Fields of the us is a far more ancient tragedy that has been going on since the dawn of humanity from the 8th century onwards for over 1000 years africa was the epicenter of a global form of human trafficking. My parents were abused by those with a fair complection or. Newbie in. Full lani. Been to. Over 20000000 africans were deported traded and reduced to slavery this criminal system shaped our history and our world so expansive was its reach that for a long time it seemed impossible to fully explain its mechanisms. In this series we will journey back along the route of the slave trade. Yakob. The thing about the slave trade a key thing about the slave trade and i always would have to explain a store merican students who really would want to put it into a kind of an ethical human rights card of a cartel if you have to look at an economic terms and so if you have a if youre talking about a slave trade if the where is the demand where is there a demand for labor and what is the nature of that demand for white for. 2000 years ago slavery became an integral feature of the roman empire eventually in 476 rome collapsed under the pressure of invasions by socalled barbarians. Scattered territories a range of peoples and powers fought over the empires remains this a goddess and austro goddess in the west slavs in the north east berbers in the south the byzantine empire the kingdom of new bia and arab tribes in the east just like rome before them these societies also practiced slavery. In every society we see slavery and it doesnt matter where they come from but come from everywhere from the steps. To to russia to a ball of Eastern Europe all through the slavic countries which is where of course the word for them in most of the european languages comes from a comes from the words of. Those were people that. In some conceptions of the word slavery it is this for a long time most to slaves were white the majority of slaves being black is a relatively recent phenomenon in history. So how did a widespread practice evolve into an enormous trade which progressively focused its sights on the african continent. One of the starting points of this story is cairo on the river nile a 23000000 strong megalopolis born from the network of trade routes between the middle east and africa. Today its the continents most important crossroads for people and goods. South of the modern city are the ruins of the 1st arab city in egypt. These remains are in the collected site and yet this is where the destinies of africa the middle east and the mediterranean converged some 1400 years ago. In 641. 00 a Game Changing event would occur with their vast Conquest Campaign underway the arab armies established a junction between africa and the middle east their expansion into egypt would change the continents entire economy and intensify the demand for slaves. Slavery was crucial to the concourse itself and it was crucial to d. Systems of these empire and its expansion from the concourses self cupped is where turned into slaves and those slaves were recruited in da to me that conquered basically the world at that time. It was 1st and foremost a trade with economic and political stakes. The slaves were the essential source of energy. Back then there was no oil but. They were in effect the driving force behind these emerging empires. The arab troops pressed ahead as far as the south of egypt all along the nile stretch the christian lands of new bia their arabs found preditions. Who they would enlist in their armies to pursue their expansion in 769. 00 they signed a pact with the new stipulating that hostilities would cease in exchange for 360. 00 slaves per year in a war and it was considered. Cold thing to do with prisoners and without doubt warfare was the major cause of enslavement almost everybody who was in sawyer was going. Through an act of violence that was related to either a war or to kidnapping order its very consciously braiding which was an extension of war. In the beginning it wasnt a trade. It was spoils of war. The conquest was swift in less than a century the arabs had occupied the mediterranean southern shore a border was taking shape separating the muslim world from the land of the socalled infidels. From the valley in niger to my korea in libya and the desert region the arabs imposed the same conditions they had established in. These agreements to organize the 1st deportations from africa to the middle east tire convoys of captives made their way towards the worlds new center baghdad. The illustrated manuscripts short tales taken from arabic literature show how these 1st african slaves intermingled with muslim society. After 2 centuries of military conquest the demand for slaves evolved in the 9th century the dynasty embarked on a monumental project to transform the swamps around basra into lush orchards instead of soldiers baghdad now needed workers to cultivate the iraqi soil to do so the empire brought in thousands of slaves. On some sides there were between 505000 workers. And there was considerable turnover because in such conditions their working life barely went beyond 10 to 15 years. It required hard labor. In order to get. For this one they needed lots. And they began to import. Slaves for the from all over. Where do the muslim arabs go to get slaves out of principle they pick non muslim slaves from another culture and outside the empire. Color wasnt the basis for slavery the culture was slaves werent part of the dominant culture. In the 9th century the arabs extended their trade networks from the entire mediterranean to the caucasus turkey the balkans and russia. From the horn of