Narrator the United StatesPublic Health service, as it exists today, is a product of experience extending over nearly 150 years. It was originally created as a Marine Hospital service for the providing medical care for sick and disabled seamen. It was activated in an active congress signed by president john adams in 1798. The service was originally supported by a tax on american merchant seamen, but this was later abolished. The tax was collected by the collector of the customs of the treasury department. The Marine Hospital service came under the jurisdiction of that department, where it remains today. The first Marine Hospital in virginia, was purchased. The second built in boston, massachusetts. Some medical personnel were utilized by both the union and the confederacy for the care of wounded military forces. It frequently happened that medical officers of the early Marine Hospitals were the first physicians to diagnose diseases such as cholera and smallpox, which endangered ports of entry. As time went on the work of the , service became of such increasing importance that congress extended its duties until it became in function a federal Health Service. Recognizing the value of mobility and military discipline , congress authorized the organization along military lines, with Officers Holding positions in great similar to officers of the army and navy. In 1912, the name was changed to the serviceby today, the United StatesPublic Health service. It is administered by the Surgeon General, who is responsible to the secretary of the treasury, congress, and the president of the United States. We will now hear the Surgeon General briefly outline the work of the Public Health service. Although the first responsibility for Public Health rests upon the states and localities of our country, the federal government does much to prevent disease and improve the health of all the people. This is done in many ways. One Skilled Group of men and women study disease and the means of preventing. They prevent the introduction of disease from abroad. Others have the duty to prevent the spread of infections within our own territory. Physicians in the Public Health service are cooperating with every state and territory in the republic with a National Health program. This cooperative work between the federal, state and local governments should provide new standards of health for the people. In addition the manufacture of , all serums and vaccines sold in the country is closely supervised by the Public Health service, as well as drug addiction and mental hygiene. It conducts Marine Hospitals, in which are treated american sailors. In addition, the service keeps in constant touch with physicians throughout the world for weekly reports from every consular officer. It encourages Health Education in various problems of disease prevention. You will see in much more detail the ways in which this organization operates for human service. Narrator for centuries, it has been known epidemic diseases follow the lines of commerce and travel. During colonial times in the early days of the republic, the introduction of yellow fever, smallpox, and other diseases from Foreign Countries by ship was by no means uncommon. Yellow fever occurred in baltimore as late as 1832 and philadelphia as late as 1853. Many outbreaks of small pox on and cholera were a result of cases brought in by vessels. The danger of introduction of diseases from abroad has paralleled in growth the Remarkable Development of transportation on the sea, on the land, and in the air. The transportation of disease has been facilitated by improved mechanical methods, as has the transportation of persons and property. Maritime quarantine was first undertaken by states and cities, but is now administered by the Public Health service at all the ports of the United States and its possessions. To perform these functions, the service has been given quarantine jurisdiction over all ships and people coming from abroad. The u. S. Public Health Service maintains a fleet of boarding tugs which carry quarantine officers up to vessels arriving at United States ports. When a vessel arrives at quarantine, the medical quarantine officer, nurse, and inspector go out in a boarding tug wellknown to seamen and ocean travelers. They draw alongside the vessel and go aboard. The quarantine officer meets the ships doctor and the purser. The purser turns over the bill of health and the Health Record en route to detail all cases of illness occurring on board during the trip. Ah, the list here shows a suspicious case of illness and member of the crew. Lets see now what happened. The quarantine officer is taken to the sick bay and the crew quarters to examine the patient. His experience and training in detection of the symptoms of rare as well as common diseases tells him the sick patient is suffering from typhus fever. He orders the patient to be removed from the vessel and put aboard the quarantined tug, to be taken ashore. All persons in contact with the patient and thus exposed to the disease are also ordered on board the tug. The patient and the contacts are taken to the detention hospital, in this instance in new york harbor. On the arrival, the sick patient is taken directly to the hospital. Here, he is given appropriate treatment and cared for until he has recovered. Every facility is made available in such cases, both for the benefit of the patient and the protection of others. As this happens to be a case of old world typhus fever, the contacts, those who had association with the patient during the voyage, are first taken to the delousing tank. Here, they must remove all clothing. They are sprayed thoroughly with soap and water. Next, they are sent under the shower, and finally, each one is sprayed with insecticides that kills any lice that may remain in their hair. The clothing of the contacts is placed in bags and the bags are sent to the fumigated room. The clothing is placed in a few my getting chambers few my magating chambers and thoroughly disinfected. If necessary, the contacts are isolated in the detention hospital for isolation. Every precaution is taken by quarantine officers to prevent the introduction of disease into the United States. When the quarantined work has been completed and the ship declared free from danger, the medical officers of the Public