Leading from Lebanon into Israel the 4th since it began searching for underground infiltration routes earlier this month Israel says the tunnels have been dug by the militant group Hezbollah for use in any future conflict a rescue team in Pakistan has recovered the body of a woman who was allegedly buried alive in a well by her brother's so heated baby's mother alerted police saying her sons were trying to rape the family of evil forces on the instructions of a spiritual healer the 2 men are now in police custody. The Japanese city of Bear has released a map of 100 hot spots on scent which will welcome tourists with tattoos during next year's Rugby World Cup tattoos have traditionally been fraud upon in Japanese culture as the B.B.C.'s only McConnell explains describes itself as the on send capital of Japan and is keen for the huge numbers of tourists expected next year to be able to experience them to tos have become widespread in the West in recent years and the part of traditional culture in countries such as New Zealand whose national team will be taking part in the World Cup but in Japan they're associated with you coups are organized crime gangs and many paths forbid people with tatoos from entering now the city authorities in Bethel have come up with a map showing designated spots where to foreigners will be welcome. And that's the world news from the b.b.c. . Today on the form from the b.b.c. World Service a glimpse of the grim nightmarish world of the Soviet Gulag the network of forced labor camps once scattered throughout the u.s.s.r. And through which millions of people passed some of the barracks are so infested with insects that even for days fumigation with burning sulpher doesn't help and the inmates boil the lice off their underwear in their mess tent after dining from . At night they dry their wet clothes on themselves. Their caps or in a woman's case her hands may freeze to the wall of the tent. From the fall of 1930 s. To February 939 at one of the most women camps 385 out of 550 prisoners died. Some of the work brigades died off totally including the brigadier's. At one time they used to bury them in their own underwear but later on in the very worst lowest grade camp issue which was dirty grey and later still came in across the board regulation not to waste any underwear on them a tall because it could still be used for the living but to bury them making. Many inmates of the Gulag perished during their ordeal but some survived to tell the tale and among them was a former high school teacher whose powerful books including The Gulag Archipelago you had an excerpt from there opened the eyes of the world to the extent and horrors of this dark underside of the Soviet Union and in 171 him the Nobel Prize for literature. His name was Alexander Solzhenitsyn born 100 years ago and the subject of our program today I'm Bridget Kendall and I'm joined by 2 soldiers it's in scholars Professor Don Yeomans honey from Assumption College in the United States and Dr Lisa Christa from Bamberg university in Germany and by Professor Leon a talker of Hebrew University in Jerusalem and an expert on labor camp literature Welcome to all 3 of you and before we come to the towering and fascinating figure of soldier and it's in himself Let's briefly talk about the term good luck because it seems to be used in different ways in the Soviet Union I mean in the West Luna was that the time actually is an abbreviation for that glove no problem getting which means the central administration of the camps so that refers to the office that administrates the camps rather than to the camps themselves and that was a solution it's an who heard the acoustic aura of this word with its acoustic but then she added this and started applying it to the camp system itself. And it stuck many people accept that that this kind of the u.s. Is especially abroad where so if it. Routinely now to foot to as the gulag in the Russia itself the official language so the makes use of this would the for the camps for instance camp let the richest school like it in that incident that I can feel it the rich and not the gulag literature still when people talk about the Soviet concentration camps as an issue they do use the wood. Done explaining would you why the Soviet Union had quite so many of these good luck counts because there are hundreds of them went Yes I think it's because the Soviet Union and this is one of the powerful and forceful arguments of Solzhenitsyn school of Archipelago the Soviet Union was an idiot logical state that was committed to the extirpation of any ways of life that were opposed to the new socialist order of things and that meant religious affirmation it meant the merchants borzois it meant the aristocracy it meant the industrious and hard working peasants later attacked a school locks its cetera et cetera so even before the formal establishment of the gulag system in the late twenty's in 1930 there were concentration camps beginning with sloth key in the Arctic north a beautiful Orthodox set of monasteries that were transformed into the 1st camps but Solzhenitsyn uses a very rich image in 2 of the Gulag Archipelago where he speaks of the metastases h. And of terror throughout the 1920 s. Growing in an egg. Potential way at the time of collectivization So I would say the reason there were so many gulags is because the political system the India logical system was committed to eliminating and or repressing all those who stood in the way of the creation of a genuinely Communist society in the Soviet Union but there was also an economic puppets wasn't there because they were used to these camps the slave labor to build railways and mining infrastructure and look forest and some of the world's a most inhospitable terrain Yes And I think there's always always a contradiction between that aspect of the Gulag that aimed to punish marginalized and even a limb and 8 enemies of the people