Trying to engineer survival in an extreme future. What youre talking about here is epigenetics . Exactly, rapid adaptation. Will it work . This is techknow. A show about innovations that can change lives. The science of fighting a wildfire. Were going to explore the intersection of hardware and humanity, but were doing it in a unique way. This is a show about science. Oh oh my god by scientists. Techknow investigates a coral catastrophe. Hey guys today we are going for a dive and we are talking coral reefs, im joined by dr. Crystal dilworth and marita davison. And, it sounds surreal to say but its possible that within our lifetimes, all the coral reefs will be gone. Scientists are saying that without some drastic changes, 100 of our coral reefs are facing degradation by 2050 which is only 30 years away. It could be an ecological disaster. And the problem is they are being attacked on all fronts, right now theyre going through this coral bleaching event where all the corals are basically starving. Yeah, and this bleaching event is affecting, right now, 40 of coral reefs worldwide, hawaii has been particularly hard hit, i got to go there to check it out and see if theres anything we can do to save the coral reefs. Kenoahe bay on the eastern side of oahu, hawaii. Famous for clear blue seas and coral, rich in color and marine life. But now theres trouble in these waters. The coral is dying. In fact, reefs around the world are in trouble. Were here to find out why. Some reefs have recovered much more quickly than others, and were studying why that is. Dr. Ruth gates is director of the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biology. She spends most of her time here in these waters studying whats happening under the surface. Ok ruth where are we headed today . Today what im going to show you is corals that are different in color; white brown or dead. Different levels of health then . Exactly. Its a small crew. Dr. Gates and myself. Team members jen davidson and beth lenz, and the boats captain. John lj benson. This wont be leisurely. Were racing the elements. In the mountains overlooking the bay, a storm is threatening. Its an ominous day to go scuba diving, but science doesnt wait for perfect weather. Near our dive site, beth and jen jump in with snorkel gear to help us zero in on the reef below. The event that brought us here is called bleaching. Higher than normal water temperatures cause corals to expel the symbiotic plant cells which provide them food. Without the algae the corals begin to starve. Turning healthy brown coral, ghostly white. This years bleaching has been so pervasive, that for only the third time in history, scientists have declared it a global event. Back on board, i check out a new piece of equipment; an aquatic Communication System that will let me talk underwater. Jen and beth surface, confirming were on the reef. Directly under me. Its directly under her. Well do it, because this coral is really amazing. With the weather still holding, though barely, we gear up. Alright lets try this monster out. And, one by one, experience that moment that any diver worth their salt never tires of. One. Two. Three. Falling from one world into another. Almost immediately, i see it; brilliant white coral, an unmistakable sign of bleaching. And then more. And then more. And then an example of what is really at the crux of doctor gates research. One species of coral, three separate outcomes to the same set of environmental conditions, and that underlying question of why . Beth and jen collect samples of these types of different performing corals to bring back to the lab. And then tackle a task essential for long term Monitoring Research tagging coral. That was awesome. I get back on the boat. Exhausted, but exhilarated. Alright, that was fun but. Definitely tiring. But also concerned about what i saw. How are corals doing on a global scale . Corals arent doing very well at all. They are not doing well for a variety of reasons. First of all we have changes in our global ocean that relate to Climate Change. So the ocean is getting warmer and more acidic. Corals dont like warm water and they definitely dont like water that is lower in ph. Its no coincidence that the 2015 bleaching event coincides with an el nino year, a Global Weather phenomenon which causes already rising sea surface temperatures to spike even higher. The consequences for reefs can be devastating. Today 38 of the worlds reefs are bleached. From australias Great Barrier reef. To the carribean. To the islands of the south pacific. The rain picks up almost the moment we pull anchor. And continues to pour as we reach the docks of coconut island, the Hawaii Institute of Marine Biologys home. Its raining in paradise apparently. While lj secures the boat, jen makes the trek through the rain and mud to the wet lab and deposits an example of healthy coral and of bleached coral into the holdintanks. Coming up. Supercorals. Is what youre creating a frankencoral . Scientists race to get