challenges of the global tensions. >> right. so in some respects, is that helping africa? china has particular interest in investing in africa and perhaps looking for new ways to do that to circumvent what is going on with the united states. >> well, i would say if you just take a step back, it is already 12 years since the african president's converged on beijing for the 2006 summit. it is also by the way ten years now exactly a decade since the formation of the brics which saw the standard bank investment by icbc for $5.5 billion exactly ten years ago which i was closely involved in. so you've seen and ongoing attempt by the countries to take advantage of this unfolding african focus of the chinese. i must say the last few years have been particularly hard for