and the fact that the Soviets wanted to claim some kind of economic rationale for the camps I think one of the most powerful chapters in the Gulag Archipelago as a whole is the moving and really quite stunning chapter on the building of the White Sea belum our canal were tens of thousands of people perished mainly in the winter of 1932 to 1933 and yet this canal never really functioned it was too narrow for most ships so it was an utterly failed slave labor project from an economic point of view but of course slanderously and shamelessly $36.00 Russian riders led by Maxime Gorky wrote a famous book published in 1935 celebrating this example of Gulag labor as evidence of the morally and socially transformative character of Soviet labor and of the camps if these are the people who were detained in these gulag camps one important point is that. Not only political opponents of the state were sent to the gulag but also people who consider common criminals even outside of an authoritarian regime for example murder or or thieves so on the one hand we had genuine criminals but also people who were accused of being opponents of the state simply because they held certain beliefs such as priests or morning accused people who had for instance fought against the Red Army during the Civil War members of the white army or former social revolutionaries were also sent there and of course later on during collectivization the the peasants were guarded as rich peasants were called Cool acts and they were accused of withholding their harvest and not becoming a part of the collective system of agriculture and therefore they were punished they were resettled try another part of the Soviet Union and many of them ended up in camps and the same happened during the Stalin or what with several ethnic groups for example the Chechens now about half a 1000000 Chechens were resettled to process done in special settlements and many of them ended up in actual camps. Estimates vary of exactly how many people passed through the camps between the 1920 s. And 987 when the last Soviet one was closed and that it's not a solution it seems not the 1st former inmate to publish writings based on his gulag experiences but it was his work which really captured the public imagination starting with his novella one day in the life of it on Denisovich But before we get on to that let's 1st go back to solution since early life and how he ended up in the gulag in the 1st place he was born in southern Russia in December 918 growing up without a father mostly in poverty he dreamt of being a writer from an early age but he was also good at. Yes So he studied both and he's youth he was also an ardent supporter of Marxist Leninist thinking their ideas underpinning the $917.00 Bolshevik Revolution do we know why you done he grew up in a Christian family and I think that state would Solzhenitsyn for quite a while but in his high school years he got involved in the Communist Youth League and he did for a time because a rather fanatical illogically minded Marxist Leninist in the trail his 7000 word autobiographical poem that he wrote in the camps without the help of pen and paper he talked about getting up early on his honeymoon to read Das copy top so he was a true believer by that point and he does dramatically describe a moment of his high school years where as a clear mark of his break with the the faith of his fathers he tore a crucifix off of his back when the 2nd world war break out by now a young man enlisted and then it up as not to marry officer on the eastern front I believe it was his wartime correspondent with a close friend the ghost him into trouble with the author of his Wasn't it what exactly did he say yes I in fact it's quite surprising that so many seen approached quite a few very candid letters while he was at the front not only to one friend but several and in these letters he he talked about his opinion of stunning strategy in the war he didn't use the name Sterling but it was fairly clear who he meant but he was also thinking a lot about how to reform the Soviet Union and how to go back to a purer form of Leninism because as Dan was saying at that point he still saw himself as a Marxist Leninist us and someone who was very true to. The regime so it's not surprising that he wanted to make his country better that he wanted his country to win the war what is unusual is that he was so honest about it in his more correspondent given that even in democratic countries war correspondents is always controlled and censored you know I was thinking about this almost eat hot sauce was he not really aware of the political surveillance and censorship pervading Soviet life in particular the Soviet army because also by the 140 s. Stalin's so-called Great Terror campaign was already led to thousands of innocent people being executed and many more arrested and sent to prison also known quite trivial pretext much less than criticising the country's leader and in February 9045 soldier that was interrogated and sentenced under the notorious Article 58 of the Soviet penal code accused of the Soviet propaganda and founding a hostile organization and sentenced to 8 he has imprisonment he was sent to several jails and camps in Moscow and then to the Mafia no secret research prison known in Russia as a shot. How did he end up there Iliza so after it he's Aristide had to fill out a form or he had to name his profession now we noticed that other inmates were naming not their gender and profession but a profession that they would consider useful in the camp and also a profession that would give the impression that they were indispensable to this day don't were to their camp that their life was valuable and worthy of protection so after the nuclear bombs off you know shame and I guess likely it was obvious that the Soviet Union was very interested in having nuclear scientists who could develop this technology so suddenly it