corals ready for the impacts of Climate Change. We want to hear what you think about these stories. Join the conversation by following us on twitter and at aljazeera. Com techknow. Inside story takes you beyond the headlines, beyond the quick cuts, beyond the soundbites. Were giving you a deeper dive into the stories that are making our world what it is. Around the world, coral reefs are in crisis. They are facing a multitude of threats. The latest being a global bleaching event thats impacted 38 of the worlds reefs. Ive come to hawaii to see the bleaching firsthand. And despite the telltale signs of corals in peril. There is an unmistakable beauty to be found here. Both in the ocean. And more surprisingly, in the lab. Hawaii institute of Marine Biology researcher amy eggers prepares a sample of coral for microscopic analysis. The resulting images reveal an amazing world. This is what live coral samples look like, under the hood of a laser scanning confocal microscope. The scope is equipped with six lasers that excite the molecules within the coral, revealing their natural florescence and turning live corals into what look like works of art. So this is a brown color, is this essentially what we see when were out on the reef . Exactly, we saw brown corals and white corals on the reef yesterday, this is a representative of a brown coral. Dr. Gates uses the microscope to see something she cannot see with the naked eye. Signs of life. Important for determining the inner functions of corals like this, which are brimming with life. Even moreso for detecting it in bleached coral, such as this one. This would be, from what we saw yesterday, this would be a representative of a white individual on the reef, and what we are really interested in using the scope, this looked totally white to us, our eye is not sensitive enough to pick up the fact that there are still residual plant cells in there. We think that when an animal loses every single one of its cells it dies. So this is essentially telling you that this coral is not dead. Its not dead. It still has a little bit of life left in it. Understanding a corals reaction to stress events and measuring its threshold is central to dr. Gates project and the deadline its up against. Today we are facing the potential loss or massive degradation of all of our reefs by 2050. Thats not me saying that. Thats not me saying that. Thats astounding. Its astounding. If we dont have coral reefs we will have people who dont have food who will have to move whos lands and the entire islands will be eroded and the tourists economy of many of these places will be completely obliterated. And from her lab in oahu, dr. Gates is working on a creative, if somewhat controversial scientific solution. If you could get a coral to change and acclimate or adapt in the same time frame at the rate of which the climate is changing if you could actually adapt your corals to keep up with that. What youre talking about here is epigenetics. Absolutely. Rapid adaptation. Gates team member dr. Hollie putnams job is to predict the future of Climate Change. Or at least its to try to simulate it in these tanks. So what we do is we bring in corals from the field and then we fragment those individuals into different pieces and expose them to different conditions. So in here we have a fragment of that adult colony thats exposed to say High Temperature or high co2 and this particular instance its high co2. And that would simulate future Ocean Acidification. Its the first step in a process called transgenerational acclimatization. In this case, preconditioning an adult to Ocean Acidification, and then measuring whether the offspring are then better equipped to handle that same stress event. What are you seeing . They are growing faster and surviving at a higher rate if they were preconditioned to the High Temperature and high co2 and then reexposed to that High Temperature and high co2. Yeah, its almost like youre training them to withstand the conditions that the future might hold . The last step in the process, is taking the preconditioned offspring. And returning them to the reef for further monitoring. I want to make sure that were really clear here, because a lot of people will hear selective breeding and think genetically modified. Is what youre creating here a frankencoral genetically modified organism . It is not. What we are doing is just assisting the evolution of corals. That is were trying to accelerate the rate at which they do things to keep pace with the rates of change that are in the environment today. That associate with Climate Change. Science provides one picture of what the future of coral reefs looks like. But outside of the lab kemokeo kapahulehua provides another. Malaka polamaka take care of the ocean, the ocean take care of you. If we poison the ocean, the ocean will poison us. Kimokeo takes me on a traditional outrigger canoe, for one final visit to an area known as the coral cemetery. This is what becomes of coral when it has died, and its