Test. Test. Test. Test. Test. Test. Test. Test. Captioning performed by vitac captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2008 they worked in order to really attack the problem of a cap americans here in selma not having the right to vote. In the 1993, in february of that year the first representatives were sent here, Bernard Lafayette and his wife kahleah to be the voice for snc in this area. The they were going into places that hadnt been touched by the civil right movement in a way. They were the people working with the noung people other in selma to prepare them for the work of civil rights and to march and protest in the streets for rights they werent even old enough to have. Sncc really laid the foundation and groundwork to build off of in 1965. Sncc did not meet here in the church but they met in Tabernacle Baptist Church and the interesting thing about tabernacle baptist the church has two faces. Africanamericans were prevented from entering or exiting a building on broad street so when Tabernacle Church was built in the 1920s the architect actually kind of played a trick on the city officials, so there is an entrance like the facade of the building has an entrance on broad street, but the real entrance to the church is on a different street so its called the church with two entrances. They began training for students and others who were interested in protesting the right to vote. Sncc didnt work just out of tabernacle baptist. Over the course of 1963 they actually moved their operations over to first Baptist Church. The black first Baptist Church here in sell marks alabama, which is right down the street from where we are now. First baptist served as the headquarters for many sncc meetings including right before freedom day in october of 1963 where dorothy hythe was the Main Attraction and was the speaker for that evening and show gave a lot of encouragement to those would would go out and protest at the Dallas County courthouse the next morning. Selma was the logical place for the Voting Rights movement to really have its push because of the fact that there were so many factors that made it a real hotbed for this particular issue, so you had a population that was mostly africanamerican. There were only 240 registered black voters throughout the entire county, and then there also was agitation, the proper type of agitation that will be needed to make this movement successful. So you had a sheriff here who was very belligerent towards africanamerican protesters, towards those who just werent his cup of tea at that precise moment and his name was sheriff jim clark and sheriff jim clark really provided the type of resistance that groups like sclc needed in order to make selma the stand for Voting Rights. So its said that dr. King actually he brought three things when he came down to selma. He brought money from the selc and their donors who were able to help get a lot of the people bailed out of jail. He also brought motivation. When you have a big figure like dr. King coming to a small city like selma, hes already been seen as someone who can lead the masses and speak so eloquently and inspire people so he brought a lot of motivation with him, and that actually is was inspiration for a lot of adults to get involved with the movement, and then he also brought the media. The media is really what kind of put the nail in the coffin for Voting Rights movement here. They were able to show that even though these protesters in nonviolent and they were only practicing civil disobedience, they whether still being mistreated because of sheriff clarks attitude towards them. So we just made our way from brown chapel amy church over here to the Edmund Pettus bridge which is a movement that africanamerican protesters here in selma during the Voting Rights movement would have made three separate times. The first is what we know as bloody sunday so on sunday, march 7th, of 1965 about 6 up protesters actually gathered right back at brown chapel amy church in the playground area in order to get their wits about them and be prepared to go all the way from selma to montgomery. Now, how did they get the idea to have a march from here in selma all the way to montgomery . It was actually the direct action that they wanted to take in response to the death of jimmy lee jackson. Jimmy lee jackson was a 26yearold veteran who lived in marion, alabama and during nightmare on february 18th of 1965 in that city he actually was shot by an Alabama State trooper while trying to protect his mother and grandfather from getting assaulted and about eight days later he died. The marches here in selma wanted to do something that really was in honor of jimmy lee jacks orange and they decided that taking his body all the way to the Alabama State capitol and laying it on the steps to show George Wallace how important Voting Rights was to them was the right thing to do so instead actually taking his body all the way to montgomery they did decide to continue with the i have to march to montgomery and they marched for his spirit. On first attempt in march 1965 protesters left ame church and progressed down the street and took a right and then right here on broad street to cross the Edmund Pettus brimming. As they crested the to of the bridge those who led the march here, edmund and john lewis met a sea of blue, sheriffs deputies, citizens deputized by the local sheriff here jim clark, so when they crested