seemed believe that if you claim to be a nuclear scientist his life would be considered worthy of protection and in the end he was given tasks that way according to his genuine profession which was. Mathematics so he worked as a mathematician in this special prison and in the special prison modify know he met scientists who were fellow convicts and who'd become lifelong friends and who would appear thinly disguised as protagonists of his novel The 1st circle many years later the 2 especially close to him were you have a couple of Meet the pardon and here is pond in speaking in the 1970 s. Through translator about the seemingly inexhaustible energy that Solzhenitsyn seem to possess even in prison you know a soldier you say she built he said well you soldier Newton is now the subject of conceit monographs but at the times he expressed disgust with his energy his enthusiasm and his enormous capacity for work the man didn't know the meaning of the word tired fatigued we often asked him what in the have Joe King it was perhaps you have not a heart but a motor for a heart but in fact the man it was all heart he loved people and this is one of his fundamentals qualities no doubt about that little know what was the impact of these new friends couple of whom pine in on soldiering it since thinking got the lift for the prototype of Reuben in the 1st circle was a true believing communist and he lived in a closed system within which everything could be explained and what could not be explained would be explained away no rational argument could make a dent in his beliefs over the period so to Newton himself was still a Marxist than the believe in the communist revolution but a couple of the MacThis them provided them on it the requirement on his own position almost the character to had it not been so in this. Banyan on the other hand was the passion of the bone and of the boys should dictate covert end of the Soviet regime he was also a powerful debate the social needs in found himself but the way in the 2 extremes and shifted thoughts Biden's more flexible though angry thinking oh after a few years pining and Sultanate sin started complaining about a new Hausherr regime McMuffin Oh and instigated small acts of known cooperation with the prison authorities not surprisingly that soon got them into trouble and they were sent to a newly opened camp in southern Kazakhstan in Central Asia that's an open Costco mine near the town of keep us to use that we've already had at the beginning of this forum from the b.b.c. World Service how harsh the living and working conditions could be in a gulag do you know what it was like to keep us to use and what Solzhenitsyn did I think one day in the life of event the needs of each gives us a slightly soft account of conditions at a camp like a Bastos but even from that book one senses certain horrors the fact that the workers worked in extremely cold weather in winter 6 or 7 days a week there was a harsh regime they lived on meager food rations of terrible quality the clothes they wore were terrible there was minimal or nonexistent medical care and they witnessed the goners those who physically and mentally had given away and were also called last leggers ones who were on their way out and who were victimized and ultimately killed by the camp system one thing that is important to know do we see this in one day in the life of even the new use of it even though by this time Solzhenitsyn had openly and completely repudiated communism during his 7 year education in the prisons and camps. He did take great value in physical work he enjoyed laying bricks which is something we see with the vaunted nice of it and he was later criticize I think by ponied and others for almost sharing the belief of socialist realism in the value of work in the camps although Solzhenitsyn's commitment to work had nothing to do with the edification of the socialist state and everything to do with a traditional old fashioned view in the value of work well done and if that's harsh life I keep us to supplanted the seed who sold in it since the tree breakthrough one day in the life of his on Denisovich this is also Jennette sin nature remembered its beginnings Yeah bits to set them good to walk with a dull leg in the. In 1951 long winter's day in the camp I was dragging a stretcher with my workmate and thought how would I best capture life in the gulag and I realized that it's enough to describe just a single day in minute detail and the most humble work no need to exaggerate the Horace no need for it to be an exceptional day Justin ordinary one. The day that repeats itself for years. That's when the idea was planted in my mind but I didn't get round to writing it down for 9 years. In March 953 coinciding more or less with the death of Stalin solution it was released from the gulag having served his sentence but like so many acts prisoners he wasn't really free and was sent to indefinite internal exile he ended up in a small remote place called Cook Tadic in Kazakhstan halfway between Moscow and Beijing in 156 the Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev condemned to some of the worst brutality of Stalinism and solution it seemed was allowed to move closer to Moscow to a city called his son where his 1st wife lived and where he taught math and spent his free time writing 6 years later his novella one day in the life of Ugandan is the bitch was published and caused a real sensation both in the Soviet Union and in the West Indies a kind of explain why for us yes as a matter of fact the timing and the place of publication were extraordinary because this novella was published in the most prestigious literary journal in the u.s.s.r. In November 1962 so it was the 45th anniversary of the October Revolution of 1917 and there were all sorts of celebrations all sorts of articles short stories about the revolution so it was supposed to be a time of celebration right and