remaining skeleton becomes brittle and collapses. When i think of a coral reef i think of an ecosystem thats full of life, colorful and structured, almost cathedrallike, but i have to say im a little heart broken right now because where im standing right now is indicative of what might happen to corals if the threats go uncontrolled, theyll probably look more and more like this. From the rainforest of the seas to a lifeless pile of rubble. And without change, it is a fate that could befall the worlds coral reefs within most of our lifetimes. Ive never seen coral bleaching like this, ive never seen this happening, where you see entire mounds of coral that are just completely on the verge of death. How does that make you feel . Im sad, you know, it made me actually really really sad to go through there because i think of a coral reef as this iconic system. For me it was almost a spiritual experience to be in this area that is just teeming with life, everywhere you look something is happening and then you see these indications of sickness. And it really was sad. When i look at a rainforest, for me i dont just see trees i see the home of a lot of different organisms. They live there, so when it gets destroyed youre destroying their home. So im sure it must have been kind of similar for you seeing this coral just be kind of empty. Totally and coral much like these large trees and these canopies are a structural component right, they are literally providing a home for lots of other things to live. Places for fish to hide, places for things to feed on. As we saw in the piece, if this trend continues and nothing happens, these majestic almost cathedral like reefs are going to become rubble like the beach we saw. From your experience do you think this type of human intervention, this type of directed evolution of corals is really going to be the Silver Bullet that we need . There really is no Silver Bullet, we have to take a multipronged approach and i do think the assisted evolution is a very key component to this. Its a very useful tool but we wont know how good it is unless you put in the time to research it, just like all these other avenues, they got to do their time, and hopefully it turns out well. Yeah, the good news is theyre seeing results you know, within the single life span of one individual coral, theyre able to condition them and they are starting to see that thats being passed on to offspring. Well, thanks for an amazing piece marita that was absolutely beautiful so i have to give a shot out to the crew to get that underwater photography, stunning. Absolutely beautiful. Yeah, not easy to get at all. And i think next were going to stick with oceans and Climate Change, and phil you have another example of marine life hit hard by Carbon Dioxide. Absolutely, were going to be going to eat the freshest of oysters but along the way look at how that industry is having to battle Climate Change using a little bit of nature. Check that out after the break. Even though were in here, were still human. How harsh conditions affect people on both sides of the bars. Why did scott take his own life . The jail. Some people might be scared to speak out but im not. Im telling the truth. Hey guys welcome back to techknow im phil torres joined by dr. Crystal dilworth and martia davison. Now marita youre from seattle, you must have a little bit of oyster pride, Pretty Amazing up there. Oh my gosh, one of the things i love about seattle is i have access to oysters and i love oysters, but they have been really hard hit by Climate Change and you guys know, on techknow we followed the sad story of Ocean Acidification and the impact it has on the oyster farming business which is a big deal in Washington State and elsewhere. The problem is really simple chemistry, acid from Carbon Dioxide in the water is just making it really hard for young oysters to form their shells. There could be some hope for them, there are ways for reducing the acidity of the water. We hooked up with some marine biologists in northern california, oysters are awesome and science is making some progress, lets take a look. This is tomales bay, california. A little slice of heaven about ninety minutes north of san francisco. This is where you come for the freshest oysters. Order for missy. Served up straight out of the bay. People love to picnic here, right along the coast highway. Its like awesome, yeah what do you need family, oysters, sun, water. The best i think its delicious. Honestly fries burgers is my life, but oyster. Its pretty good. Lately, the oyster business has been very good. Its busy. Its really, really busy. 4,000 oysters today. Maybe pushing 5 if were lucky. But this is also one of those places where the future is now. Climate change is a reality here. All along this bay, oyster farmers are fighting a hidden enemy Ocean Acidification. This is an Ocean Acidification monitoring system. Tessa hill is associate professor at uc davis bodega marine laboratory. And this is her makeshift lab. You