the top of the bridge they did feel a twinge of fear, but even though they were a little bit scared, even though their fear did rise inside of them they continued to put one foot in front of the other and marched 100 yards past the edge of the bridge before they were stopped by major john cloud who was over the Alabama State troppers for that day. Major john cloud as the marchers approached him actually said to them that this is an Unlawful Assembly and you have two minutes to disperse and turn around and go back to your church chez or your homes. John lewis said may we have a word with the major. The major responded there is no word to be had and 30 seconds later he gave the order for the troopers to advance, and they did, and and the melee that ensued is now what we know as bloody sunday. Alabama state troopers, the sheriffs deputies and deputized citizens actually rushed the marchers right here on this bridge back across the bridge beat begun them with night sticks, billy clubs and even sticks washed in barbed wire as tear gas canisters were going off, and they beat these marchers not just here at the bridge but back throughout the city and into the George Washington carver home area where we just were. There were accounts of Law Enforcement officials throwing young women into baptismal pools right down the street from brown chapel. That was the first attempt and what made this significant significant is there were so many media cameras there capturing this moment. Not only were this still cameras like Spider Martin of the birmingham news but there were National News hosts there filming this action, and that night in the middle of charles at nuremburg the footage for bloody sunday timely appeared and the entire country got to see what was happening here in selma, alabama. After dr. King found about the match and all that will had happened here in south america. He put out a clarion call to come march on tuesday, march9. He wanted these folks to come to be the face of this particular march and this was an injunction placed on this by George Wallace. Frank johnson notified dr. King that there would be an injunction against the march and he was going to set the court date for march the lenth. Two dates that dr. King promisedy that we would go out and march on march 9le. Beginning on march the 8th through march 9th the right to protest and also not violate a federal Court Injunction so he got on the phone with some of the top people in washington, including the president and fbi representatives and they came up with a solution that he would march to the spot of bloody sunday where the attack began and then turn around that march is whats known as turnaround tuesday. On morning march the 9th. There were two 2,000 folks that vaerted down ame church to turn right here on in the. So as they crested the top of the fmt bridge this team, it was the Alabama State troopers and sheriffs deputies from Dallas County stared them in the fee. As they saw see of the majority of the people on move. Vittert hi all of the people on the march didnt know that was his intensions. Only people in lclc were privy to situation. Some folks believed they were marching all the way to selma. Some were happy about the turning around because they didnt want another bloody sunday attack and some were they wanted to continue their fight for Voting Rights with student groups from Tuskegee University and Alabama State university. After the ministers march there was the death of another young man named james reid, a unit yar minister from boston. The mr. Reed had come down from boston to be a part of the march and that night he was beaten by white citizens in selma for his involvement, to hes known as the second martyr of the Voting Rights movement, but his death actually inspired a lot of thought from white citizens across the country so thats another reason that this day is known as turnaround tuesday because white attitudes towards blacks having the right to change. Frank johnsp ork the federal dict judge actually began hearings on march the 11th. He heard from many civil rights lewis,ings john lewis, is miss robinson, others involved with the movement and from the opposition, climb clark, it,y willish ow a this march will be necessary in order for the after can americans to get the react to vote. Such a disruption that had a march ever scale was processed on march the 14th so these guys have days to get things together to make the entire drug from selma to montgomery. They began the march all the way from selma to montgomery. Came down and took the bloody sunday route, came down sylvan street and turned right on alabama avenue and progressed up broad street and here. There were those who said that we would get here only over that dead body. Yes, sir. Talk, talk, talk. All the world today knows that we are here and we are standing before the forces of power in the state of alabama say we want going let anybody turn us rate. Reporter a few months later the voting acts of 1965 was shine enduring the this is the light mac having the right to sloil m. This demonstration showed the africanamericans desire to fight for the right to vote. God bless you from selma and civil rights in 1965 we travel back 100 years to virginia. Appomatox courthouse historical park preserv park. Im standing in front of perhaps one of the most famous court housds courthouses in the United States where nothing significant really