Transcripts For CSPAN Deferred Action For Childhood Arrivals Program 20140816

Flooding. The importance of controlling they are trying to gain leverage and trying to gain territory and course of power over the rest of the nation. You can hear more online at cspan. Org. Discussion on the Homeland Security departments Deferred Action Program for childhood arrivals. It allows undocumented immigrants to live freely in the u. S. For two years before facing deportation. Pew Charitable Trust this is about 1. 5 hours. Good afternoon, and welcome to the pew Charitable Trust. We are encouraging you to live. Weet the event please be sure to use the microphones on both sides of the room. It is myly begin pleasure to introducev a veteran executive runs our Performance Department to provide some welcome. I am pleased to welcome you to the Panel Discussion we will have today. Pew is a nonpartisan organization, established in 1948, by the children of the Sun Oil Company founder. We are guided by the values and the vision of those founders and their direction to tell on the truth and trust the people, and that shapes our commitment to research and analysis that can inform a look policy and policy change. And today pew operates programs, and our mission is to inform the public and inform Public Policy has led us to a broad range of issues, ranging from economic growth, the Economic Security of the american family, food, drug, and medical device safety and innovation. We have a long history of working with states on fiscal and Economic Policy issues, and recently have begun to look more deeply at the federal, state, Fiscal Economic relationship. To that end, our project began a year ago focuses on the intersection of federal and state Immigration Laws and policy. The anniversary of the daca program, we had an opportunity to look at its impact across the country. The discussion today is not only timely, but highlights the Important Role that state and local actors play and are often overlooked in programs. I would like to thank our panelists for joining us this afternoon. I thank all of you for joining us as well. With that, i will turn the program over to the projects director, adam hunter. Thank you. [applause] great. We have a stellar panel this afternoon, so we want to get to it. I want to make some brief introductory remarks here. As sue mentioned, our project , the immigration and the states project, focuses on the intersection of federal, state, and local Immigration Laws and policy. We provide nonpartisan insights and analyses to inform policymaking at all levels of government. Up until 10 weeks ago i was in federal service as the acting chief of staff at u. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services within the department of Homeland Security. I worked during that time on the daca program. I am pleased to see colleagues from dhs and uscis here today. I wanted to acknowledge there has been a lot of immigration in the news as of late, particularly around two issues. One, the ongoing crisis with the children coming to the southwest border, many without their families. This is not our focus today. These individuals are not able to qualify for daca. The second pertains to, now having gone on summer recess, the congress has not sent the president an immigration bill with reforms he would like, and as he stated earlier this summer, that he intends to take executive action within existing laws to fix as much as we can. The administrations approach in creating daca, they deferred action for childhood arrivals process, is thought by many people to be a Model Program the president may be considering for possible changes or expansion. Pew does not take a position on any current or proposed immigration related legislation or policy proposals. The nexus for our project is to examine federal programs such as daca to highlight the role of states and localities have played and why policy makers at all levels should consider the these roles when contemplating other changes. Let me provide background on daca and who is eligible. Two years ago this week, on august 15, 2012, u. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services began accepting requests for daca. Daca was created for individuals who, at the federal governments discretion, were deemed low priority for removal from the United States and thereby met several criteria. They had to be under 31 when the program began. They had to have come to the United States before their 16th birthday. They needed to have been here continuously present in the United States since 2007. This is why none of the children on the border could qualify. They need to either be in school, have completed school, or served in the armed forces. Importantly, they need to not have any serious criminal history. As an act of discretion, Daca Recipients are not gaining legal status and did not have a pathway to citizenship, but for the nearly 600,000 who are in the program, what they get is a twoyear renewable reprieve from deportation and the ability to work lawfully in the United States. The idea of estimating who might actually be eligible for daca is a challenging one for many reasons. There are not the data available, but last week i will note that the Migration Policy Institute published a report where they estimated 1. 2 Million People were to be eligible for daca at the outset of the program and they recommend excuse me, they recognized that 55 of those have since made the requests with u. S. Cis. Turning to the panel, we will not be able to focus on the pros and cons of the policy choice or to recommend administrative approaches, but on what we can learn from the daca program as it exists about the unique roles states and localities have played in this traditionally federal policy arena. We will highlight where states and localities have played a role, looking at specific state examples. We will then assess the programs impact nationally and across key metro areas and states, and finally we will turn to how the public views daca in light of other proposals on the table and, generally, how the public views migration in how the public views immigration in america. You have panelist bios at your seats. I will briefly introduce each panelist as they come up for the discussion. I am pleased to start with my colleague here at pew, michele waslin, who manages our agenda at the immigration in the states project. Michele has come from the immigration policy center, where she is the author of many studies and reports on immigration policy and is a frequent commentator in english and spanishlanguage media. Michele, we look forward to your observations. [applause] thank you very much. Thanks to all of you for being with us here this afternoon. We generally think of immigration as a federal issue, and especially when it comes to Something Like Legalization Programs or a deferredaction program because it is only the federal government that can protect someone from deportation or change ones immigration status. States and localities also have Important Roles when it comes to implementing these programs. I need to first point out that this is now an issue that all states need to be thinking about, because today there are many more unauthorized immigrants living in nontraditional immigrantreceiving states. Here on this map in dark blue you see california and illinois, new york, texas, new jersey these are your traditional immigrantreceiving states. They had the largest number of unauthorized immigrants in 1990 and in 2010. The states here in green, including nevada, North Carolina, arizona these are the states that saw the largest growth in their unauthorized population between 1990 and 2010. Texas and new jersey fall into both categories. You can see there are more unauthorized immigrants living in states that do not have a lack of experience with immigration policy. Similarly with daca, we are seeing that the largest numbers of people applying are in these traditional immigrant receiving states, but other states, like georgia, North Carolina, virginia, are also seeing large numbers of people applying for daca. You will hear more about these numbers in a bit. In april, pew released a paper called immigration and legalization roles and responsibilities of states and localities. In this paper, we looked at two programs the Immigration Reform and control act that was passed in 1986, about two point 7 Million People were legalized under that program. And we looked at daca. Looking at these two programs, we identified four potential roles for states if there was to be a new Legalization Program or some kind of expanded Deferred Action Program. These roles are outreach in Public Education, documentation, education, and protecting immigrants from fraud. Lets look at these on by one. First, outreach and education. States and localities can and do play an Important Role in educating communities about how to apply and assisting with the application practices. We found that in new york when irca was being implemented local , officials publicized the Legalization Programs. The mayors offices created task forces to identify barriers to legalization. And