africa entire boatloads of ethiopian and new 1000000000 captives were sailed up the nile. Even further out from the high plateaus of somalia and tanzania successive waves of slaves referred to as sunday streamed into mesopotamia via the indian ocean appears to be a portion ward. And it went black and when slaves began to be brought in large numbers. Of what is now your rock. There were proportionately so many. Of course. That. Began to be used as a name to mean slaves in general. Little by little the number of slaves grew and became so high that rebellions broke out among the banks of the euphrates and the tigris in 1969 the senate took up arms and raised an army numbering tens of thousands of men. Heading the insurrection was. A former high dignitary of the of a seed caliphate. What we know about that revolt is that many of the participants perhaps most of them were not actually african or werent there were some newbie ans the most important leader of the revolt was. Someone who is an arab whose mother had been an indian concubine so its gives you a sense of how complicated the demography was. I believe that mohammad was quite a learned man but he began to be dissatisfied with the regime and when they went to bust he found that there were. Slaves there walking on these farms began to actually do investigation and found that the conditions of the slaves were very very bad there was so much this that affection among them that you found that there are the most Rebellious Group the ones who can be mobilized have revolution theres a kind of a subtle because it was that slavery which lasted for about over a decade was so disruptive it seems to have been one of the contributing factors to a kind of a shrinking of trading in the western indian ocean. The regimes armies were deployed to brutally put down the rebellion between 500001 1000000 slaves were massacred in mesopotamia the sense revolt ended in. Bloodbath. Despite its failure the uprising precipitated the decline of baghdad in favor of another city cairo the empires new capital. In the 10th century cairo was the mediterraneans greatest trading hub far ahead of venice general and constantinople the empires center of gravity had shifted towards africa. This new geopolitical situation had far reaching consequences from then on the slavery routes turned toward inner africa customs changed as did the slaves position in society. Slaves in egypt were reflected the wealth of cairo and so we find slaves in all levels of society to find slaves as as concubines to the calebs as elite corps dozens and entertainers but probably the largest number of slaves. Were in the domestic sphere so these were household slaves. And people were purchased slaves of course to perform labor but also because those slaves had a had a symbolic value and those slaves reflected an owners social status and increase their own prestige and in their various communities. For a long time historians had no information on the slaves who were taken to cairo but the discovery of some extraordinary documents which had been hidden for a 1000 years in the citys oldest synagogue has enabled them to find out more about the captives identities and places of origin. For almost a millennium the jews of this son of god deposited documents one out manuscripts into a large chamber. Authentically with the ultimate intention to bury these documents and in a ritual way because those documents might have the name of god written on them and so they werent to be disposed of casually. But the Community Never buried these documents and amongst these documents were hundreds of documents or relate to slavery there are dozens and dozens of bills of sale for slaves. Preserved at the university of cambridge the guineas that documents reveal how moving the empires capital to cairo altered trade routes this late from antiquity islam the cock asian was replaced by the african. I found it roughly 52 percent of slaves especially domestic slaves in egypt or from black africa but between the late 10 and the 13th century. Africa was exposed and vulnerable. Nubians ethiopians and sudanese would now make up the majority of slave contingents sold in cairo. Here at the street markets most were women black women who were exhibited as trophies. Destined to satisfy all of their masters requirements their prices were determined by their age and beauty. Slave woman have a riot e of names they translated into english as things like success prosperity prodigality these are all names which reflect the way that slavery function as a kind of form of consumption and then we also have have slaves would names like. Wild rose musk. Names that reflect luxury items very often when you have domestic slaves and personal relationship begins to develop between the slave on us and the slaves and if it can become quite intimate for example when a child is born a guard she would be given a slave servant. Who would grow up without but almost like a friend although the state does its quite different. Were often told that in islam but then slavery was very paternalistic with a tight relationship between slave and master and that the slave was always sure they would have benchley be freed and sit and integrated into the masters amalie if you met. My believe its misleading to consider slavery in this way as something that had a soft side. Was one of that but you cant understand slavery if you dont relate it to the violence at its heart so soft slavery or domestic slavery you know thats nonsense slavery is the negation of being human through the use of violence. Of your nose to fit this bill. As the empire expanded more and