happened. Appomatox courthouse. Courthouse is confusing. Its situated in the village of appomatox courthouse, two words, which is a village. A matias courthouse the village is famous because thats where general lee surrendered the army of the Northern Virginia to ulysses s. Grant effectively bringing an end or certainly the beginning of the end of the civil war. This little town has a lot of history for its size. Today we would like to talk it a little bit about why a mattiac courthouse is so famous. We would like to spend more time talking about untold story. Its said that the courthouse is a village complete with a tavern, stores, lawyers offerses and homes. The town was not more than 130, 140 people in 1865. Its an unlikely place for two large military forces to meet. General lees Army Northern virginia and general grants armied force and all told about 95,000 soldiers within a sixmile radius of here. Unlikely because its not where either army wanted to be, but its where they ended up, and as fate would have it for general lee, his army was practically surrounded here by general grants forces, and on the morning of maugham sunday, april 9th, 1865 general lee, rather the afternoon around 1 30 in the afternoon general lee would meet general grant over at the mclean house, one of the nicer upper middle class homes here in the village. They would immediate in the parlor of that home to discuss and agree on terms of the surrender of the army of Northern Virginia. Again, effectively bringing about the end of the war. That is certainly a crucial story nationally significant, and its no doubt the reason that this has been designated a National Historic site. However, there are plenty of Untold Stories about appomatox. For over is 50 years many people have referred to appomatox as the place where our nation reunited. Of course, for students of history we struggle with that idea. The if that were true, the is 50 years that have followed the American Civil War dont make a whole lot of sense. In fact, during the centennial, the 100th anniversary of the centennial of the ending of the civil war in 1965, a tremendous celebration took place here marking the occasion. Meanwhile the schools in appomatox county as in many across the state are still not even integrate. In fact, appomatox was still five years away from integration in 1970, so why isnt it the place where our nation reunited . Well, part of the story starts with with the large field behind me, something that a lot of people dont realize about appomatoxs courthouse is there were two battles fought here. General lees decision was not arbitrary to surrender. He was brought to that decision because of the military realities literally surrounded are him. In the field behind me on the morning of april 9th the battle of appomatox courthouse was fought. Roughly 9,000 confederates engaged a large federal force that would eventually put over 20,000 federal soldiers on this field behind me. During this battle that raged on in the morning of april the 9th, there was one known civilian casualty of a mat dwraks courthouse. It was a woman named Hanna Reynolds. The anna reynolds, like 52 of all human beings that lived in appomatox county at that time, she was enslaved. She was enslaved by dr. Samuel coleman. She lived in a home about one mile to the west of where im standing in the epicenter of the battlefield on the morning of the 9th. She was very unfortunate to be hit by a confederate artillery shell that morning. She was attended to by surgeons from the eighth main infantry unit. She was able to survive another three days. She died on april the 12th, that wednesday. April the 12th is a very important date, too, in the history of appomatox because it was on this very road that im standing on on april 12th that confederate infantry stacked their their arms and their flags and their ammunition all along this road. In fact, you could say that the individual confederate soldier actually surrendered on this road, not in the parlor of the mclean house the way general lee did. Hanna reynolds dying on april the 12th meant that in a way she was mortally wounded as an enslaved woman, and in a way she died an emancipated woman three days later. Thats a powerful notion that really struck this park and its visitors in 2015 during the is the 50th anniversary, and its given us cause to explore this story and others like it a little more deeply. Exactly what did happen in this village, and in fact throughout the south and the sun try and the weeks and months that followed the underered. In history it always seems a good ask the question so what. General lee surrendered to grant. So. What the army of Northern Virginia would fight no more. Thats a big so. What but what about the enslaved population of appomatox and the rest of virginia . What was their future and what was future of former slaveholders and what about lower and middle class whites that didnt own slaves but would still be deeply affected by what was going to happen . Were going to head down to the other end of the village of appomatox courthouse and well visit the kelly how is that could also be known as the Robinson House and explore a story right here in the village that sheds some light also of a National Significance of what happened after the surrender. Here on the eastern edge of the village of appomatox courthouse we find a contrasting building. Behind me is a home known as the kelly house at