Welcome to tomorrow today the science show on d w. In the past half century the human diet has undergone huge changes not just in industrialized countries many developing countries are also seeing big changes in the amount of food available to people. At the same time these city and intestinal disorders are on the wrong hands scientists in germany are studying the effects of the calorie rich dies in a surprising place. The lentils it is one of the biggest lakes in northern germany. Here to biologists are investigating a revolutionary idea. That getting help from tiny creatures in these Plastic Test Tubes their hide. Ritual freshwater polyps they turn out to be a good model for understanding how the micro biome of the human gut works like our intestines the skin of the polyps is covered in bacteria the researchers want to know whether the amounts and kinds of nutrients in the lake influenced the organisms health of this year. Were interested in knowing about the balance between an organism and its bacteria how they interact and if there is an imbalance whether it triggers disease. When we put hydras or freshwater polyps which other bacteria on the outside into a more nutrient rich environment like this you trophic lake we see that the creatures become ill. To lush it from key to university and his colleague peter dinahs another hunch that this might be similar for people could excessive food intake flow the bacterial colonies and got out of balance. Over the past 50 years food availability has grown enormously in industrialised countries at the same time theres been a dramatic increase in gastrointestinal diseases such as crohns disease. To better understand the relationship between bacteria and their host the researchers have started a feeding experiment with a freshwater polyps in their lab. One group of bacteria is that a more protein rich diet for humans this would be the equivalent of eating a lot of Dairy Products and other animal proteins. The other Group Receives a richer complex mixture of carbohydrates fats and proteins similar to an unhealthy diet with lots of meat and sugar. How do the polyps bacterial colonies in the 2nd group change into their excessive diet. It was amazing how quickly the entire system reacted within 24 hours we observed a drastic change in the composition of the bacterial colonies a strong increase in bacteria and initial signs of illness in the hydras themselves. One of the signs of disease can be seen here in fast motion the hydra polyp cell material breaks down that tentacles get shorter within a single day. To learn more about the different types of bacteria that were fed the researchers cultured them for 24 hours in a nutrient medium. What changes did they see. As a good quality. Control group looks like usual probably a lot of corby dr doesnt it as always if youre crying when you eat. It while nothing unusual was detected in the 1st group of bacteria the overfed bacteria reproduced extremely quickly. To identify the micro biota exactly the researchers come to the bacteria and analyze their d. N. A. That finding overfeeding resulted in the uncontrolled increase in certain kinds of bacteria while other times were displaced but what does this have to do with humans. If you can be seen in many illnesses including in inflammatory intestinal diseases for example that theyre often associated with are accompanied by changes to the micro biome which raises the question is that the calls are just a symptom. And to the city folk here. Peter dinahs and tim lush suspect that a micro biome that has been thrown off balance by an unhealthy diet good itself disease is. Using a sea anemone as an example they demonstrate which reactions extreme overfeeding of the micro biome could lead to. The anemone and the bacteria that live on it. Have been exposed to excessive nutrients. And this is what happens under liberal tree conditions if the creatures get sick from an imbalance micro biota they do everything they can to bring their bacterial colonies back into balance. They completely shed that. Good humans clean that sick gut flora by fasting for instance. If you dig for various studies about people fasting were not doing studies with humans but there seem to be parallels to our experiments when it comes to fasting or doctrine of food intake the got bacteria are no longer nursed so strongly by our food. Instead they have to focus on sources that are available such as the intestinal mucosa. Ones in the. Dhamma. Cells could abstention bring an overfed microbiome back into Balance Research is still underway but it seems clear that both in quantico been isms and humans the micro biome reacts more sensitive lee to diet than was previously thought. Once upon a time computing is. Good. No not these confusions these computers that turn a computer describe the job done by people carrying out mathematical calculations by hand for example hundreds of women worked as Human Computers calculating like to ask for lesser. Nowadays such jobs are done by Electronic Computers and theyre growing ever more powerful. What will the city of tomorrow look like how does a galaxy involve and what weather can we expect for the next few months just 3 of the many