then all of a sudden we have these novella that presents us in great detail the harshness existing in Soviet prison camps but not only that it presents us with a protagonist who is a very unusual hero in Soviet literature because he was a peasant who was falsely accused of collaborating with the Nazis during World War 2 And he's you know sent but he's not. Not a faithful communist So in that sense he is different from the type of heroes or witnesses who had written about Soviet injustice in the past and the novel makes it clear that even is an innocent man and he nonetheless has to suffer appalling conditions now the fact that this was published in the Soviet Union caused a sensation I brought it because it meant that as opposed to so many memoirs about the camps that had been published abroad and only you know broad this was something that had been approved by the Soviet authorities and therefore it was seen as proof of something that existed and as an admission on the part of the Soviet authorities that this existed here is a short extract from a radio dramatize ation of the novella by Mike Walker think the chicken no one who had an extra close. Start when. They go sits in chief just the regulation here come on let me keep it warm sunny warm thought oh you now I think. You're all saboteurs. Stealing clothes from the proletariat chair that vest out now what you up oh I don't care I started. 5 days in a cell still not socialist just time is going to sound spoke a certain prisoners but one thing only is more free through clear day one fact I don't why are you will keep your rights keep the steady pace take so I learned Ok they are the neck of the president front on your hands behind your back Ok Mark things right I think that the right or the left will because I don't come through with Guy I know God will show. Frank right Mark. The publication of one day in the life of the engine this of age groups ocean it's an overnight fame in the Soviet Union and abroad but with his professional success came complications and his. Lived life and what's more within a few months crucial was removed from power under the new Soviet leader Lenny Brezhnev political artistic horizon started to cloud over again and sudden it since life was about to take dramatic turns That's the topic for the 2nd part of this forum from the b.b.c. World Service in a couple of minutes. Now on the b.b.c. World Service the recipe for the perfect food chain is very very simple and is so absolutely wonderful throw in some childhood memories there's no greater because my few journey than watching mom's face. At a sprinkling of pop star chef it's a new love I've been married for a very long time to music and this is like food is a new relationship mixin something travesty mistakes were made decades ago with the introduction of Genetic Technologies in plant production with animal production we're going to have to have conversations with the public and finish off with some passion they can start dialogue fears can connect people I love it the economics something cultural when you see this received from hundreds of pews maybe it's something you mean that your Francis is Ruth's the food chain at b.b.c. World Service dot com. Still to come on the forum more on the life and works of Alexander Solzhenitsyn how his insistence on challenging the Soviet authorities legend to being expelled and food into exile in the West why once then he scathing criticism went further than just the evils of communism and what reception awaited him when in the 990 s. He finally went back to Russia My guess is still with me so do stay with us we'll be back after the news summary. B.b.c. News with Gareth Barlow North Korea has condemned the trumpet ministration for imposing new sanctions on its officials warning of a possible permanent block on any denuclearization the United States impose sanctions on 3 North Korean officials on Monday for alleged human rights abuses senior British government figures have distanced themselves from media reports linking them to moves to have a 2nd referendum on breaks it prime minister trees a maze chief of staff denied he was helping to plan a public vote that affected her deputy said a 2nd referendum would be divisive Salim is a rubbish villi has been sworn in as Georgia's 1st female president the French born former diplomat said Georgia would continue its pro European path and called on Russia to respect international law u.n. Officials say the ceasefire agreed last week for the Yemeni port city of her data will come into effect on she's day the ceasefire was meant to be immediate but the u.n. And Yemeni officials say the delay is needed to allow orders to be communicated to forces on the ground a car bomb targeting pro Turkish fighters in northern Syria has killed at least 8 people 4 of them civilians the vehicle was detonated in the town of a freend which has been seized by the Turkish army and allied militia from Kurdish groups in March the chairman of Russia's lower house of parliament has criticized Ukraine's president for announcing the independence of the Ukrainian Orthodox Church the actions laugh a lot in said President Petro Poroshenko was destroying Ukrainian society a rescue team in Pakistan has recovered the body of a woman who was allegedly buried alive in a well by her brothers she had a baby's mother alerted police saying her sons were trying to rid the family of evil forces on the instructions of a spiritual healer and the Israeli army says it's found another tunnel leading from Lebanon into Israel is the 4th since it began searching for underground infiltration routes. Welcome back to the forum from the b.b.c. World Service I'm Bridget Kendall and I'm discussing the Russian writer Alexander Solzhenitsyn with me still Professor Daniel Mahoney Professor Liana talker and don't tell him he's a Clarissa all experts on his life and work in 167 frustrated by having the publication of