Do filter bubbles and echo chambers actually exist?

such faulty ideas,
concepts and terms actually misrepresent what's happening online
Filter bubbles and echo chambers have become popular concepts in media commentary. They are frequently invoked as an explanation for the apparent rise of conspiracy theories, extremism and social division.
In this popular conception, filter bubbles and echo chambers are "destroying democracy" by reducing our exposure to diverse ideas while fostering extremism among like-minded people. These ideas became popular in the wake of the 2016 US presidential election and they remain popular now to explain everything from the riots at the US Capitol to public protests against Covid-19 lockdowns.
But are filter bubbles and echo chambers real? The evidence suggests that these concepts misrepresent what's happening online and that’s important because we are unlikely to arrive at good outcomes if we rely on faulty ideas to define the problem.

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