more slaves adopted their masters religion. Since islam for baby enslavement of muslims the newly converted thought they could now escape the violence of these domineering nations these conversions posed a contradiction for the arabs on the one hand they had to enfranchise these new muslims on the other hand they would not give up their slaves. Thinking from the perspective its only true and belief that you get slaves thats the legal you know principle basically in the frontiers of islam is considering the people they are and believers thats the legitimate area where slaves can be produced. As the number of converts grew the arabs had to find new sources of slaves conversion in turn created demand having become muslims certain groups such as the barbers sided with the arabs and helped them find captives beyond the empires borders. To beggars themselves where in slave to buy dollars although the convert to islam they were to the does inferior and vassals. The whole of the better verse in the trade its a fundamental the 1st knowledge we have its from chaotic sources that talk about the members having. Established. The Sahar Network with subsaharan africans. What we know is that the use of the camel helped basically increase the trait. And that knowledge was transmitted to the arabs. All. The bevers support was of crucial value. They were masters of desert survival techniques beginning with the use of camels the only rideable animals capable of doing without water for weeks. Thanks to this means of transportation the arabs were able to cross the daunting sahara and barrier. So here are in some ways as a barrier but so are the oceans and in some ways are you after Developer Technology on the ability to cross that it was always a barrier or. A political issues of movement of people. Trade routes formed between the north and south of the sahara to connect both ends of the desert merchants had to follow the caravan route right along babbar territory and pass through the sea while oasis dumbness on the siege of massa before arriving in timbuktu the deserts last stop and the gateway to the mali empire. Heading this immense empire west and John Takeda King of kings and its founding fathers. Victory in the great battle of kareena in 1235 enabled him to unite all of the regions peoples and form a massive commercial network along the banks of the niger. Martin. Arabs and doris established a trading post in timbuktu from where they maintain trade relations with this centralized empire. They bartered salt fabric jewelry and mediterranean dates in return for ivory copper slaves and most importantly gold. Reorganize trade tried to build up enter. Regional relations in order to protect his empires interests of the gov so organizing regional and to regional trade was one of his greatest accomplishments as a result it may even have provided the foundations for the mali empire for. The number for the bottom up to the point. Of. Timbuktus importance stemmed from its geographical location. On the banks of the niger river its port became a center for transferring luggage and goods to and from the north. This natural crossroads occupied a strategic position in the transept herron trade. The money empire which the babbar has traded with enjoyed abundant wealth thanks to the banned books and brain mines it possessed the Worlds Largest gold reserves more than half of the precious metal circulating in the mediterranean originate from these deposits. The throughout. The trade between north and south for the. Slaves were. There. And gold was always in the soft one feeds the other middle of a dual role of notice was that the f. T. Good gold mining and african societies was mainly done by captives dont because the gold trade and slavery were closely linked. While i believe that gold may have predated slavery up with the chronology is unclear its usually said that both grew in significance at the same time. They dont have it slavery was in fact hidden behind the gold trade. D. C. I think that was just some of kate as generals never gave up this lucrative business that you felt that but the fact is so he did make a number of efforts to intervene with them. He reminded his fellow countrymen of the threat that slavery posed to the survival of the link a country full of the better to be money. What is wanted by the comparisons are questionable but i do remember that charlemagne himself prohibited slavery but that didnt stop it you know that men will be men the level of the. Oral tradition credits and just as the founder of mali an identity and the symbol of the countrys prosperity for a century the mali and higher it reigned over all of western africa leaving behind the deserts greatest library. In timbuktu history inhabits the homes where over 360000 medieval manuscripts are preserved. These treasures are owned by wealthy local families they pass them down from generation to generation often hiding them from view in secret places. Threatened with destruction tens of thousands of manuscripts are now being restored. This 11th century quran reveals how islam spread throughout western africa. Thanks to merchant contacts between arab areas and african elites muslim culture gradually spread among and habitants of this hell region south of the sahara to the point where. Declared islam to be the official religion of the mali empire. So theyre now part of the slimy Sonic Mission and they can benefit from diesel in the compiler which is access to that big market that was controlled by islamic empire and so that business connection benefited both the millions as well as the people in the Islamic Community at