there was a legalization information hotline that was funded jointly by the city, the state, and the federal government. Now with daca, we are seeing the same thing, that some states and localities are doing town halls, conducting community meetings, organizing application workshops, creating informational materials in multiple languages, and trying to educate the community about daca and the application process and help them with the application process. I think amalia is going to talk about these efforts in illinois in a bit. The second role is documentation. This is key. This means states and localities are often the source of the documents that applicants need to prove that they have met the eligibility requirements. This includes proof of a high school degree, proof they have been living in the United States for a certain number of years. During ircas documentation, schools, state and locally, operated utilities and other Government Agencies, provided documents like school records, tax records, and utility bills that helped applicants prove they have been living in the United States for the required amount of time. For daca, we are seeing that Public Schools are very important because they are involved in providing transcripts to students so they can prove they have met the education requirements by completing high school or by getting their ged. Third is education. Public schools and Community Colleges may already be providing education that applicants need to meet the programs educational requirements. Or if the Program Requires additional education, like irca did, states and localities may be providing englishlanguage classes or other types of education as well. Under irca, applicants had to meet english language and u. S. History and civics requirements, and states and localities were a big part of providing the classes that the applicant needed to fulfill those requirements. Under daca, applicants have to have a High School Diploma or a ged or must be currently in school. Jobrelated english courses or other Adult Education courses can also be applicable, and these are things that are often coordinated by states and localities. Some are going above and beyond. In new york, the city council created additional Adult Education slots and prioritized unauthorized immigrants that were applying for daca so they could get the education courses they needed to fulfill the educational requirements. Finally protections from fraud. ,protection from fraudulent or predatory Immigration Legal Service providers. This means that states and localities can play a role in protecting immigrants from people who try to target them and charge exorbitant fees for services that they may or may not be able to provide. We know these types of predatory practices are common when there is a new Legalization Program or even when there is rumor of such program might be passed. Currently at least 29 states , have laws that are specifically regulating the unauthorized practice of Immigration Law. Last year in 2013, california passed a new law that makes it a violation for attorneys to charge immigrants in advance for any Services Related to Legalization Programs before that Legalization Program has actually been passed by congress. Last week, new york enacted a law that creates new crimes and penalties for immigration assistance fraud. There are a couple of other areas were states and localities could play a role in implementation, including coordinating all the efforts taking place amongst Government Agencies and with nonprofit organizations that we know are doing a large amount of work with implementation as well. States and localities are monitoring the implementation and assessing ongoing needs, and they may be also assessing the future needs of a newly legalized population. We also recognize that all states and localities have not been actively promoting or implementing daca and devoting their resources to this. There is a great variation among states regarding the amount of funding or other resources that they are allocating to create outreach materials to reach out to their communities. And beyond the initial implementation, states and localities make other decisions regarding the broader implementation of the program. So what types of benefits and services will Daca Recipients be eligible for down the line . For example, while most states are issuing drivers licenses to Daca Recipients, at least two states, arizona and nebraska, announced they have chosen not to issue drivers licenses to Daca Recipients. It is important to recognize that the roles and responsibilities of states and localities are somewhat determined by the federal government, but even if the federal government does not include explicit roles and responsibilities for states and localities, the details of the program really do influence the level of involvement. And the federal government really needs to be aware of this and take states and localities into account as they move forward. These things include the eligibility requirements. Applicants are going to have to prove they have lived in United States for a period of time or receive a certain level of education, paid taxes, and they need documents to prove these requirements, and states and localities may be the source of the application that applicants will need. The timing is important. The length of time that applicants have to get their materials together and turn in their application is likely the same amount of time that states and localities will have to prepare for their roles and get their materials in order. Daca was implemented very quickly, just 60 days between the announcement and the first application. Under irca, applicants had one year to meet the english language and u. S. History and civics requirement. There is a real possibility that states and localities could be completely overwhelmed if there is a large number of people looking for these documents or services in a short time. The federal government needs to give states and localities and other Service Providers adequate time to prepare. And finally, funding. We recognize that funding is an issue. There is a precedent for congress to include funding for states and localities for implementation. In 1986, irca included grants that partially reimbursed states and localities for english language classes and other services that they provide. The federal government needs to take all these things into account if and when they are designing new programs. I want to quickly point out that immigration in the states is currently working on another project. We are looking at state implementation of new drivers license laws. We are looking at states that issue drivers licenses to people who cannot prove that they are lawfully present in the United States. As part of this drivers license process, what were finding out is states are already verifying identity documents, including foreignissued documents. Dmvs and other agencies are meeting with foreign consulates to discuss the security features of foreign issued documents. States are verifying state residency. Some states are requiring drivers license applicants prove they have paid taxes for a period of time in the state. These states have set up a system to verify tax payments. The state and dmvs are reaching out to the communities in multiple languages, working with communitybased organizations, providing materials in multiple languages, and they are handling large numbers of applicants and long lines at dmvs. What were seeing is we think a lot can be learned from the state experiences with issuing drivers licenses to unauthorized immigrants that may be applicable to future immigration programs. Finally, in conclusion, all states and localities need to be thinking about this and preparing for how they might respond if there is a new Legalization Program or some kind of expanded daca program. Some states and localities are already playing a role in implementing daca. Some states are already issuing drivers licenses to unauthorized immigrants, and they are providing them with information on how to apply, and providing documentation that applicants need. States and localities are already preparing themselves for their roles and response in case of a future legalization or Deferred Action Program. We know policymakers have choices, and when the federal government makes choices, those decisions affect states and localities. We hope that todays presentations are our First Step Towards helping policymakers from all levels of government make informed decisions. Thanks. [applause] thank you very much for the astute overview of the different roles that states and localities can choose to play. I would like to turn now to amalia riosa, who joins us from illinois where she is the deputy chief of staff to illinois governor pat quinn. Her charge is to engage across state agencies, to set the latino and Immigration Affairs agenda, and it is important to note that illinois is an often cited example of a state that has a real longstanding immigrant policy agenda. With that, we look forward to hearing about her experiences. Thank you. Think you, adam. Im