questions that might be answered by germanys new supercomputer instead gart in this case scientist from the university of one im tasking the computer with simulating extreme. Weather conditions for the rest of the year while detailed forecasts are not possible the system could identify major weather events several months in advance. So d. D. s mature finest would be ideal is to use a global model and whats called an ensemble approach to uncertainties whats coming extreme weather events and assessments we can see whether we can expect droughts or heavy rainfall in major storms which occur relatively frequently in europe. Using an older computer scientists have mapped most of the planet but regions around the north and south poles are still missing and that final 17 percent is crucial for a workable weather simulation. And thats where the new computer comes and it might need 2 weeks for this highly complex task but thats still 4 times faster than its predecessor. So just how fast is the supercomputer. Most times with. The uncertainty you can do a direct comparison and say that the processes are similar to our own personal p. C. s are similar because theyre a little more evolved just in one system here you have the equivalent of 15 or 20000 p. C. s just to say it was also right here in stood guard that one of the worlds 1st High Performance computers that crate 2 was built that was 1985 with back then Cutting Edge Technology had roughly the same computing capacity as a modern smartphone that. The average figures in the us this is to dont forget that in the 1980 s. The cray twos were extremely fast machines. And since then technical developments of unable to us to go smaller and smaller. Were at the end of a 35 year evolution or a speed has been doubled every 18 months its really difficult for them to supercomputers have also become more Energy Efficient although they still need as much elektras city as a small town with 40000 residents but theyre simulations can help make wind farms for example more effective. This footage is from the predecessor of the new computer the ng here is to calculate when turbulence and tell an impact on potential interference between individual turbines. And supercomputers are helping to improve those simulations the scientists already have a preliminary 3 d. Model of particulate matter pollution and right down to each street. This data might later be used to create a prediction model for the level of pollution on your own doorstep the scientists also want their models to be accessible to the man and woman on the street. Is one of them 10 or 15 years ago these systems were only seen in research and to a degree in industry but today we have simulations that are far less. Technical and all the more relevant for the general public the fate of the 13. As seen in this depiction of an entire city in which residents can glide from a to b. But some simulations are simply there to behold such as this recreate the birth of a galaxy a picture that would not need a 1000 words but 10000 years on a regular home computer. Problem is read why our brain but only face it if you have a science question youve always wanted onset were happy to help out send it in and if we answer it on this show youll get a little surprise as a thank you. Can all just us. Youll find us at our website d. W. Dot com slash science or on twitter. Iverson kinda wants to know. Why do volcanoes erupt. They look so peaceful until that not dozens of ok knows erupt every year. Most live at the scene where tectonic plates land open if an ocean push against each other or move apart making the earths crust unstable. Volcanoes are the planets way of letting off steam. The earth is made up of layers in the thick mantle around the core and beneath the fin out of crust rock melts into magma under great pressure and temperature. The magma expands and pushes up what when it breaks through the surface its called lava. There are different kinds of all kind of corruption if a massive column shoots into the sky its called a plenty interruption. When the magma heats up water causing an explosion of steam its called traffic. Subglacial ones occur when lava meets ice usually under a glacier. These are just 3 examples there are several more categories. Conical may be the iconic form but in fact volcanoes come in many shapes and sizes when lava breaks through a crack in the earth a mountain can form quickly or it can take tens of thousands of years. It depends also on how many eruptions occur and how much lava comes out. The temperature of love of usually ranges between 51200. 