Health service then turn to the infected immigrant. This scene shows a wellknown immigration station at ellis island, new york. During the busy period of a few years ago, more prospective citizens of the country entered through this worldrenowned station than any other station in the country. In past years, thousands arrived at ellis island daily and each had to go through examination at the hands of officers from the Public Health service. In past times, many arrived only to be turned back at our very gates because of mental or physical defects. This was a necessary but somewhat cruel procedure and caused many heartaches, untold hardship, and much unnecessary expense. To avoid this condition, a new system was inaugurated by international consent in 1925, having immigrants examined by Public Health officers in Foreign Countries who are assigned to american consulates for this purpose. The prospective immigrants make an application. An examination is arranged and if the applicant passes the physical and mental test successfully, there is little chance they will be refused admittance later. Among other old records are vivid descriptions of the many ravages of bubonic plague. This disease is constantly present in the orient, making it an ever present threat to the u. S. And its possessions. The germ that causes bubonic plague is carried by fleas that live on rats and other rodents. Rats are great travelers, and vessels must use rat guards to keep them from coming aboard. Notice how this rat balances himself with his tail, now he attempts to clear the rat guard. Will he succeed . It looks like he will make it. No, he admits defeat and returns to the wharf. Yellow fever, a fearful disease that once struck terror in the south, is an example of a dreaded disease now almost entirely wiped out by science. It is transmitted physically by a particular kind of mosquito. With the mosquitoes that transmit the disease exterminated, yellow fever is eliminated. Although yellow fever has been banished from our shores since 1905, it still exists in south america and africa, and recent advances in air travel again make it a menace to the United States. To combat this menace, the yellow fever mosquito must be limited from ships and airplanes and must be detected and isolated. Although the mosquitoes that spread yellow fever usually fly a short distance, they have been carried by airplanes for thousands of miles. It is only by the exercise of the utmost care and constant watchfulness that this dangerous disease is kept outside our borders. When it arrives at a port of entry, an airplane that might bring in the yellow fever mosquito, passengers and the crew are inspected for symptoms of the disease. An important part of the inspection is the taking of temperatures for the evidence of fever. The plane is gone over thoroughly with a vacuum cleaner to recover any yellow fever mosquitoes that might be on board. Then the cabin and all enclosed spaces in the plane are sprayed with insecticide that destroys these dangerous pests. The opening of air routes to the orient has created Serious Problems in preventing the introduction of diseases, particularly cholera and smallpox in hawaii and the United States. When the country was small, travel was slow and distant since travel times were much bigger than they are today. There was less need for action on the part of the federal government itself to prevent the spread of epidemics. But with the increased rapidity of travel, expansion in territory, and the concentration of populations, this work became important. With increase in interstate traffic, the need for uniform quarantine regulations became apparent, and by consent of the state and under the Commerce Clause of the constitution, congress provided for federal interstate quarantines. Federal control over Water Supplies for drinking and culinary purposes on interstate carriers is one of the activities of the u. S. Public Health Service to prevent disease. This is a tremendous task. The water included in these supplies comes from almost 3000 sources. The cooperation of the steady and state Health Authorities is given to the Public Health service. In taking supplies of drinking and culinary water on board vessels, connections are made as the possibility of contamination of the water during this process is reduced to a minimum. Here, we see a supply of Drinking Water being taken aboard a steamship at one of our ports. The same sanitary precautions are carried out when Drinking Water is taken aboard trains. Frequent inspections are made of this procedure. The passenger can therefore feel a sense of security when he quenches his thirst at the water cooler, or drink water with his meals in the dining car. The fight against bubonic plague is a fight against the rat. He must be trapped, poisoned, starved out, killed off, everything must be done to rout this animal. The rat has been called mans most dangerous enemy. He is a dangerous threat in the case of bubonic plague, he is dirty and crafty and readily matches his cunning against that of his enemies the rat catcher must know the habits of the animal and it is only with experience that he can qualify as an expert in what indeed may be called a specialized field. Rats are tagged to show the locality where they were caught and are sent to a laboratory for examination. Some of the rats that are taken alive are put in bags to preserve for identification and examination any fleas that they may harbor. Here, we see a sample of the days catch of rats in one of our large cities. At the laboratory, rats are combed for fleas and the fleas are collected for study to determine whether they are infected with bubonic plague. In certain western states, plague has spread from rats to ground squirrels. The fight against these animals is constantly being carried on there. The following are typical scenes in the east of this country, where rural life was primitive, and sanitary conditions were conducive to the spread of disease because of the habits and customs of people. They did not know disease is spread by the means of hands, towels, and handkerchiefs and other articles that would take care of discharge from the eyes. Trachoma is a chronic Infectious Disease of the lining of the eyelids. If the lids are turned back, a number of small, granular bodies will be noticed in