happy to be here. I want to thank the pew Charitable Trust for addressing a really important issue. It is hard to know it is two years and it is nice to think back about how far we have, and what is ahead. In illinois, we are a proimmigrant rights state. Governor quinn prides himself in being the most welcoming state, the governor of the most welcoming state. And that is really true, and we have legislative and executive action to back that up. What i want to do is give you a quick overview what illinois did in response to daca. Once the program was launched, did we look across state agencies to see what barriers there might be for dacaeligible individuals in obtaining employment. As part of that process, we realized there were no barriers. Theres no requirement to be a citizen or be a permanent resident to get a license. Hundreds of kinds of licenses nursing, cosmetology. It was nice to know there were no concrete barriers, but on the other hand on our part we did a lot of Public Education in letting people know they should be applying. It is also part of the Community Effort in making sure that individuals know they have all these other options as well. The governor created the Illinois Dream Fund commission. This predated daca a little bit. It was fully launched post daca. What it is, is a commission that is created by the governor. Board members are appointed by the governor. They are charged with creating a nonprofit that raises private dollars to Fund Scholarships for undocumented individuals. Ideally for daca individuals. We are in our second and going into the third year. To give you an idea of how successful it has been during its first year, they get about 100,000 dollars in scholarships to 35 students. The demand was intense. There were over 1200 applications. For this year, there is 2400 applications almost double. Incredible demand on that end. Moving to a related area, still education, we did something really unique in illinois. Being really creative, we arranged for the only finance authority, a state agency that provides financing to municipalities, and other governmental and nongovernmental bodies, if they were able to create a loan fund to fund the medical education for students at loyola university, i think it is the first one in the country. Last week i was at a press conference, the first day of the medical students starting their first class for daca students. It is a phenomenal program. The students who meet all the requirements are selected with all the other students, the standards are the same. The students who are daca eligible apply with everyone else. In this first class, there happens to be seven students. The students will receive loans through the illinois finance authority. At the end of their education when they graduate, they will work for three or four years in illinois in an underserved community. That is how they contribute back towards the purpose, a Charitable Purpose in terms of providing muchneeded medical services in underserved communities. We have had a wonderful response in chicago. The governor is looking at expanding that. We would love to have all the medical schools and dental schools in illinois participate. We are currently looking at expanding that. I hope other states will follow. As was mentioned earlier, the temporary drivers license. Illinois it was really the largest state, there were a few that already had the temporary drivers license for unauthorized individuals. Only it was the largest one to do it. The governor signed that last year. Its implementation began in january. We are eight months in to it. It is an Amazing Program whereby individuals who cannot provide proof they are here illegally can obtain a drivers license. It is a temporary drivers license runnable every three years. In illinois, the secretary of States Office is in charge. It is run out of the secretary of States Office. We have been working with them in the implementation. It has been going very well. We have had glitches but it is a wonderful program. They estimate about 250 thousand individuals in illinois would be eligible. Up to this point, there have been 90,000 licenses issued. Very impressive. We also have looked at the regulations that implement it. The regulations are critically important in making sure that the program will be successful. A couple other items i wanted to mention that are in the works. That relate to daca individuals as well as other immigrants. The Affordable Care act was launched, as everybody knows, undocumented eligible undocumented individuals are not eligible to participate. We are exploring the possibility of creating another exchange that would serve those not able to participate in the aca exchange. California has taken steps. This is something that is important to the governor and will have a positive impact in a lot of communities. The other item i wanted to mention was the welcoming centers. Illinois has several welcoming centers that are based in mainly immigrant communities. Whereby several state agencies are have Staff Members there and provide services. For example, if the family walks in, there is a comprehensive assessment done. If they come up for information on food stamps, they will be evaluated for childcare or job training or employment benefits. It is a way where we get all our agencies, expanding this so that we can provide Many Services in the community. The welcoming centers are a really good model to use in general. If there is something that the president , if he takes action, this would be a great model to expand and to be able to assist individuals who could benefit from having some sort of status here. And so, that gives you an idea of illinois, we are really busy doing what we can until the federal government takes action. That is really important to understand. In illinois and in other states, we try to approach it as best we can. In a kind of piecemeal approach, prioritizing and filling in the gaps where we have the authority to do that. Hopefully, we will be at a point in time where we will not have to do that anymore. And we will have a lot of individuals who can live here and live the american dream. Thank you. [applause] now that weve heard about the state and local roles and responsibilities during implementation and right after implementation and how they respond, we will back out a little bit. With that, i am pleased to invite audrey singer from the brookings institutions metropolitan policy program. She has written on immigration and demographic trend issues and is in the midst of a study that is looking at the impact of daca across key metropolitan areas. Please, audrey. [applause] thank you so much. A big thank you to pew for putting this together. It is a great opportunity on the twoyear anniversary to talk about one of my favorite topics daca. The program was announced a little bit more than two years ago in june 2012 and was implemented two months later. The Program Identified a group who were considered very low priority for removal from this country. Those who have come to the u. S. As children and were educated in u. S. Schools. I will talk a bit about what we know so far about daca applications and some preliminary findings from the Brookings Daca project. We are particularly interested in metropolitan level questions around daca, and particularly the behavior of the potentially eligible, the role of nonprofits , and the Administration Response by u. S. Cas. The two months between the announcement of the program in the beginning of the application process was a short period of time for the actors to gear up. There was no federal funding allocated for the services of a based on the stations, Legal Service providers, and others that make up the infrastructure that serve immigrants. We know that both the underlying composition of the eligible population and the organizations and agencies that assist them very by place. We are interested in learning about experiences across localities in the u. S. In order to understand the variation in success in the daca program. We designed a study to inform a broad Legalization Program, those were more hopeful times. What we are learning from this study and eddies and others currently underway should be helpful as the administration considers an expansion of daca. There is a quantitative component and we are conducting interviews with nonprofit advocacy groups, Legal Services provider, dreamer activists, and municipal leaders in metropolitan areas around the country. Who are the daca population . We can break this group out into several subcategories. Of potential participants. The dacaready are immediately eligible. They fit the age and arrival criteria and are currently enrolled in school or have graduated from a u. S. High school. This group has the easiest time accounting for their presence in the u. S. They tend to be younger. Have an easier trail to document. There is a population that will age into eligibility. They arrived prior to 2007 but were not 17 at the start of the program. Point 5 million young people could age into eligibility in the near future, provided they stay in school. There is support for