his novel the cancer ward repeatedly blocked sold units in ration open letter to the writers union of the u.s.s.r. Which is about to convene its 4th Congress I asked the Congress to discuss the intolerable oppression to which our literary fiction has been subjected through decades of censorship. Literature cannot develop when it's divided into the categories of allowed forbidden and about this you can write about that you cannot literature which is not allowed to convey pain and I exaggerate a society does not even deserve the name of literature I suggest to the Congress that it should demand and achieve the abolition of all censorship open and concealed of artistic works and free publishers from the obligation to ask for permission before they print anything you want to in retrospect it's hard to believe that solution that sin wasn't thrown into jail for demanding the end of communist censorship after all in the 1960 s. Dissidents who dared challenge the Soviet system was still being sent to prison or the gulag was the someone powerful protecting him so when it's in the end his friend sent 250 copies of the letter to the writers and to others in the u.s.s.r. So the letter could not be ignored it was also broadcast the by the b.b.c. Russian service back to the u.s.s.r. And became widely known there. At the time of the regime was not eager to arrest celebrities because that would have a hugely negative effect in the media broad and so when it's in was already a celebrity later dissidents would be faced with a dilemma if their work was published abroad that they faced persecutions at home yet if their cause became celebrated that the authorities would be more careful about them. Of course not they have any publication abroad that and its author and the celebrity so it can be said that the threat that the forger needs and wants his own talent sold in that same is acutely aware that the k.g.b. The Soviet secret police was not only constantly monitoring him but also periodically trying to locate and seize the manuscripts he'd hidden with friends in 165 they got nearly all the copies of his novel The 1st suckle in a raid on the flat of one of his friends Saddam what a solution it since strategy for protecting his work Solzhenitsyn became even more careful he had always been careful even in exile in the fifty's in Kazakhstan to hide his work she often buried manuscripts photographed my manuscripts and gardens probably the most interesting example of his extremely cautious and careful clandestine activity was the fact that over 2 winters he worked in the forests of a stone with the help of an old camp mate he admired profoundly Arnold Suzi an Estonian human history and for about 105 days an 85 days respectively in the winters of 65666667 souls in need sin more or less finished The Gulag Archipelago he got away from the secret police he hid the manuscript he eventually snuck several copies out of the u.s.s.r. So this really was a literary and political conspiracy by the end of the 1960 s. It became clear to soldier in its in that the harsher political climates on depression have meant his works would no longer be published in the u.s. And saw some officials were comparing him. To another Russian writer Boris Pasternak who a decade earlier was forced by the Saudis or of his to decline the Nobel Prize because his novel Dr Zhivago was deemed so anti communist the works of social needs in are more dangerous than those of Pasternak Pasternak was a man divorced from life while Solzhenitsyn with his a new mated militant ideological temperament is a man of principle in 168 cancer ward and the 1st circle were published uproot much to the fury of the Soviet authorities at about the same time Sultanate send message young mathematician Natalia Spittal over who would later become his 2nd wife and have 3 children with him the 1st child was just a newborn baby when the Nobel Prize Committee announced that they were giving the 970 Literature Award to sorting it since he was delighted but there were complications really having regrets the reason why I think founders of meet soon as deemed impossible to be with us today. In order to receive his part. It will according to his own wish be presented to him. At a place in the time. Agree or at least the why did sorting it since day in the Soviet Union rather than going to stalk her to receive the prize was here already mentioned the case of bodies Pasternak was an important president back in 1058 when the Swedish Academy chose to war the Nobel Prize in Literature to past and I to the Soviet government made it very clear to him that if you left the country in order to receive the prize he would not be allowed back in and sort uneaten rightly feared that the same would happen to him so he decided to stay at home but he did officially accept the prize and a center a short banquet speech which was read by Karl Nero the permanent secretary of the Swedish Academy he didn't receive his Medal and the poem until later on but in 1702 he was actually able to smuggle out his Nobel lecture so he found a way of communicating to the outside world his feelings about this prize and what it meant to him and to persecuted writers in his country and even behind the Iron Curtain his Nobel lecture soon started circulating on officially in some ways dot hands typed copies which if found by the Soviet police could mean jail sentence for the person possessing them by now the Soviet authorities so solution it's in as a political threat the k.g.b. Took up permanent residence in the mosque a flat next to Natalee is and according to some sources even attempted to assassinate him by poisonous injection what they wanted perhaps most of who was to find the money scripts of the Gulag Archipelago the multi-volume history of the gulag system from 1918 to $956.00 and what happened next Leona by that time solution is in had learned several lessons and had to care to transfer the