d this is the story of a world whose borders and territories were drawn by the slave trade where violence subjugation and profit imposed their own roots slavery did not begin in the cotton fields of the us it is a far more ancient tragedy that has been going on since the dawn of humanity from the 8th century onwards for over 1000 years africa was the epicenter of a global form of human trafficking. My parents were abused by those with a threat complection or. Newbie in bambara songhai for lani shanti. Bantu. Over 20000000 africans were deported traded and reduced to slavery this criminal system shaped our history and our world so expansive was its reach that for a long time it seemed impossible to fully explain its mechanisms. In this series we will journey back along the roots of the slave trade. The thing about the slave trade a key thing about the slave trade and i always would have to explain a store American Students who really would want to put it into a kind of an ethical human rights card of a contest it would have to look at in economic terms and so if you have if youre talking about a slave trade if so where is the demand where is there a demand for labor and what is the nature of that demand for money for. 2000 years ago slavery became an integral feature of the roman empire eventually in 476 rome collapsed under the pressure of invasions by socalled barbarians. Scattered territories a range of peoples and powers fought over the empires remains this a goddess and ostrogoths in the west slavs in the north east berbers in the south the byzantine empire the kingdom of new bia and arab tribes in the east just like rome before them these societies also practiced slavery. And get resupplied we see slavery and it doesnt matter where they come from they come from everywhere from the steps of some for lazio to to russia to a ball of Eastern Europe or all through the slavic countries which is where of course the word for them in most of the european allies which is comes from a comes from rewards law all of. Those were people that. Conceptions or worms liable. For a long time most of slaves were white the majority of slaves being black is a relatively recent phenomenon in history. So how did a widespread practice evolve into an enormous trade which progressively focused its sights on the african continent. One of the starting points of this story is cairo on the river nile a 23000000 strong megalopolis born from the network of trade routes between the middle east and africa. Today its the continents most important crossroads for people and goods. South of the modern city are the ruins of 1st time at the 1st arab city in egypt. These remains are in the collected site and yet this is where the destinies of africa the middle east and the mediterranean converged some 1400 years ago. In 641. 00 a Game Changing event would occur with their vast Conquest Campaign underway the arab armies established a junction between africa and the middle east their expansion into egypt would change the continents entire economy and intensify the demand for slaves. Slavery was crucial to the concourses self and it was crucial to d. Systems of these empire and its expansion from the concourses self captives where turned into slaves and those lows were recruited in da to me that conquered basically the world at that time. It was 1st and foremost a trade with economic and political stakes. The slaves were the essential source of energy. Back then there was no oil. They were in effect the driving force behind these emerging empires. The arab troops pressed ahead as far as south of egypt all along the nile stretched the christian lines of. Their arabs found provisions. Who they would enlist in their armies to pursue their expansion in 769. 00 they signed a pact with the new stipulating that hostilities would see change for 360. 00 slaves per year in the war. Was the major cause of enslavement. Through violence that was related to. Orders. Which was an extension of war. In the beginning it wasnt a trade. It was spoils of war. The conquest was swift in less than a century the arabs had occupied the mediterranean southern shore the border was taking shape separating the muslim world from the land called infidels. From the valley in niger korea in libya and the desert region the arabs imposed the same conditions they had established in. These agreements to organize the 1st deportations from africa to the middle east tire convoys of captives made their way towards the worlds new center baghdad. The illustrated my come on manuscripts short tales taken from arabic literature show how these 1st african slaves intermingled with muslim society. After 2 centuries of military conquest the demand for slaves evolved in the 9th century the embassy dynasty embarked on a monumental project to transform the swamps around basra into lush. Instead of soldiers baghdad now needed workers to cultivate the iraqi soil to do so the empire brought in thousands of slaves. On some sites there were between 505000 workers. And there was considerable turnover because in such conditions their working life barely went beyond 10 to 15 years. It required a lot of hard labor to remove the salt in order to get to. As well as the gate for this one they needed lots. And they began to import. Slaves for the from all over. Where do the muslim arabs go to get slaves out of principle they pick non muslim slaves from another culture and outside the empire. Color wasnt the basis for slavery culture was the slaves werent part of the dominant culture. In the 9th century the arabs extended their trade networks from the entire mediterranean to the caucasus turkey the balkans and russia. From the horn of africa entire boatloads of ethiopian and newbie and captives were sailed up the nile. Even further out from the high plateaus of somalia and tanzania successive waves of slaves referred to as sun streamed into mesopotamia via the indian ocean appears to be a portion of ward. Blech and when theres begin to be brought in large numbers. Of what is now your rock. There were proportionately so many. Of course. And you began to be used as a name to mean slaves in. Little by little the number of slaves grew and became so high that rebellions broke out among