the Program Within schools and organizations that promote the program and assist applicants. A third group who otherwise meet the Program Requirements must enroll in school or earn a High School Diploma or equivalent in order to become eligible. They are estimated to be more than 400,000. This group is the hardest to reach and the hardest to convention hardest to convince daca is for them. They tend to be older and isolated from support organizations. They would have to enroll in an Educational Program like the ged. Each Group Acquires different methods of outreach and different methods of assistance. We have heard from Service Providers that there is a fourth, much Smaller Group that is daca eligible. These are you being screened by Legal Service providers found to be eligible for other legal statuses. Most commonly, new uses for victims of certain crimes and special immigrant juvenile status, which helps foreign children in the u. S. Who have been abused, abandoned, or neglected. A really quick run through the numbers before adam gets the hook. I will start with the total Program Applications by quarter. Applications came in very large numbers in the early part of the program. More than 12 5 Million People applied in the first three months. The number of applications remained high and has since dropped. U. S. Cis has adjudicated most of the applications, it appears as though 80 have been approved, 3 denied. The remainder are pending. Deferred action is only granted for two years. Those that applied early and had their applications accepted early on must not reapply for another 2 must not reapply for another twoyear grant. Applications have come in from more than 200 countries, at least 25 countries have over 1000 applications. 77 of applications, nearly. 5 million have come from mexico. Central american countries have a next largest numbers. El salvador with 4 , guatemala and hundreds each with 2. 5 . The next largest number of applicants is from south korea, about 7500, 1 of the number. Brazil, peru, colombia, echo, and the philippines round out the top 10. The other 15 countries and in the region of the world. This map shows the number of applications by state, reflects a pattern of the growth of the unauthorized population on the map that michele showed earlier. There is no surprise that california and texas have the largest number of applicants, followed by illinois, new york, and florida. These are the states with the greatest number of unauthorized residents. Many of the newer destination states, those with the greatest change in the unauthorized population, such as nevada and arizona in the west, georgia and North Carolina in the southeast, has had a relatively large numbers of applications. Fortunately for the purposes of our project where we are interested in the local level, u. S. Cis released data on daca applicants in 75 metropolitan areas. These areas account for 82 of all requests nationwide from the start of the program through september 2013. Most metro areas on this list have between 1000 and 9000 applications, 11 are home to more than 11,000 daca requesters. Los angeles has the largest number of publications of applicants, approximately 78,000, 13 of all applications daca requesters in the new york metropolitan area supported 44,000 applications. The rest of the area in orange have between 12 and 31,000 applicants together. These 10 metropolitan areas make up half of all applications nationwide. Approvals are another thing we are interested in. How they vary by place, where they are the highest in the lowest. In blue, you can see the venture areas you can see the metro areas with the highest rates. Above the average of 89 . Chicago and riverside, california are metros with large numbers of applications and have some of the highest approval rates. 93 each. Overall, california fairs well with seven smaller metros with a high approval rate, as do some smaller daca metros in the west such as albuquerque, tulsa, and oklahoma city. Some areas of standout, new york and houston, due to the large number of applications. While the number of applications is not large in miami and boston, they are notable as well , established immigrant it weighs with lower numbers and lower approval rates. In many of the newest destinations such as las vegas, indianapolis, charlotte, and several areas in florida. What accounts for these differences question mark lots of things. That is what we are doing out there, trying to figure things out. We do not have enough information from these particular date of two male among those applicants that have not been approved, how many applications have been denied and how many are still pending. We cant assume differences in application levels and approval rates we cant assume differences in application levels and approval rates affect acceptance. The infrastructure in place to assist immigrants considering daca matters and service we have talked to and interviewed scores of Legal Services providers, nonprofit and communitybased organizations, municipal officials and various advocacy groups. From these interactions, we are hearing about what is happening on the front lines. How Service Providers view the program and how they have approached out reach of assisting the daca population. Each metro has its own services and policies that support or drive away immigrants, each has its own story. It is pretty clear that the first wave of applicants has i will talk a little bit about how the timing of applications and adjudications vary across places. The first wave of applicants, and the earliest one, have a large share of those we consider dacaready. Younger people, teenagers with connections to schools that help demonstrate a continuous presence in the u. S. Older applicants had more time in the u. S. To prove. The farther you are from school, the more likely you are to have to use other types of evidence, including things like library cards, paypal histories, mobile phone contracts, bank statements, enrollment in posthigh School Courses there are a range of things. Many of these things are not typical for young people who are undocumented in this country. Finding that evidence and documenting their time in the u. S. Gets much higher as the farther away from arrival but you get. We can see in our data that younger applicants are processed faster and approve more readily. Older applicants apply later and have larger numbers of pending applications. These findings have implications for renewals if they are tied to the date and the case adjudicated. Also for thinking through what an extension of daca would look like for adults who would have to document their presence in the u. S. A lot factors come into play in making daca a Successful Program in individual places. The history of immigration matters. Wellestablished gateways have better systems of support in place. We were surprised that what we found, places with shorter histories and not as well developed infrastructure, we thought they might have a harder time with outrage. This is not a surly the case. We have to go to a few more this is not necessarily the case. We have to go to a few more destinations to explore that. The composition of the population seems to matter. Other issues that can induce people to apply include state and local policies, particularly around drivers licenses and instate tuition. Finally, i just want to Say Something about barriers to applying for daca. Another part of our inquiry is around why people are not applying, what is holding them back. We have identified a number of barriers. Some people do not have the kind of documentation they need. Others are hardpressed to come up with the application fee, 465, necessary to apply. Others fear they are taking a risk and will put their families in jeopardy. Others, particularly from asian companies, who believe they might ring shame on their families. This is a group that is not that is quite different from those from latin american countries, particularly mexico and central america, where it is very common. Other people have been holding out for a Clear Pathway to legal status. They are waiting for a Legalization Program. Another group are hampered by their own perceptions of themselves and how they fit into the program. There are people that would otherwise sit the Eligibility Criteria but they do not see themselves in the program. In particular, this relates to what i was talking about with certain asian groups. It extends beyond that. Nonlatinos often are not proceeding this program as one for them. And the noncollege bound also. This program was originally tied up with the dream act and the push for something that would help people who were going to college in this country but were undocumented. If there is further executive action for a Broader Group of immigrants, the federal government, state and municipal governments, and a host of nongovernmental organizations on the ground will have to act quickly to organize, educate, and assist. At least they will have the experience of daca to draw on. Thank you. [applause] thank you very much, audrey. Now we are going to get a bigger picture. Beyond the