microfilms of the Gulag Archipelago to the west. At the time work by Soviet writers that was 1st published the broad that would be banned from publication in the Soviet Union so Sorensen did not hurry with the publication abroad because for several years he hoped for the publication in his own country yet in 1073 the k.g.b. Detained the one of his typists and after several days of a harsh interrogations some say thought sure that is not completely unknown and they managed to find and confiscate one of the 3 manuscripts of the Gulag Archipelago. The thrust that type this theory Lizabeth there were announced there was found hanged in her apartment after release she is believed to have committed suicide. On hearing about but announce this death solution it's an odd The Gulag Archipelago to be published abroad and this was the last straw for the Soviet soldiers is on the phone with the pain of the end of a thank you me when drop in the room. Door is probably safe to uniformed militiamen forced their way and that is where his wife. Is with us for Children 2 marriages don't think hard on an hour or so they said this is this they had a warrant thank you face prosecutor's office which is only just from a corner from that. Interview and of course you know this is a fearful and put on a woman ever to live within Oz without knowing where he was heading he was put on a plane to West Germany and what was the crime in hoping to achieve by sending him into exile in this way well I think an issue leaves the authorities pressure drop off the head of the secret police and others had concluded that it would be too controversial it would set back detente to undermine grain transfers and other needed transactions with the west of Solzhenitsyn where it's either Carcer raided or killed it's also interesting if one reads the Solzhenitsyn files published in Russian in the ninety's and also in English in the mid ninety's edited by Michael Scammell one sees that and drop of another speculated that Solzhenitsyn was lose popularity in the past because his Christian convictions his criticisms of the Left his lack of sympathy for reducing freedom to a materialist cornucopia and democratic societies all this went against the grain on of liberal left elites in the West for a while so soon it's. Didn't Switzerland writing a book about the Bolshevik leader Lenin but then he realized that k.g.b. Agents had infiltrated his circle of acquaintances in Syria and he moved to the United States to a secluded estate in rural Vermont down what was his life that like so students and did spend much of his time between 19761904 simply reading researching and writing his masterwork the red wheel the book he considered to be even a greater book than the Gulag Archipelago which told the account of Russia's descent into Bolshevik despotism but so the dates and did travel some he gave many speeches in the seventy's in the United States and gave a series of talks in Japan in Taiwan on communist China and of course came to London in 1983 where he accepted very graciously the Templeton Prize for progress in religion he met the Queen he met Prince Philip he had lunch with Mrs Thatcher he met Princess Diana and Prince Charles so he wasn't a hermit or reckless but he garnished his time he wrote and read 18 hours a day when he was at home he wasn't always at home and he was committed to finishing this great project on the source's causes and nature of the Soviet revolution and the public appearance that was perhaps the most memorable was the commencement address that he gave at home in 1988 if the masses of students and academics who gathered to hear the solution it's in speak through a translator expected the usual platitudes they were in for a shock when the family let me take a logical weakness. Weapon to become a 3rd. For the capitulating fight yeah but only to find one tell me one must also be ready to die very little such readiness in a fight you remain in the cult of material well being that you. Think nothing is left of them but your confession and thanks again time and betray you but only you write that at the shameful Belmore it all comes from very Western diplomats in their weakness to render to the line where you and slave remember all that healthy shit watch groups are sacrificing their lives. Once the dust from the Harvard speech settled in it's in retreated further into his for a moment seclusion concentrating on his writing using the royalties from some of his books to give material help to dissidents in the u.s.s.r. Bringing up his family and hoping that he would one day get back to Russia by 994 the Soviet Union had disappeared and been replaced by a new Russian government and his wish to return to his homeland was finally realized he decided to return by entering Russia from the Far East and travelling the length of the country on a train with a b.b.c. T.v. Crew in turn to take a look at what had happened to the country in his absence Liana How was he viewed in post communist Russia once he'd returned he was respected it was believed that the Gulag Archipelago had produced an indelible impression on me he'll go to butcher of but he was also considered the dated. At that point he wanted to be not just the not this and not the just a human rights fight that he wanted to be a sage for some time he had a t.v. Show in which he delivered main Electress but the public was not in the mood for say just still some of his rather problematic late the view from the south of the rather to influential so he gets indicted Mosco in 2008 and it's not a century since his but it's a good time to try and assess him I wonder what you think is his most important legacy was your view Well I think the reporting of what's available in Russia today and Solzhenitsyn status in Russia today is often distorted or presented in a misleading way let me give you several signs of hope related to Solzhenitsyn 3 great works one day in