00 degree celsius depending on the chemical composition of the rock from which it formed. When does sound become noise is. The answer could vary according to individual tastes and cultural norms but physics selfless noise will not pressure waves propagating through the air and impinging on the. Sounds of intensities of more than 85 decibels can harm your hearing and your health for example in the workplace. Are open plan offices an endless nightmare. A source of perpetual stress. Relief work. At germanys federal institute for Occupational Safety and health in dog moaned lars out although his team are looking at why working in a busy office can put a strain on our health especially when its very noisy. As. The interview can be serious with symptoms such as agitation anger and mental distraction this harms our psychological well being and it needs to be taken seriously. But what does this look like in practice we do a little informal experiment bianca is an experienced secretary who is used to stress. She gives us a sample of saliva so we can measure the concentration of the stress hormone cortisol. We then leave bianca alone in a small quiet office to do a performance test at the end 4 hours later we get a 2nd saliva sample. And the next day the idea is going to take another test but this time in a busy open plan office would you feel more stress and with her cortisol level be higher the researchers and have developed a program to model the noise in an open plan office before its even been built the arrangement of everything from desks to printers to room dividers makes a big difference. This is what it sounds like in a poorly configured open plan office. And now with room dividers. Suffered in funding now Software Helps make people who are going to design an office more aware of the issues we can only work with representative examples of Office Design thats a limitation because reality presents a far broader range of factors that were unable to incorporate the. So after the test in the quiet individual office bianca now has to deal with the noise of his open plan office where she again gives us a live a sample of. She feeling more stressed than on the previous day. Biancas cortisol level did rise slightly joining her for hours in the big office in the Single Office decreased over the same period of time though the initial levels up day was a lot higher our experiment is more of a snapshot than hard evidence. Picture is. Worth my researchers have yet to conduct long term studies on how working in a big office affects stress levels it is however clear that less noise is much better than lots of noise in an office environment. This is a very good. Sized. Business you have to look very closely at what actually goes on the nature of the work what kinds of communication and social interactions take place and you really have to involve the staff listen to what they say van needs actually are. I gleason. C. S. M. Am is a consulting an Architecture Company in munich and this is open plan office the team designs offices for other firms. Whether an open plan office is a blessing or a curse for the people working at us depends on the Space Available and how its crafted and used. Then im going to name an unfit aunt if a Company Wants us to design an open plan office just so it can save space and costs. Its already game over and it will not go well for one. Nowadays theres a lot of emphasis on teamwork and corporate settings stuff are expected to be flexible and no longer bound to a fixed workplace. But with a pen a laptop and a phone i can work anywhere i may still have a desk but my workspace might well get smaller and smaller than my client at the same time we need to create other spaces that are a lot larger than most and. That means rooms for meetings where an entire team can discuss and plan together. And small quiet corners to talk without disturbing everybody else. As well as ones where you can be alone. We need to create such spaces as well not just rooms for Team Meetings people need to be able to take a break and get away from the others us and be alone somewhere quiet and peaceful and. That means escaping the bustle of an open plan office the researchers in development have developed concentration tests to determine what kinds of noise cause the most stress is always a question of volume quiet noise this can be very annoying to such as the dripping of a top. If its very noisy while youre trying to concentrate your performance will probably decrease. Russian. Back to bianca to see what that means she took our test twice 1st alone then in a busy office that. While on her own she completed 11 out of 26. But in the big office only 10. The difference may appear minor but if everybodys performance declines without a moment you have a problem as well as on the basic open plan office you may save a little space and cut some costs but if your companys efficiency drops 10 percent that would be a disaster. God is to say sound planning pays off. Not just for Company Bosses but also for the stop. Bringing up babies is just full females not necessarily studies show that change it doesnt predict who is better at paying for children instead who have a spends more time with the kids a stepladder logically that can be measured in changes to the brain and hormone levels not just in humans lets take a look at parenting and relationships in the animal. World are classic loners in the animal world both males and females spend most of the year foraging for food alone each marking their territory with cent from glands on their paws. Mating season is time to account for their insecure food supply the animals typically reproduce twice a year so should there not be enough food for any young in the winter theres always a 2nd chance. This australian species of bat lives in a kind of harem. Thats