impact of the program and who is a daca recipient, were going to talk about what people think of the program and what people think about immigration in general. I am pleased to welcome the director of Hispanic Research at the Pew Research Center. In case you are wondering, Pew Research Center is a separate subsidiary organization. We do not even get to work in the same building, they have their own offices around the corner on l street. Mark is a wellknown commentator in english and spanishlanguage media on all things opinion, attitudes, political engagement, and other things. With that, we welcome him to the panel. Good afternoon and thanks for that introduction, adam. I appreciate it. Its a real pleasure to be here today and i want to talk about some public data we have on the pew Research Certificate to the current Immigration Reform and ideas that are out there in addition to the views of the general public about immigrants and how they see them in the United States. Let me get started. First, i want to start by talking about deportation. Daca is directed at providing relief from deportation for children, young people who came here as children and are unauthorized immigrants. You look atmosphere of deportation particularly among two games are represented, hispanics and Asian Americans. Foreign born latinos are worried about deportation, whether it be for themselves or friends or Family Member or somebody that they know. And these are results weve seen that have been consistent over the past few years, particularly for latinos in terms of worrying about deportation. For Asian Americans on the other hand, its a different story. Most unauthorized immigrants are from latin america and the hispanic members are perhaps no surprise but i think its important to note there are also unauthorized immigrants from other parts of the world. About 20 of the nations 11. 7 million unauthorized immigrants are from places other than latin america. Asia as part of that. Even among immigrant Asian Americans we found few who say they worry a lot or some, somebody they know or they themselves may be deported. Weve always been asking more recently about support for providing some sort of legal status on documented immigrants but also perhaps providing some sort of citizenship. This is data from the general u. S. Public or databased off a survey of the general u. S. Public asking americans in both february and july about legalizing or providing some way for unauthorized immigrants to become legal. And you can see here, for example, in february, 73 of American Adults said that yes, they supported some sort of a legalization for unauthorized immigrants. In july, just a few weeks ago, those numbers had slipped to 68 . So there has been a decline of five Percentage Points for support in the general public of some form of legalization. Theres also been an increase in the share who say that unauthorized immigrants or people in the country illegally should not be allowed to stay legally. That number went up by six Percentage Points. Theres been some change in the views of the American Public about unauthorized immigrants, whether they should be given a path to legalization. Now, its interesting, where did the support change . Well, a lot of the support has changed particularly among republicans. Interestingly enough, back in february, Tea Party Republicans and republicans in general, these are americans who identify or lean towards the republican party, generally speaking, they were supportive of some sort of legalization but as weve had a discussion about and a lot of News Coverage of the unaccompanied minors at the border that led to change and opinions particularly among republicans. You can see here 54 of republicans say undocumented immigrants should be allowed to stay in the u. S. That is down from 64 in february. Among Tea Party Republicans, the numbers have gone from 56 support in february to 41 today. So some of the biggest changes have been among republicans with Tea Party Republicans having moved from a majority saying they support some sort of legalization to now only 41 saying that. To just show you how democrats feel about this, you can see their numbers, too, have slipped a little bit but not what you see for Tea Party Republicans. Now, how important is it to pass some sort of Immigration Reform this year . How important is it to do something significant in terms of legislation . You can see here theres been an increase in support among the American Public that or view that something should be done. 49 in february of this year said that it was important to pass some sort of significant legislation, but now july 2014, we find that number is up to 61 with 12 increase over february. You can see the numbers are up virtually everywhere but particularly among republicans, up 15 and republicans, up and among independents, up 17 Percentage Points. You see growth in the share of American Adults who say its important something be done. On the one hand, theres somewhat of a change in the view particularly among republicans and Tea Party Republicans in support for some sort of legalization but there is strong support, growing support, in fact, for passing something significant soon in terms of immigrant legislation. Now, we are obviously here to talk about daca and i wanted to show you some results weve had for daca but this is actually a little bit old now. This is from 2012 and were planning to do some new work on this to see whether or not there has been some change in opinions about daca. You see in 2012 when the program was announced, among the general u. S. Public, 63 approved of the program and 33 disapproved of the program. Among all hispanics, that number was 89 and you see across hispanics, native or foreign born or registered voters, very strong support for the president s Deferred Action Program when it was announced back in 2012. Now, unfortunately, i wish we had some new data on this. But well get to that sometime later on this year. Nonetheless, weve also asked about whether or not latinos were aware of somebody who has or said that they will apply for daca. You can see that back in 2012 when the program was announced, about 31 of all hispanics said they knew somebody who was either planning to or has applied for the Deferred Action Program. Of course, foreign born latinos, more likely to say this than the native born. When you take a look at among the foreign born, those who are legal residents, a greater share say that yes, they know somebody who was planning to or had applied, but among those who are not a u. S. Citizen and not a legal resident, theyre likely an unauthorized immigrant, you see more than half said that they knew somebody who was planning to or had applied for the Deferred Action Program. Now, i want to close by showing you a little bit about something weve been tracking a number of years. The opinions americans have of immigrants has changed. Now, weve been asking this question about whether or not immigrants are a strength to our country today because of their hard work and talents, or are they a burden on our country because they take our jobs, housing and health care . Its an old question and a question if we were to write it today might write something somewhat different but nonetheless weve been asking it , for almost two decades now. And you can see that the share of americas who say immigrants strengthen our country is now at 57 percent. Back in 1994, it was only at about 30 . And the share that says that immigrants are a burden our country, that share has dropped from about 2 3 in 1994 to only about 35 today. So the opinions that americans have of the nations immigrants, and by the way, the u. S. Has more immigrants than any other country, both legal and those who are unauthorized, the number stands at nearly 42 million and no other country comes close to that. Its also interesting to note that todays immigration wave is somewhat different than previous waves, Latin Americans and asians play a big role in shaping todays immigrant population compared with previous waves which were largely european, german or irish, or italian. So weve seen some big changes in terms of who is an immigrant and how big of a population that is standing today at about 42 million. So im going to close there because i have a cough. So excuse me. But im going to close there and look forward to our discussion and conversation. Thank you. [applause] so as we transition now to the q a portion, i wanted to remind everyone, pew once again does not take any position either on current or proposed Immigration Law or policies. As we move to the discussion, if you do have a question, please already, you can get up and start to approach one of the microphones at either side of the room. When you do ask a question, i would ask that you please introduce yourself both by name and affiliation and i thank you in advance for keeping in mind our topic as well as to keep your comments succinct. While youre gathering your questions, im going to start by throwing one audreys way. So it was really interesting, i think, to note the application outcomes across different metropolitan