the life of event an Isa fits his masterwork small masterwork matter on his home is required reading in Russian high schools and in 2009 Natalya Solzhenitsyn prepared a masterful 800 page authorized abridgement of the Gulag Archipelago it is now required reading in Russian schools we didn't get into the whole question of the relationship between soldier Knutson and the political authorities Yeltsin and Putin's since he returned to Russia in 1904 but let me say this Solzhenitsyn never abandoned his absolutely tread Jugend opposition to communist totalitarianism he continued to call for Russians to repent for their participation in a lawless spiritually corrupt totalitarian regime the Solzhenitsyn's played a major role the family in. Supporting the building of a major monument also supported by memorial dedicated I told her $32017.00 on the 100th anniversary of the Bolshevik revolution to all the victims of communism and lastly I would say Solzhenitsyn's 1st philosophical and spiritual message about the need for human beings to live with honor with moral virtue and with human integrity thank you to my guests professors Daniel Mahoney and Leona talker and don't to Ilesa critics or thanks also to translators Harry when it's Thomas Whitney and Alexis chemo and read a Philip Brotherton and all leave you with the voice of a gulag survivor Idina Katina speaking to the b.b.c. In 1989 when the Gulag Archipelago was 1st officially published in the u.s.s.r. . Everyone in the West knows about great tragedies and I lost them by some of the great suffering we've been through the whisky. Now at last it's time for the Russian people to know about it too and that's why soldiers need to like Alcatel ago is so crucial so essential he beloved won. Something. B.b.c. B.b.c. . B.b.c. World Service and now sporting witness with me Ian Williams today will be looking back at the 2008 Olympics and the emergence onto the world stage of probably the greatest superstar in the history of athletics Jamaican sprinter the same bolt stole the headlines of the games today with an incredible performance in the 100 meters final the world record was smashed. It's the 16th of August 2008 inside Beijing's iconic Bird's Nest Stadium you say in Saint Leo bolt still a few days short of his 21st birthday is preparing to announce himself on the biggest stage of them all the Olympic Games we knew he was good but we. Were going to be still able to compete with him in a week that stunned athletic sports would win 3 gold medals shattered 3 world records and make his lightning bolt celebration famous around the world I mean after Beijing we knew that you know this guy was in another stratosphere he was as we above everybody. Saw. By electrifying Mormons in a nice and let it out to the world. Born in August 1986 in northwest Jamaica bolt spent much of his childhood playing different sports where males was his coach from 2004 before he was playing cricket as moral force boy. Slim the very link he strays. Is quietly near his. Technique or is that really impressive Bolds may not have looked special but he had raw speed aged 15 he won the $200.00 metres at the World Junior Championships in. Make a fellow Jamaican sprinter Michael Frater was watching on because we are so much into track and the stadium was jam but from that moment there were warning it was pressure. Many people don't notice but yes it was actually the the Paris World Championships in 2003 he would just wake up and when he goes to the Jackie he wouldn't do. A pretty intense war with or anything like that 16 year old guy he's running with it would have been there were boats turned pro in 2004 but was eliminated in the 1st round of the 200 meters at that year's a lympics in Athens in a bid to improve performances he brought in Glen Mills he likes to offer and but he was never a problem with training on the track he gives it is what yes there were times when he made of extended. Beyond the limits maybe the hands to a macho you know Monday would be a challenge I was able to convince him that if you really want to succeed you've got to see what you're doing as a job on the Mail's his guide in sports performances steadily improved balance even a year out from the Olympics in Beijing but was still regarded as a 200 meter specialist I realised that he had tremendous speed because a number of times he would train with a 100 meter people and he had no difficulty in disposing of them in the shot spin successor to time to get going but once he got to go in it was. The beginning of 2008 Mills worked hard on boats technique and he starts once more boats found himself back on home soil that makes for a race that would shock his closest rivals. Who was the king's limitation and I was in the stands here 976. People thought the clock was wrong as soon as there is finished up I was in there. And he asks me if I decide to resign if I think that I was real and was like well it was work last for you you had some very good guys at your who are running very fast 190 completely dominated him supper was the only one who had run the other 940 year of 197 so nobody else I don't doubt for us and you see in went from basically 100 to 106 and most people are a bit skeptical of that was having run just for senior 100 meter race is false then headed to New York a few weeks later dramatic news overnight in athletics to make as you same ball to set a new world record for the men's 100 meters 9.72 seconds is the new mug we say well if you are the fastest man in 2 you might as well. Limp. The Jamaica track and field team headed to Beijing on a high but was just one of a number of top sprinters expected to challenge Beijing was basically or Jamaica's coming out party so to see it was just. A complete phenomenon for myself and the conjurers old freighter had also qualified for the Olympics his 1st event was the 100 meters as part of Jamaica's power trio alongside bolt and a softer power all 