cant get any closer to the action, right inside the pump room at one of the largest oyster farms here, the Hog Island Oyster company. So that actually gets so bad that the oysters will dissolve . Well, right now its getting bad enough that the oysters are stressed by it, or its not easy to make shell. Techknow first came to tomales bay, and Hog Island Oysters in 2013. So hes going to dive down to the sea water intake system. Terry sawyer is the main man here at Hog Island Oyster farm. Hes also had to learn a lot of chemistry and marine science, just to survive. What were seeing is all the larvae or the juvenile oysters. The entire populations are crashing, theyre dying. Its alarming to say the least. As techknow first reported in 2013, Ocean Acidification is caused by the addition of carbon gasses in the ocean. Thats caused an increase the presence of carbonic acid, leaving shellfish like oysters less calcium carbonate, the key ingredient needed to form their shells. It hits the oyster crop hardest when they are young and fragile, but even the more mature oysters that fill the beds out in the bay are vulnerable. Weve come back to the bay to see if anything has changed. Hey guys. Sawyer met us at the shoreline. He had a boat waiting. So this is a hog island boat . This is one of our harvest vessels. Were heading out onto the bay to check out a potential solution tessa and the Uc Davis Team is researching. Is this prime time for sea grass . The tides are dropping the sea grass is actually getting closer to the surface. Turns out sea grass is showing some promise mitigating the effects of co2 in the water. Sea grass because it utilizes photo synthesis is actually taking Carbon Dioxide out of the water. Thats whats making the water acidic. So its actually removing Carbon Dioxide from a local area and therefore buffering against ocean acid in a small area. The bay here is a fifteen mile long, 1 mile wide stretch of water. Large enough to support the millions of oysters raised here, but small enough to see the impact of a localized ecosystem. Sea grasses are flowering plants that live in marine environments. There are some 58 species of sea grasses known to marine biologists. Since they survive on photosynthesis, they tend to live near sunlight, or in shallow waters. Seabeds are diverse ecosystems supporting fish, algae, and yes, oysters. So right now this grass below us is actually doing a service. It is, it is doing a service. Were finding that its complicated. Complicated because of this when the sun shines, sea grass absorbs carbon, but at night the opposite happens, photosynthesis stops and respiration is dominate, carbon is released back into the water. So how do you guys monitor what sea grass beds are actually doing . We actually place sensors that measure temperature and salinity and ph and Carbon Dioxide and oxygen inside the sea grass beds themselves and we let the sensors sit there for weeks at a time and collect data. It is still too soon to know what, if any, longterm promise sea grass holds. It may only work in a small, localized estuary like here in tomales bay, but thats a start. When i look around here it is beautiful the oysters taste great. But for you its a bit of laboratory. It is a Natural Laboratory and its also very beautiful. But the fact is, it is something that were down in it, were seeing it and now were beginning to test it and were able to understand more about whats going on under the water and above the water. I really do love sort of the innovative approach of using the local resources to affect this single problem. Yeah, its such a great example of industry and researchers working together, saying okay, theres this big issue how can we Work Together to try to solve it. And the other thing i love is that this is a follow up on a story that we did on 2013, and weve been able to see the progress that the research has really informed, so its nice to see that something is actually happening, and that its happening on a fairly quick timescale. So weve talked about coral in trouble, weve talked about oysters in trouble, weve also met some really innovative people trying to help and making some really good progress, so well be sure to keep you updated on these stories, be sure to tune in next time here on techknow. Dive deep into these stories and go behind the scenes at aljazeera. Com techknow. Follow our expert contributors on twitter, facebook, instagram, google and more. Mosquitos spreading rare diseases. As scientists wed be fighting a losing battle against mosquitos. Theyd kill one person every 12 seconds. Just like that, i might have genetically modified a mosquito. Its like a video game with genes. This is what innovation looks like. I feel like were making an impact. Lets do it. Techknow, where Technology Meets humanity. Only on al jazeera america. This week on talk to al jazeera, director and producer spike lee. Oh snap we gonna make sure these fools put down these guns. 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