large. Her her her. Her. The conversion of people in the asylum region prompted merchants and chieftains to seize slaves even further away. The slave trade expanded south of the mali empire to animist populations who the arab geographer. Relegated to the fringes of humanity. Almost all arab writers and korean you see and the others. Its often sometimes. They dont really see them as humans they consider them to be cannibals outside of the civilized world. Are the lowest black man and practically not human. These descriptions show that reducing them to slavery was not really a problem from a theological or moral point of view. As the need to turn an individual into a slave and important element esper trade them as an other to construct an otherness. And human societies have a broad range of criteria for doing it to remember this new business. And you can use the difference in skin complection difference in religion. In the transparent trade both for combined. Made me do. The history of timbuktu is intertwined without a slavery. According to legend the city took its name from an old female slave who had washed over the well where the herds drank. Timbuktu supposedly comes from the word to him which means well into iraq and this womans 1st name book to. Today northern mali remains a caste based society in timbuktu ancestry determines rank whether somebody is free or captive depends on their name and lineage. At the top of the social ladder of the light skinned to our eggs former warriors who have always owned land and weapons at the very bottom of the balance descendants of slaves who have nothing apart from their capacity for physical work to rely on for survival many still cultivate their former masters fields aware of their family slave origins. Who never let me through the heart of goodwill my name is. With them i belong to the emir did out and try my parents were abused by those with a fact complection with the flow of out of them collecting the body many my father worked for them but not today while he was there herdsman but those with a fair complection abused them up in the coffin for more than. The following. Lent it meant. The landowners have an interest in communicating to the workers that they are slaves not because of an old. Its a power that can be turned around because its nature the best at that but a sudden they are destined to be slaves. In this industry to lose it because. Its a very powerful ideology of what that if your blood is considered to be servile you pass this nature on to your descendants. And this on dogs it becomes impossible to escape slavery. In the fundamental risk of i used to. Live on the. Other side. As the slave trade expanded certain peoples were forever reduced to slave status many internalized their condition and ended up viewing their situation as inevitable by creating entire lineages of slaves the transparent trade continually produced workers without resorting to physical violence. Throughout the 13th century more than a 1000 slaves left the mali empire every year. They were joined by contingents from county in borneo ethiopia and knew beyond. All of the routes from your mouth period to really are focusing on the islamic world and saw the roots come from or from the periphery and i go into the center of and very often all along these routes that that brought slaves and of the islamic world use least slaves going on actually in both directions as well they tend to bowl in greater numbers toward the center of the islamic world but people are bought and sold everywhere along the way sold up school sleigh. Group itself is everywhere. On the but. We dont have precise figures there are no statistics and no systematic studies but it seems that many more people died and disappeared during the crossing of the desert than of the sea. According to some hypotheses and some contingents it was 30 percent so one in 3 of those slaves being transported never made it to the other side. The atar ahmed the market in cairo. It was at this fruit and Vegetable Market on the banks of the nile that ships used to unload their goods. Today no one remembers that thousands of captives arrived in egypt at this location after a 4500 kilometer track through the desert. To be. This long period of slavery and its memory our problem today because theyve yet to be addressed by historians so theres widespread misunderstanding and ignorance of history and it seems this black presence is considered awkward. For example the magreb region is called the Northern Africa but not africa. Only because were told its a white africa totally white. And that black tunisians algerians and moroccans are strangers men although theyve been here for centuries. And to nature they have dreadful sayings like make god not black and our woman whose. Piece. In high school i was taught this horrible poem in which black slaves are described as people born from the most appalling of all races and while. On the face the days that is suit their past lives please. Let us study lab 11. In the next one minute man i swear that mafia. And who. Does he then hit. This left a lifelong mark on me. In the years 1324 months on rusa the new molly an emperor and son joshua key test grandnephew undertook a pilgrimage to mecca by egypt. The fall of the caravan routes all the way up to cairo. This journey marked the completion of a long process the establishment of a massive commercial trading zone between timbuktu and cairo. For the 1st time a leader from the south met those in power in the north. The egyptian historian and the crazy reported a spectacular arrival in cairo on the night of sunday 15 struck the 1st the moon rose completely eclipsed. Then came and some. King after cool to make the pilgrimage. He. Paid for 3 days at the feet of the pyramids as a guest. He entered cairo on thursday 26. 