3 reached the final. When we walked home but instead it was I was like All right this is what I work for all my life from this is pretty much what dreams are made of the 20 year old bolts had qualified fastest for the final and was drawn in like 35 years older than bolt was in line one. Thought I got on pretty well. When I got up at about 30 meters the only person I could see to my right was was you see at the time actually thought you know. I try to much stride for stride in there with Lucy and that completely missed my respect and I was like alright just got the best out of my life in the Bashir but there's a guy in front of me and he's actually just pulling over Everest and just moving away technically was not a good risk but it was a moment where you actually realize this guy's out of his room. What we have witnessed in the past half an hour something quite extraordinary vote stormed home in a new world record time of 9.69 seconds then he looked like he broke into a sweat this is the fastest man in the world and he seemed to have something turbo charged under his what is victory was all the more remarkable given how he eased down in the last 20 meters if you had actually run the race all the way through he would have run 94 are something to us that we had to run in trying to. Disguise old front beating is just from 70 metres it immediate putting is and isn't in India or beating his chest and he's still around 101 and I was like oh my gosh this is not real this is not really something or that Israel is not real the stadium was stunned but back in Jamaica the party was underway. The art of. Right but both wasn't finished there 4 days later he became the 1st man since America's Carl Lewis and 984 to complete the sprint double with another world record in the 200 meters his coach clay Mills saw rates as a formality. Alice male. Is beatable in the tour because he's blessed with the speed of sound. As the speed in the past. 2 days on another gold followed in the 4 by 100 meter relay completing a clean sweep in the short sprint events allowed the Jamaican seem would be stripped of their relay medal in 2017 after one of its members Nesta Carter failed a retrospective drug test but would go on to replicate a feat a subsequent Olympics in London and in Rio de Janeiro for a so-called triple triple I don't think any liberal ever do that you know. He has fun with it and he has broad popularity and positivity the track and field is the most accessible super. That I've seen some time when he's. Doing any more. Is a good person and his performance is personality and if you put together. The greatest Glenn Mills and Michael Frater speaking to me Ian Williams for this edition of sporting witness as part of the 100 women season on the b.b.c. World Service we hear the story of the woman who exposed Ireland's cervical cancer screening scandal in 2011 Vicki field and was given the all clear 7 years later she's dying and function for her right to treat and you're given a terminal diagnosis nothing really matters except for arthritis I was trying to make sure the other women in my position Vickie feel and the woman who changed aren't at b.b.c. World Service dot com. You're listening to the b.b.c. World Service Washington Post Antony So as more our South America correspondent Katie Watson reports from Brazil Well a year of regional editor Mike Saunders is here in the studio America's editor Countess peered began by telling me about on air only on smartphones and smart Speaker this is the b.b.c. World Service the world's media station. You're with the b.b.c. World Service where it's time for the science hour and half an hour on crowd science if you can bet its weight has it and will be delving into the highs and lows of oh the heartache Well what's interesting is it causes the same kind of pain that might happen if we were physically injured so the same centers that transmit physical pain also transmitter emotional pain your questions on set as ever by the experts on crowd science Meanwhile on science in action I've exposed delving into the nature of life not love going deep underground life and deeper earth totals 15 to 23000000000 tons of carbon which is equivalent to hundreds of times the amount of carbon contained in the human population probably the metric that I like to quote the most is that about 70 percent of all of the microbes present on earth are underground but how does it survive what does it do to the rocks What could it do for us those are all the weighty matters we'll be looking into in the science hour . B.b.c. News Hello I'm guaranteed Barlow pealing Yang has condemned the Trump administration for imposing new sanctions on its officials warning of a possible permanent block on any denuclearization last Monday the United States impose sanctions on 3 North Korean representatives for alleged human rights abuses Hugh Morgan reports the strongly worded statement from North Korea's foreign ministry described the imposition of sanctions as the United States greatest miscalculation which threatened to block the path to denuclearization on the Korean Peninsula forever it credited President Trump with a willingness to improve relations but accused the state department of being determined to return to the status of last year which was marked by exchanges of fire President Trump and the North Korean leader Kim Jong Il reached of a deal on the issue of didn't hear a zation at their summit meeting last June but little progress has been made since then senior British government figures have distanced themselves from media reports linking them to moves to have a 2nd referendum on breaks it the chief of staff of the prime minister denied he was helping to plan a public vote and her defacto deputy want a 2nd referendum would be divisive comments were echoed by the International Trade Secretary Liam Fox supposing we had another referendum supposing the remains I wanted by 52 to 40.