areas, and as weve been looking at state and local activity, weve cited both new york city, illinois, and chicago as all jurisdictions that generally for immigration measures in the past. So i wonder if you could unpack a little bit more of what youve seen and your interviews of what might explain some of the a bit of a differing outcome in those two major jurisdictions. Sure. Well, new york is an interesting case because its a very geographically compact, dense, urban area with public transportation, lots of immigrant residents, lots of Work Opportunities for immigrants. It seems like the underlying composition of the population there is slightly older and their there may be a number of people who have arrived in new york and on directly to work and never been in school. And i think that the new York City Program that michele mentioned, i believe, is designed in part to help encourage that population to get the educational credential that they need and to move those people into daca but also just to be able to have that training is very important. And i think both chicago and new york have very diverse immigrants, immigrant compositions. Chicago is a little bit more concentrated with a higher share of mexicans and Central Americans than new york, and that may also be affecting the outcome there as well. Great. I know many of the people in this room and i know you have questions so i would please encourage you to come to a yep. Theres one coming. You can always count on delancey. Delancey guston with u. S. Citizenship and Immigration Services. This is a followup question for audrey. In the six cities you were highlighting, texas seems to be conspicuously absent. And as a native houstonian, i was wondering if you can explain why that is. If you especially from houston, its interesting to see the Approval Rating is lower there than other places because its a very much established immigrant destination. Thank you. We are currently still in the field and houston is on our list. And well probably go there next or maybe second next. And texas, you know, every place is different. And houston really stood out for the lower approval, current approval rate. And so theres really no way until we go there to figure out a little bit more about that. But i do think its hard to take these approval rates, the lower ones, to heart because it may be a wave of applicants came in much later or the adjudication is taking longer. But we cannot differentiate those who are not approved into those that were denied and those who are still pending. So, you know, with such low denial rates, we kind of think it is going to work itself out, if every place is being treated more or less in the same way. I dont really have a great answer but well talk again. Sticking on the state and local theme, if i could throw one amalias way. You talked at length about significant investments the state of illinois has made over the past years and even beyond so from the illinois perspective, whats in it for the state . Why make this investment for Daca Recipients for the unauthorized . Well, in illinois we have a very vibrant immigrant community that actually spreads across the state. So, contrary to what the general impression is, there is immigrants all over illinois and we see it as an important part of our economy and community and to the extent we can invest in Human Capital is going to benefit the community at large and the state in general. Its something we feel is very important. So like a lot of states, we were facing a very difficult fiscal situation but this is an area we feel is a wise investment. The microphone, if the people in the audience have questions, please do approach the microphones. Mark, i was wondering if you could talk about, in light of all of the immigration news of late, if you have data that also show why people want to come to the United States to kind of back out that issue a little bit for context. Weve done some work looking particularly at latino immigrants and asking them why theyve come to the u. S. And in many respects, Economic Opportunities is among the top, if not the top issue that they point to as a reason why theyve come to the United States. But there are a number of reasons, education, family, those are also reasons why many people come. You also asked them about how they feel about life in the United States compared to the countries that theyre from on a number of measures, everything from Job Opportunities to School Opportunities to even raising children. Youll find that generally speaking, hispanic immigrants will point to the United States as being perhaps better on some of these measures than their home countries with the one exception, connections to family. So when it comes to connections to family, the home country is oftentimes seen as the better place. But i would be very cautious in interpreting some of these results, partly because were only interviewing immigrants who stayed. We havent interviewed the immigrants who left. In fact, when you look at immigrants who arrived, say, within the last five years vs. Those who have been here, say, for 20 years and ask them the following question, would you do it again if you could . Youll find that among immigrants who have been here 20 years or longer, virtually all of them say yeah, of course, but among those who have been here only for a short time, about 1 3 will say no, i would not do it again if i had the opportunity to do so. So i think that were looking at and seeing, of course, immigrants who have quote, unquote found a place here. And those who havent, we did not interview them so we dont know necessarily how they feel about some of these issues. Michele if you could weigh in a little bit more on the state and local rules. Given that the president has stated his intention to act, what would be your short point of what the federal government needs to be aware of to ensure that states and localities are in a position to effectively implement what decisions may be taken at the federal level. I think the federal government needs to be aware that states and localities play a role, that they need to be aware of these roles that states and localities are already taking on with respect to daca, look into the history and see where the roles that states and localities took on with respect to [indiscernible] in the late 1980s. Issuingat the state driver license to unauthorized immigrants does provide some clues as well as to what the potential roles and responsibilities of states and localities moving forward. The federal government really needs to be aware of the impact that their decisions in terms of eligibility requirements, and , whatable documentation is an impact on states and localities, as well as the timing. I know the federal government also needs to think about timing and how long they have to get ready to implement a new program. Inre are many other people state and local governments and in nongovernmental organizations that are also adhering to that timeline. Localities want to be involved in implementation, but they cant necessarily do it for free, and they may not have their own resources to be able to kick in. Thee is something that federal government needs to think about, if there is going to be a role for states and localities, will there be any federal funding available to them. To say again that this is something that all states, and many localities need to be thinking about. There is still this impression that this is an issue for new york and chicago and los angeles, but as we are seeing with the application rates for are applyingople for nontraditional immigrant receiving areas. Those areas need to be prepared in case there is some kind of expanded Deferred Action Program in the future. Let me follow up on michelles comments. This is a program that takes a lot of work on the ground. To over 670 5000 people have applied so far. Of the an understanding federal role. They are responsible for setting gets rules and judging who into the program and who doesnt. But how a person who is potentially eligible for the gets from thinking about it to actually doing it requires a lot of work. On theirases, courage part. The kinds of documentation and that is of information being tested, almost through this process, through trial and error, is something that collectively people are learning about. Responsibleual is for putting their own application together. State and local role, these nongovernmental actors are playing a huge role. In some ways, many of the Service Providers are actually shaping the program and shaping what it means to have a successful application, and they are learning from each other. There are some networks that exist, usually within localities and regions. It could be important for places to share that information, especially when you think about more established places like illinois, with strong infrastructure and strong advocacy even from the state, to places where immigrants and invice providers are working either an uncaring environment or a hostile environment. There is a lot of variation out there, and it does require a lot of work. I was wondering if you could