the time of the surrender. Unlike the mclean house, an upper middle class home with 3,300 square, perfect for the surrender meeting for lee and grant, the kelly house far more represents what most people around appomatox county and south side virginia would have lived in in the mid1860s. Its down here that we find an excellent exampleofan untold story. We talked about happened to Hanna Reynolds immediately after the way. Unfortunately, she passed away from wounds she received at the final building but down here on the kell house at the edge of eastern village we saw what happened next, what happened half the surrender. The kelly house was completed in 1855. The kelly sfamly was a large one and in fact there were five sons and all five fought in the army of Northern Virginia. In fact, maybe one or two were here for the surrender in their own hometown on april 9th and stacking of arms on april 12th, 1965, but in the years that followed the war eventually this house would be purchased by a man named john robinson. Now, we dont know a great deal about John Robinsons early life, but an example of eman pace felt like. Perhaps the most tangible examples of emancipation that you were seen in the summer of 1956 would be the development of a friedman school, the legalization of black education, very much so a tangible evidence and the second would be the ability of the count toys form their own churches. In many cases these were people who were members of, ironically, integrated churches, at least physically, and it was the larger white churches where many of the black residents actually attended but as a result of surrender got permission to leave those churches and create their own church. The first such church to be created here in appomatox county was galilee Baptist Church. One of the founders of that church was john sobson. In facts, he was a trust tree and the that old what this was was simply meeting outside under the trees and by 1867 the congregation had been able to form enough money and resources to actually building a log church that exists just about a mile to the west of the courthouse. The about 50 years later in 1916 a new church would be built on those same grounds, and thats the church that is still there today more than 100 years later. So the story of john robinson, hes not only a homeowner and cofounder of a church. Hes also a businessman. Hes a shoe cobbler, and apparently a pretty regood one because he ran a business here for more than 50 years. John robinson didnt pass away until 1933, but after raising a very large family, a still business and in fact some of the rob season names a boreied. Right here in the village of the appomattox up couldy. We can see the what. It has unfolded in front of our eyes and we have to look a little more depaoli to tell these stories. Almost is 50 years after the establishment of yellowstone as americas First National park there are now more than of 0 sesignated National Parks in the u. S. Today. Next, we take you to the sonora desert of arizona to saquaro National Park where well hear about its history and the Park Services effort to reach a more Diverse Group of visitors. Fch. Desert landscape. The amount of wildlife that you see. The amazing sunsets. The variation in the terrain. This park goes from saguarnan desert all the way to the top of the Rincon Mountains which gets close to 9,000 feet so the diversity is amazing so thats one thing that makes this part pretty special is the diversity of the vegetation, the wildlife and the landscape that that greets you everywhere. Saguara national monment was established in 1933 and one of the reasons for that was for the protection of this Cactus Forest thats surrounding us here hand in the 1930s it was a vast and very dense stand of large and small saguaros that covered the whole valley with me. This was shown that the saguaro cactus were disappearing and many mature ones in dying and not meeting the population. Weve since learned name packets from grazing and a widespread harvest of mesquite trees and other trees impacted this Cactus Forest. Saguaras depend on a nurse tree early in their growth, first for getting established for being protected from the extreme heat and then and then also from the cold temperatures during the winter so if a seed falls in a young saguara is able to get established under that nurse, many of these cab tis are approaching 200 years. Usually by the came they are is a years old and 15 feet tall, they are growing their first arms and even a saguaro has only been there for a decade. As time has progressed, mesquite, theres a healthy forest of mess quite and really acting like saguaro again. The weve done extensive surveys in this area and actually doing a lot of volunteers and citizen scientists who have come out here and helped us walk across the landscape in a grid fashion to dock amount all the sagaur owes area and what we cant eeven as your looking across the california tre, there are being to be many ffrm to come in the decks ato come. So were monitoring and we continue to do a saguaro census so every ten years coinciding with the u. S. Census. We go out and count every one. Count its height and count how many nest cavities are in the saguaros and how many arms on on them and monitor the population of saguaros at all times and that will help inform us as to whats happening in the population. We are on the historic Cactus Forest loop of our East District