do not normally commit to long term relationships but in this case it is common for one male to hang out with a number of females. The advantage is that while the females are out looking for food the male guards the offspring and it kind of kindergarten. Some chimpanzees species live in groups with up to 80 members monogamous relationships are unknown here scientists refer to polyamory. The males go out hunting together and also defend their territory together. The alpha males do not tend to mate more frequently than their brethren isnt that a disadvantage. Of the mentioned this. Can pass the males mates with a number of females who in turn made with several partners the males dont know which of the young are their own. As a result the males are friendly to all the young chimpanzees. And that reduces the risk of the young chimpanzees being killed. Your true toll. So a range of different sexual partners can only help to ensure a group survival. This penguin is busy thank you baiting an egg together with its partner both of them are male. Ensues this behavior often resists eyebrows but in fact its not uncommon. Homosexual couples are especially prevalent among bird species. Male flamingos have been observed stealing eggs and then incubating them together. With giraffes homo sexual relations are actually more common than heterosexual ones and there are also seen among cows and other domesticated animals why is that. Some i know this was what i think so. It seems to reduce sexual tension. At the same time because the benefit of the learning effect as a by much with some species the animals have difficulty raising their 1st offspring so including nest building. So this gives them the opportunity to get some practice if. It was recently discovered that female albatrosses often raise their young with each other surprising revelation for researchers and when they cannot yet explain. In the aquatic world its often the fathers that take care of the next generation. Probably the most famous example are sea horses here the males carry the eggs and their power until they hatch. And with these a labyrinth fish or go ramis the males also assume parental care duties in addition to building and tending to the nest they guard their young from predators and fan oxygen rich water over them. By then fish an itemised most species of fish of external fertilization once the female has released the eggs the male releases the semen over them the female is done 1st as it were and can therefore leave the male alone with the young. Clownfish change gender tracking down a partner in their core rehab attack is difficult so if the mother female of a group dies the dominant male in the group will replace her that option of changing sex enables the fish to continue reproducing. But the Nuclear Family does exist 2 in the animal world given his live in close knit units of mother father children in the wild the apes mainly eat fruit but the supply tends to fluctuate. One tree alone would not provide enough fruit for a larger group but a small family on their own would have enough to eat. Animals have developed some pretty inventive mating patterns and Family Structures the assumption is that they provide advantages just sometimes we dont know what they are. Thats all for this week knows that you could join us. Back next time with more exciting science on tomorrow today until then good bye. Play the one sentence in english law summer Music Festivals. This year theyre modestly quiet. Or even silent. Is their music playing anywhere in. Summer Music Festivals during the coronavirus condemning. Arts 21. Coming up on w. The ultimate summer fashion items from strong yes from raffia this National Product is now popular with many designers but isnt that totally natural fashion magazines and catwalks show that its not the fashion industry is transforming this material into old couture sustainable and fairly produced your romantics. In 30 minutes on d w. Gold. A male dominated glaucon by the 2nd season on the good stuff its done back environment its still about society its still about us but all planets on the brink we spoke to some of the leading experts in the film bouncing around to check. Luggage youre still going to look at all agree that its. The best. Place. To beethoven instead chose to deep Doo Doo Doo DooDoo Doo Doo Doo doo doo going to do. It is it is a dud 60 well. You know my g. P. The true king of rock n roll hall. So many rubber bands of stolen beethoven do not seem to include of course the subconscious always one thing is clear the veto is wildly popular. The i see a sure i see this i love you shark. Week the world sat with the biggest composer of all time i constantly be going to imagine a world class horn player single will theres a lot of musical journey of discovery. All over the world with oprah told us for september 16th oh and b. T. W. This is deja vu news and these are our top stories russian Opposition Leader alexina vonnie is on his way to germany for medical treatment following a suspected of poisoning he collapsed after drinking tea and has been in a coma russian doctors at 1st insisted he was too ill to travel but Health Officials later said they would be flown to berlin