about the renewal process, and what we are expecting in terms of this, in terms of the difficulties people might have of reapplying, etc. The renewal process has really just gotten underway. We dont really know much about the numbers, although just anecdotally it seems like it is going to take a wild for this to ramp up. In advance to renew of their twoyear anniversary. There is a very specific window of time here and and they have to be aware of that window in order not to be caught in a moment when [indiscernible] is super busy and cant get to their application. Fortunately, the documentation required for renewal is not as onerous as the initial application is. Very straightforward, and people just have to demonstrate a few things. The thing that seems to be the hardest for many people, particularly young people who dont have jobs where they make a lot of money or families with thatthan one applicant needs to renew, is the application fee, 465 for each person. This is a large sum of money when you come from low income family. There are a number of considerations out there, and i weighpeople also have to whether they think it is worth it to renew. That is another thing that is on the table. I think it will be interesting for us to revisit this issue after renewal, and given their experiences with the initial daca application process, it states and localities take on a new or different or expanded role with respect to renewal, we will have to revisit that. We have a question on this side. I have a question for audrey. My name is anna gonzalez. I am from Pew Research Center. I have a question for audrey. If you explored the effects that some of these advocates, particularly lawyers who are working pro bono to apply, to prepare the applications for daca applicants have. One, the effect they would have and what you found [indiscernible] experience that some of them have gone first, sent first applications that they know they have all the documentation and they will be approved, and they would continue to follow up. How much do you think this would have an effect on what you found about the ages of the applications and the geography, the rates of approval you have found as well . The question is really, how much are these [indiscernible] who are providing services shaping the outcomes we are finding. It is really hard to know. Of the things that is very hard to know, and my colleagues were working on a project with im not going to call on them because they are talking over there. Theyre worried about that. No. Know, whator us to share of all applicants are actually using somebody to assist them in the application process. We have talked to dozens and dozens of people in six places across the country, and we have on first anduge foremost how many people are being served by those organizations. It seems like it is possible that most people are not using a service provider. We have no way of really knowing that. With the way we are conducting our research and also with a way that the data is collected by uscis. A lot of people may be using a provider, but they may not be recorded on the applications. That is a first order question. The second question which gets to yours is, how likely is it that people are moving forward cases that are easier, and how does that affect the pattern of outcomes that we see. Thosepretty likely that came in first and went out first. It is pretty likely that those cases are still coming in. Staggered over time. In the beginning, a lot of people were in this dacaready population we referred to. I think the adjudication process on the other end horribly works in a similar rhythm. That is the best answer i can e you at this point probably works in a similar rhythm. That is the best answer i can give you at this point. What we know about the effects of daca on recipients going back to school or entering the labor market or changes in their Labor Market Outcomes . Anecdotal evidence, just young people that i know. I dont have any hard evidence to point to. Has made a difference for a number of young people, being able to work and pursue their careers after finishing college. People deciding to return to school, having not completed their High School Diploma, but trying to get that done. That is from a sample of three, four people i know. It seems to have made a big impact on their lives. While we dont have hard evidence, i think in our communities we hear about it all the time where young people are actually pursuing careers in the areas they are interested versus they were scrambling, they did not have opportunities, and that made an impact not just on them, but their families and the entire community. I have some also anecdotal mostly because im talking to Service Providers. One thing to consider is one of the best benefits of daca for any young person is the Work Authorization card. This gives people the right to work easily in this country and also improves the chances in getting a better job in the ofmal sector, or any number good characteristics for better jobs. In terms of educational outcomes , there are programs in many places across the country that are reaching out not only to the toa population, but undocumented students and offering instate tuition and other ways of serving this population better. People who are taking advantage of that are improving their chances. How large of scope we cant tell at this moment, but we are looking into programs that actually are trying to link the recipients with jobs programs and better outcomes. From the perspective of a possible employer, i used to get a lot of questions from unauthorized young people asking, the Pew Research Center hires somebody who is undocumented. And we couldnt. It is interesting that lately, i have been seeing many more young people who come up to me and say, i would love to work at pew research. I am a deferred action student and i can work now. To see fromsting the employers perspective how many people are coming forward now and saying, i am this. But are also interested in working at the Pew Research Center. This is an area that is rich for future research and hopefully we will be looking at some of that. Is some preliminary research that has come out from Roberto Gonzalez at harvard. He has a relatively large sample of Daca Recipients. One of the things he looks that is, did daca and get jobs. Are also getting drivers licenses. This allows a much more mobility, the ability to get to school and to work. There is a lot more to look into their. Back to the other side. Thanks for indulging one more question. This one is for amalia. It is indisputable that illinois and chicago are kind of leaders in this area, wanting to be the most welcoming state or the most welcoming city for immigrants in the United States. Lot ofdone a International Comparisons between the United States and other countries, particularly europe. There is an integration index that rates countries in terms of how welcoming they are to immigrants and how good their immigration policies are. Sweet and pretty much always tops the list, followed closely by canada sweden pretty much always tops the list, followed closely by canada. Illinois is like the sweden of the United States. It is comfortably far away from and it has left leaning politics that often makes immigrant friendly policies a lot easier to implement. Though you guys are leading the charge, do you think a lot of other states could possibly follow in your footsteps or do you think that illinois has some natural advantages that allow you to do this great work . Thank you for the compliments on being compared to sweden. I think it is true that illinois is unique. We are a blue state. We have a democratic governor, a it isatic mayor, and interesting for a lot of these legislative initiatives for the drivers issue, the dream funding, bipartisan support for both are significant. We also have a very well established advocacy and Grassroots Community groups. We are way ahead of the curve on that. The stars aligning, and we were able to really be at the forefront on these issues. Having said that, we hope that other states will follow and they are following. We hope they learn from our experience and our implementation process. Anything we can share with others, that can be replicated in other states. There is no reason that what is happening in illinois can happen cant happen in other states. With less infrastructure, and view, more evolved political mobilizing and activists who really understand the issues and how to organize. Illinois is unique and a trailblazer in this area. I think other states are following, and i hope to see many more and a lot of these issues, whether it is drivers license or unique loan programs , and also looking at the healthcare care issue which is critically important as well. I am with the embassy of mexico. I have a question for amalia and audrey. Statestioned the role of in state and local governments and even foreign governments. But what about dreamers themselves . Ift has been their role, and you think they have really made a difference in the promotion and the rollout of [video clip] rollout of daca. In illinois