of the pack. We refer to thissings a the Rincon Mountain district. This roadway was constructed by the ccc and has served as a primary, you know, tourist loop on the way to get out into the park and see and see the saguaro cactus and other vegetation that is here. Youve had the tonight to see mostly whats in the rock. There theres many species of cab cuss, is prickly pear cactus and our namesake, saguaro cactus and many other species, ones that you have to look pretty close to find and frontnent on landscape. People have i of like sparse land calm us a a see through out the winter, this place is thick with vegration. Were still really green right now because of the monsoon rains and some vegetation is still leaf had had out and its a sea of plants and wildlife out here. 2015 was our highest visitation on record, and we continue to see those numbers increase on a monthtomonth basis this year so, you know, people are finding their washing and sternal across the country visiting has been decreased, the advertising campaign, all of the different initiatives to get people involved in their barks and in think unit hats been exthemely successful. We want to quench out the diversity not just in mums but in the, you know, representing what america is today. I grew up south of here as a which had did you then i game up to here to the arizona to get my undergrat and grad degree. Weve got an exploding population in tucson, about 4 in houston. Ive lived other 26 years and ive never been to the National Park in houston. I got recruited on did the because i was, as they said, the argument ought yeps of the national. There was almost an experiment to see what it would taken to gage folks of my dem traffic to attend the parks and folks argue that the morning sis its has not been very infighting by over the years theres been a engaged. Soy this thoils. I think its it the old National Park service very limited to vehicles, very limited to noam think we are so eat. It really is designed to be deck. Here in tucson we had fun establishing an ah da pep walkway. The walk w unfortunately was parts of the of the. It was part of the old horses trail and he with a trail vandalized, and the Community Came out including the horsemans association saying hey, were sorry about that. We want to help out. Here its a small contribution to repair the trial and so fakes care of each other in tucson and want to headache sure that the parks are available to different fox. Having national portion. Its one of those true, ideas that originated in the United States. The people in this downwe know they value ought will park places mr. And all the different resources that we have, natural and cultural resources. You know, advocacy is something thats really important are and being relevant to our current park visitors is extremely important. We want to provide an opportunity for them to get outside to learn about the outdoors the these resources that that the wildlife is depend the upon but that were all dependant on. Clean water, clean air. These things average nate in National Parks. The more people that can visit and understand that, the more likely we are to have a new generation that embraces the importance are. Cspans citys tour travels the country exploerg the american storingy. With the support of locke rall age providers we bring you the history of a different city on booktv and American History tv. To watch videos of any places weve been go to cspan. Org citys tour and visit us on twitter at cspan cities. Youre watching American History tv. Every weekend on cspan three explore our nations past. Cspan 3, created by americas table Television Company as a Public Service and brought to you today by your television provider. Weeknights this month were featuring American History tv programs as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan 3. Tonight we visit independence National Historical park in philadelphia to see congress hall, the u. S. Congress met in the building from 1990 to 1800 and ratified the bill of rights there. Our guide is National Park Service Ranger matthew eiffel. Watch beginning at 8 00 eastern and enjoy American History tv every weekend on cspan 3. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern go inside a Different College classroom and hear about topics ranging from the american revolution, civil rights and u. S. President s to 9 11. Thanks for your patience and for logging into class. With most college cutses closed due to the impact of the coronavirus, watch professors transfer teaching to a virtual setting to engage with their students. Gorbachev did most of the work to change soviet union union. Reagan met him halfway. Reagan encouraged him ant supported to. Freedom of the press, i should mention that madison called it freedom it. Use of press and its called freedom to print things and publish things. Its not a freedom for what is referred to institutionally as the press. Lex tours in history on American Historytv on cspan 3. Every saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern. Lex tours in history is also available as a podcast. Find it where you listen to podcasts. A short time ago an american airplane dropped one bomb on hiroshima and destroyed its usefulness to the army. That bomb has more power than 20,000 tons of tnt. With this bomb we have now added a new and revolutionary increase in destrugs. Its an
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