the banks of the euphrates and the tigris in 1969 the stange took up arms and raised an army numbering tens of thousands of men. Heading the insurrection was. A former high dignitary of the caliphate. What we know about that revolt is that many of the participants perhaps most of them were not actually african or werent there were some newbie ans the most important leader of the revolt was. Someone who is an arab whose mother had been an indian concubine so its gives you a sense of how complicated the demography was. Was quite a learned man but he began to be dissatisfied with the. And when he went to bust he found that there were. Slaves there. These farms began to actually do investigation and found that the conditions of the slaves were very very bad there was so much this that affection among them that you found that there are the most Rebellious Group the ones who could be mobilized for. Theres a kind of a subtle because it was that slavery which lasted for about over a decade it was so disruptive it seems to have been one of the contributing factors to a kind of a shrinking of trading in the india western indian ocean. The regimes armies were deployed to brutally put down the rebellion between 500001 1000000 slaves were massacred in mesopotamia the sense revolt ended in a bloodbath. Despite its failure the uprising precipitated the decline of baghdad in favor of another city cairo the empires new capital. In the 10th century cairo was the mediterranean greatest trading hub far ahead of venice and constantinople the empires center of gravity had shifted towards africa. This new geopolitical situation had far reaching consequences for a man on the slavery routes turned toward africa. The customs changed as did the slaves position in society the. Slaves in egypt were reflected the wealth of cairo and so we find slaves in all levels of society to find slaves as as concubines to the k. Lifts as elite court as ins and entertainers but probably the largest number of slaves were in the domestic sphere so these were household slaves. And people were purchased slaves of course to perform labor but also because those slaves had a symbolic value and those slaves were selected and owners social status and increase their own prestige and in their various communities. For a long time historians had no information on the slaves who were taken to cairo but the discovery of some extraordinary documents which had been hidden for a 1000 years in the citys oldest synagogue has enabled them to find out more about the captives identities and places of origin. For almost a millennium the jews of this son of god deposited documents one out manuscripts into a large chamber. Authentically with the ultimate intention to bury these documents and in a ritual way because those documents might have been name of god written on them and so they werent to be disposed of casually. But the Community Never buried these documents and amongst these documents are hundreds of documents or relate to slavery there are dozens and dozens of bills of sale for slaves. Preserved at the university of cambridge the guineas that documents reveal how moving the empires capital to cairo altered trade routes this life from antiquity the slavs the cock asian was replaced by the african. I found roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late 10 and the 13th century. Africa was exposed and vulnerable newbie ins ethiopians and sudanese would now make up in majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. Here at the im always street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. Destined to satisfy all of their masters requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty. Slave women have a variety of names they translate it into english as things like success prosperity prodigality so these are all names which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves with names like. Wild rose musk. Names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves across the relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a guard she would be given a slave servant. Who would grow up without but almost like a friend although the state does its quite different. Were often told that in islam but then slavery was very pretty and a list with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure they would have benchley be freed and integrated into the masters amalie if you met those quick on them i believe its misleading to consider slavery this way as something that had a soft side. When you put but you cant understand slavery if you dont relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know thats nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence. Of your last pool. Fitness goal. As the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. Since islam for bade the enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could now escape the violence of these domineer alesha. These conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. Thinking from the discipline that perspective its only true and belief that you get slaves thats the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people they are and believers thats the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. As the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the berbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. Bevers themselves wherein slave to buy dollars although the convert to islam they were to did the us inferior and vassals. The whole of the better verse and it turns out on trade and serve fundamental the 1st knowledge we have its from out of x. Forces that talk about the betters having. Established. The Sahar Network with subsaharan africans. What we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trait. And that knowledge was transmitted to the arabs. The better support was of crucial value they were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. Thanks to this means of transportation the arabs were able to cross the daunting sahara barrier. So here or in some ways is a barrier but so are the oceans and in some ways are you after Developer Technology on the ability to cross that it was always a barrier you know most sounds. A political issues of movement of people. Trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea was. The dumbest gun. Before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire. Heading this immense empire western jata kasia king of kings and its founding fathers. Victory in the great battle of 2 rina in 1235 enabled him to unite all of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger. Arabs and davus established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. They bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. Reorganize trade tried to build up into regional relations in order to protect his empires interests. So organizing regional an interagency trade was one of his greatest accomplishments is your right. Even have provided the foundations for the mali empire fall because of. The number for the bottom up at the bottom. Of. Timbuktus importance stems from its geographical location. On the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. This natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transept herron trade. The mali empire which the babbar traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the bamboo and were a mines it possessed the Worlds Largest gold reserves more than half of the precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originated from these deposits. Are throughout the history of the trade between north and south for the. Slaves. On wetter. And gold was always in the soft one feeds the other middle of a dual adonis was the f. T. Good gold mining and african societies was mainly done by captives the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. While i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear but luckily its usually said that both grew in significance of the same time dont they dont have it slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. If it did live close by thick to. Some absurd caters generals never gave up this lucrative business that you felt that but the fact is so did my. A number of efforts to intervene both of them he reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the malenka country pull us through the back to the money. Going to buy the comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery but that didnt stop it you know that men will be men with the. Oral tradition credits and john as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the countrys prosperity for a century the mali empire reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. In timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts are preserved. These treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. Threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored. This 11th century quran reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. Thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among inhabitants of this hell region south of the sahara to the point where syngenta cater declared islam to be the official religion of the mali empire. Theyre now part of the slimy slimy nation and they can benefit from the slime a compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by islamic empire and so best business connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the Islamic Community at large. The conversion of people in the silent region prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away. The slave trade expanded south of the mali empire to animist populations to the arab geographer. Relegated to the fringes of humanity. Almost all arab writers and korean you see and the others because. Its often sometimes. They dont really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilized world. Of the lowest black man and practically not human. So. These descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. As the need to turn an individual into a slave an important element a spitter a them as an other to construct an other nes. And human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing to remember the schools. And you can use the difference in skin complection difference in religion. In the transparent trade both for combined. Only men leave due to. The history of timbuktu is intertwined with that of slavery. According to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who would wash over the well where the herds drank. Timbuktu supposedly comes from the word to him which means well into iraq and this womans 1st name book to. Today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is free or captive depends on their name and lineage. At the top of the social ladder of the light skins to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their family slave origins. Who never let me through the heart of goodwill my name is all. Of them i belong to the emir did out and. My parents were abused by those with a fact complection of the feel about it the product in the body and in my father worked for them but not today while he was there herdsman but those with a fair complection abused them often it wasnt more than. The limits on. What it. Meant it meant to have said throughout the land owners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old. Its a power that can be turned around because its nature but its a good but a sad and they are destined to be slaves. In this its going to start to lose it because. Its a very powerful ideology see if your blood is considered to be servile you pass this nature on to your descendants good luck transmitted and this on grounds it becomes impossible to escape slavery. To freedom and this guy was used to cut. The. Other other part. As the slave trade expanded certain peoples were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their condition and ended up viewing their situation as inevitable. By creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. Throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. They were joined by contingents from kind of ethiopia and. All of the routes from him out period to really are focusing on the islamic world and so the roots come from or from the periphery and they go into the center of and very often or along the routes that theyre brought slaves into the islamic world use least slaves going on actually in both directions as well they tend to goal in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way