there are a number of activists who happen to be dreamers who are ready to be open and were not afraid at all to come out with their identity, and they were part of the coalition of organizations that really care about these issues. That is one thing. They all have unique, amazing stories. Were vital for people to understand in a very personal way, how important it is to support them, and that they are like us. They are americans. This is their home. There is no reason why not to give them the opportunities that everyone else has. Specifically with the illinois there is one position, the board of commission that is specifically for a dreamer for a student. That student serves on it and he was completely open about his status. Person,wonderful amazing story. He is finishing up his graduate degree. I think he embodies what the whole daca program and what the dreamers are about. They play a very Important Role. I think the dreamers are credited with pushing the Obama Administration towards the daca program. Their work really move this program into place. They have been instrumental on the ground. In many places, they are leaders working with other organizations, working in communities, working with in school and communitybased organizations and many places across the country. I also think that their image which helped to lead this into fruition was important. What we are learning about the dacaeligible population is that they are more than just dreamers. The dreamer, stereotypical dreamer is collegebound or onlegeeducated, and working moving into a job in the u. S. Willthey are training support. There are lots of people who are not dreamers per se to qualify for this program. There is a much Broader Group of people who are either too young to really be a trainer in that sense dreamer in that sense, who would otherwise qualify for the program. It has been an interesting lesson for all of us. This is the bigger, more complex assumed. N than we im and sorensen with the pew Charitable Trust. Amalia, you mentioned some of the things youre looking forward to the continuing to work on. What are won or two of the things that are still in challenge for you in trying to implement in this program in the state of illinois . ,he second part of the question what kind of collaboration are you seeing or have you seen amongst states in trying to figure out what works and what doesnt work, sharing information with each other about the underground implementation of the program . In terms of other programs, the health care piece is the most important one we are looking at now and what that would look like and the funding for it, which is the most important aspect, the most important hurdle. I mentioned the welcoming centers. That is a unique model. Other states probably have something similar. If there is an expansion of daca , that would be the venue or the platform where we would address it to make sure that as many people can benefit from an expansion of daca. Very creative. We are always looking at different ways that we can individualseligible , access state services. Example, looking at legislation that might indirectly impact them in a negative way. For example, if there is a licensing requirement for getting a nursing license or to be a cosmetologist if the requirements are too narrowly drafted so that if somebody happened to have relevant expertise, can that be validated here . How can we be able to allow them to utilize their skills and their experience and maybe transfer that in a way, so its not a barrier to them . Looking at that, whether it is in the employment arena or health, education, how we are able to assist the daca population as well as undocumented population in general to receive and have the opportunities that are available to everyone else. I dont know if that answers your question. We are always brainstorming and trying to be as creative as we can within the bounds that exist, to the extent that they would have authority to take action in this area because it is a federal area. We are jumping in and filling in the gaps where we can. We are going to do one final question from the audience, and in our panelists will have a lightning round. I had a question for mark. Data that showed that latinos are much more worried about deportation than asians i was wondering if that was a function of the number of unauthorized among latinos, or if it is a difference in fear of profiling as well by employers and police, and if people are less likely to fear profiling, are they less likely to use daca or a Similar Program . In terms of the people who fear deportation numbers, it is likely tied to the share that are unauthorized. 80 of the nations unauthorized immigrants are from latin america. Our numbers are more than likely taking that up. I do think there is also some connection to some of the things that were happening around sb1070 in arizona. Was coupled with, is there a difference in fear of deportation between nativeborn and foreignborn. It turns out they were much closer than, partly because arizona was one of those instances where many hispanics were feeling like they were being profiled. On the one hand we found in that survey from 2010 that they were just as likely to say they had been stopped and asked about their papers, as were the foreignborn. It was a relatively small share. It was equal. In terms of fear of deportation, the numbers were closer as well in that particular survey. Since then, for the nativeborn we have not seen the numbers change much. As there has been more discussion about deportation, the foreignborn are the ones who are really in tune with what is happening. They are fearful that someone they know or they themselves may be deported. I have nothing more to add. We have painted quite a wide arc this afternoon. I want to close by returning to what we started off at. Rightfully noted that for any type of program of this size and complexity, there are obviously actors well beyond those who play critical roles. I wanted to ask each of our panelists to focus on the from yourf roles, and various perspective, if you would have one sentence for federal policymakers on what they should be considering in terms of the roles that you see for your respective constituencies, your research base, your experience. What would your one sentence closer be . Michelle partially answered this. Maybe start with mark. For federal . Your one observation, your one sentence to federal policymakers. That is tough, given we have no position on policy. I will say this. It would be really nice if they give us a lot more data. [laughter] mark stole my take it back. If the pew research gave us more data. I was going to Say Something about the data. The data is so useful, and you actually can get into it and analyze it and understand what is going on. We have been fortunate to get some, but it is hard to know more about localities and about trends over time, and about many of the things we have talked about that are associated with other things that we talked about without knowing more on the big scale. There are some great studies out there, like the one that michelle mentioned. A lot of ongoing research. It is looking at small pieces of the population. From my perspective, from a state perspective, it is funding. We can come up with the best programs, but we need the federal government to be able to fortify the funding implement in these kinds of programs. Remember states and localities, in particular those nontraditional immigrant receiving states that have growing populations of unauthorized immigrants that has seen large numbers of daca applicants that have little experience on immigration issues. Do ifh that, i want to you think yous. An event like this does not come together by itself. We have an exceptional event steam and Exceptional Communications team at pew. Thank you very much for all your help. Thanking alle in of our panelists, and thank you all for participating. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2014] the ap quotes kay hagan as saying the issue is one that should be addressed legislatively, and not through executive order. Her remarks are echoed by fellow democratic senator mark pryor, who is running for reelection in arkansas. He said in a statement that this bipartisanship in washington, that does not give the president quote, Carte Blanche authority to sidestep congress when he doesnt get his way. A coalition of immigration advocacy groups sent a letter to Congressional Democrats yesterday, asking them to [indiscernible] the issue before the november elections. The president has said in the absence of congressional action, he would have to shift resources. Here is a look at our prime time lineup for next week on the cspan networks. Each night starting at eight 00 eastern on cspan. Monday, a debate on genetically modified food. Tuesday, issue spotlight on General Motors safety recall. Wednesday, highlights from this years new york ideas form. Thursday, we will look at the issue of climate change. Friday night, we will visit important sites in the history of the civil rights movement. Monday on cspan2, booktv in time prime time