00 around town ascended the city but the climb to kiss the ground and was in force to do so. However he was not allowed to sit in the presence of the sultan. The sultan commanded that he be equipped for the pilgrimage. Demands a muso i was accommodated and spend so much going for what he desired slave girls garments on the range of the dino fell by 60 ramps. And nobody has actually before or after done any to plug that scale and this and with that kind of visibility and that amount of gold you have documented they say that he took with him about 12000 slaves just for his personal service and 80 loads of gold and a very load ways like 3 can cost which is mostly luck of course who. Says voyage marked a turning point in history word of the mercantile power of the mali empire traveled back to the europeans through the mediterranean the Catalan Atlas from 1375 is the 1st representation of the known world in its entirety it shows the seas the rivers and the deserts of africa. We see a camel written by a barber and another one being driven on by a black man following him on foot. In the east near the nile and the red sea is the sultan of cairo at the bottom of the parchment sits munson mussa holding all of the gold in the world in his hands. So thats like one text miss out lets brings us back to the great african empires of the medieval era we tend to forget the riches that were produced back then in africa so their country. An atlas maps this commercial power of which had also become known to the europeans shifts it could cover news of it is appropriate ringback ringback ringback ringback. Towards the end of the middle ages 6 great slave trade routes crossed the subsaharan african desert all the way up to the mediterranean each was connected to a major port algiers tunis tripoli cairo all were departure points for shipments to the markets of Southern Europe venice genoa marsay and granada. Some captives were even deported as far as china and japan in all 3 and a half 1000000 african captives were traded on the slavery routes between the 7th and the 14th century. The impact of the transfer her and slave trade has left a deeply rooted legacy mali more autonomy of niger and libya are today home to 2000000. 00 of slave descent. The war raging in isa hell region has enabled the light skin to our rags to reassert their authority over the balance. Many had to flee to the capital of mali bamako among them in time out and his wife a shuttle who have tried to free themselves from slavery today they hide in the suburbs was on them that her father told us his children had been abducted by a trois rag named saadoun is the result of. Now our love gaza and ive been through terrible things. I had to leave because i couldnt bear it anymore my younger brothers and a few relatives are still there. I lived there as a servant that was my job. I couldnt live with my family. I did everything they wanted. And you got money or animals in return. I didnt get anything only suffering nothing but suffering. Their freedom remains fragile without the protection of their former masters they often live in absolute poverty even living in anonymity in the large southern cities a mere surname can betray an individuals ancestry. Or this difficulty to free themselves from their caste perpetuates a 1000 year old social order. Even if you are a member of government youd still be a captive even if you were a fair skinned minister theyll still call you a slave thats when you walk again. It is due to why your dignity you have no dignity. None of them. At. That. Time has redrawn the frontiers of states yet thousands of mali and eritreans sudanese and libyans continue to crisscross the great trance how brits every year fling poverty persecution or Armed Conflicts nearly 200000. 00 subsaharan head towards the mediterranean. Once in cairo these people become easy prey for traffickers. The war in the sun hell region has reawakened the slave trade legacy and with it practices that ought to have been banished to the past. But it happens that. That was. At. I never saw at 70. 7. The history of slavery is a tragedy that keeps on repeating itself in the 14th century a new perpetrator entered the stage europes thirst for conquest would plunge africa into a new era the slave trade would now assume unprecedented dimensions. Puppet come. To cause. Happy fire and labor to make sure for keeps us trapped. Top entertainment in the top. Flight clinched the deal it is simple up. To. 10 minutes. Each step tells my story. Of the people who challenge me builds me a dedication to lives to the body and not to dumb to play. Listen closely and i will tell you about those who do to me on the bundle of those me down. I am not too dumb to publish. My own modest niceties days for centuries and accompanied my country through its finest albums until the day i need a funny place. Im still not too dumb to post. April 8th. Place. This is deja vu news live from berlin and the whole of italy is now in quarantine the Prime Minister extends crisis measures to try to stop the spread of the corona virus across the country travel is now only allowed in some version see public gatherings abandoned schools and universities are closed meanwhile germany reports its 1st 2 deaths from the virus and asks people to change their behavior to try to slow the spread of the disease. Also coming up we visit the ethiopian family clean
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