solar. Itself is everywhere. But we dont have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. That. According to some i prophecies and some contingents it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side. The atar on abbey market in cairo. It was at this fruit and Vegetable Market on the banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. Today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer trek through the desert. This long period of slavery and its memory are a problem today because theyve yet to be addressed by historians so theres widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered awkward. For example the magreb region is called the Northern Africa but not africa. Only because were told its a white africa totally white. And that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are strangers then although theyve been here for centuries. Antonys they have dreadful sayings like make god not black and our woman whose. Piece. In high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. On the face the. Lid please. Let the study lab 11. In the lab be the engine s. One minute men i swear the. New who. Does he then hit. This left a lifelong mark on me. In the years 1324 months and moosa the new molly an emperor and son jack took a test grand nephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca by egypt. He followed the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. This journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. For the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. The egyptian historian ahmed crazy reported a spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 50. S. The moon rose completely eclipse. And then came and some. King of to cool to make the pilgrimage. Hes. Named for 3 days at the feet of the pyramids as a gas. He entered cairo on thursday 26 rajaram ascended the citadel but the climb to kiss the ground and was in force to do so. However he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sort of. The sultan commanded that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. Commands a moose that was accommodated and spend so much gold for what he desired slave girls garments that the range of the dean outsell by 60 rounds. And nobody has actually before or after done any trip like that on that scale and this and with that kind of disability and that amount of gold and wealth document that they say that he took with him about 12000. 00 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold and a very load ways like creaking tops which is was a lot of coffee. Voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled back to the europeans through the mediterranean the cuttle an atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. We see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. In the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits. Holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. Like this outlaws brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so that confluence atlas maps this commercial power of which i had also become known to the europeans it. Ringback ringback ringback towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the subsaharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of Southern Europe venice gena marsay and granada. Some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all. 3 and a half 1000000 african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th and the 14th centuries. The impact of the transfer her and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy mali more a tiny niger and libya are today home to 2000000. 00 of slave descent. The war raging in hell region has enabled the light skin to our ranks to reassert their authority over the balance. Many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in tom and his wife a shuttle who have tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs. A father told us his children had been abducted by name saadoun. Ive been through terrible things i had to leave because i couldnt bear it anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. I lived there as a servant that was my job. I couldnt live with my family. I did everything they wanted. And you got money or animals in return. I didnt get anything only suffering. Nothing but suffering. Their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they often live an absolute poverty even living in anonymity in the large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individuals ancestry. This difficulty to free themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. Memes a good minute and even if you were a member of government youd still be a captive even if youre a fast skinned minister and theyll still call you a slave. Thats what you are you got. Your dignity you have no dignity. And the. Last. Time has redrawn the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans sudanese and libyans continue to crisscross the great transparent brits every year fleeing poverty persecution or Armed Conflicts nearly 200000. 00 subsaharan head towards the mediterranean. Once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. The war in the sun hell region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. But i didnt. Let it happen that. Hasnt happened yet. Ive. Never said that. I have. The history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europes thirst for conquest would plunge africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. Carty for a. Car culture. A hair. Superman. Superfood stylish style icon. Lifestyle sure a few moments. 30 minutes. Instead of pulling those 1st girls. Im sure that it was. In support of. What saving was able. To deliver im. Told it is for me. Just for going to be told this for. A total is for. Vetoes it is for everyone played by the children 2020. 5th anniversary here on d w. Play. Play. Newsline from europe gets ready for lockdown as people prepare for weeks of quarantine some years why it may not go back to normal when it ends like our lands famous club scene also coming up in china life begins children turn to normal as the number of new cases drops to a handful
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