him into our community. Thinking about 2050, it is important for someone like me, anddo we begin to educate challenge and confront the issues that occur within our community . Because we could grow, but if we are not united or appreciate or iscome difference, then it going to be the same cycle because we have learned from those who are privileged. So you are talking within race . Within the culture that exists in that community, because that is one of the biggest issues with the latino community, and a lot of difference and a lot of folks who fear as though i do not want to interact because they are from central or south america and we are caribbean or vice versa. The americas, theres a huge difference in the race, just in how it has been divided in terms of race within this country. What makes the latino given its increasingly different religion that is something that has been structured here in america because we speak spanish. Spanish is what unites us. Somethere may be difference in terms of example if you are comparing the caribbean, the spanishspeaking countries, island such as the cuba, puertoublic, rico, yes, there are similarities in terms of the multiracial culture that exists. But it is very different. Im sure we would look at the latinos in the northeast versus the ones in the southwest, a very different experience. Spanish itself becomes very different dialects, also. Are not able to tell what your parents are talking about. Ask the second and Third Generation numbers have increasingly so they may speak the language of their grandmother or grandfathers, they still speak english. [laughter] it is interesting