call to prayer van city, in turkey, on the border with iran and the gateway to europe for many hundreds of thousands of afghan refugees. for decades, people have been smuggled from afghanistan through iran, and into turkey. these undocumented migrants have been fleeing civil war, poverty and persecution. when the taliban retook power in august 2021, the numbers increased. an underground network of smugglers operate safe houses across van city for those who have just made it to turkey. houses, flats, stables,

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