inside of the eyelids. The disease produces a rough condition on the inside of the eyelid which irritates the eyeball, causing inflammation which often leads to blindness. For many years, the Public Health service has conducted a campaign against this ancient disease. As early as 1912, doctor John Mcmullen of the Public Health service was sent to kentucky to make a survey the Situation Survey of the situation there. Dr. Mcmullen, what was found in kentucky . More than 18,000 persons were examined in 1912, and between 7 and 8 percent were found to have trachoma. Many had been blinded by the disease. Many others remained in dark rooms, shielding their eyes. Some had not seen light for months, while many cases existed for years. In checking up some years later, the changes were remarkable. In the state of many people, almost universally wearing colored glasses during the first examination, few new cases of active trachoma. There is no way to estimate what this has been worth. Much of the work was done in mountain regions, where usually medical officers travel by horseback and often had to walk. The work has now been turned over to the state. Narrator instead of painful and sightless eyes to destroy the joys of youth, we now have the precious gift of sight. The future must be dreary to live in darkness. Fortunately, this boy was discovered in time. Instead of blindness added to the other infirmities of old age, we have the ability to assume a role in family affairs. Numerous outbreaks of typhoid fever followed the use of shellfish in contaminated waters. This danger could be combated by examining the water where oysters were grown. Because oysters from beds in contaminated waters will not be certified, and shucking plants and canneries are required to be conducted under sanitary conditions, consumers can enjoy with a greater sense of security than formerly. An act of Congress Authorizes an annual conference between the Surgeon General and state Health Officers to discuss Important Health matters. Here is the Surgeon General at a recent conference. [gavel striking block] this annual conference of state and territorial Health Officers will come to order. I am delighted to greet you today. One of the most significant events in Public Health was when president roosevelt signed the bill appropriating funds to launch the Health Security program. This bill offers a great promise to the people of this country for better health. It is your task and my task to see that this promise becomes a realization. It is to disperse the detailed means by which we may obtain the objective of the act for which this conference is concerned. I welcome your advice. Narrator the conferences provide opportunities for planning cooperation in attacking health problems. For many years, the Public Health service has cooperated with state officers to improve state and local health work. When necessary, experienced Service Officers are assigned to aid state and local Health Departments with special problems. Funds made available by congress havent used to develop local Health Services. Under the Social Security act, provisions for cooperative aid to Health Services has been greatly extended. The City Health Officer of a western city receives a telephone call. He picks up the receiver and finds it is a local physician. This physician has a case the symptoms of which resemble encephalitis, but some features make the diagnosis uncertain. The City Health Officer remarked that he is concerned as he has had several similar cases were in the past few days and is concerned. The City Health Officer decides to notify the state Health Officer. He calls and outlines the local situation. The state Health Officer reports to the Surgeon General and asks for aid. The City Health Officer calls an assistant to consult with the physician. He is definitely alarmed. A telegram is received from the Surgeon General. After the Public HealthService Officers conduct a preliminary investigation, they call a conference to discuss the situation. Gentlemen, this epidemic is growing. At least 50 new cases are being reported daily. We must encourage close and harmonious cooperation between ourselves as representatives of the Public Health service and the city, county, and state Health Authorities. Local medical schools have made available their laboratories and other facilities. What will be our policy in regard to information to the public . City Health Departments are notifying the public, frankly, of the situation. Business must proceed as usual. There must be no panic. There is an unusual plague of mosquitoes. I wonder if there is a connection with this outbreak. We will test the theory. Narrator mosquito tests were conducted on Prison Inmates who submitted themselves as laboratory animals. After the experiments, a conference was called to discuss the results. Dr. Williams, what are your results so far . The mosquito apparently does not transmit this particular disease. However, our investigation must be continued in another direction. We will transfer our studies to the National Institute of health in washington. Narrator as a result of intensive studies, it was concluded the disease was due to a virus, and several new vaccines were produced from these investigations. In preventing diseases spread through unclean milk, a safe milk supply is essential. Tuberculosis, typhoid fever, and other diseases are spread through contaminated milk. The Public Health service feels that clean milk that is pasteurized is the only safe milk to drink. It has conducted studies to ensure the safety of pasteurization procedures that ensure a safe, clean milk supply to the consumer, if sanitary precautions are observed by consumers themselves. Disastrous floods which frequently occur in the u. S. Illustrate an emergency that may arise suddenly. During these floods, officials request sanitary engineering help to protect town and city Water Supplies in affected areas. These requests are met with prompt response. In many instances, Water Purification machines are dispatched to the affected areas nd put into as the water is pumped into the resident vas or distributing systems, it is treated with chlorine to make it safe for human consumption. In the fight against disease in a Public Health stand point it is fundamentally important to know why, where, in what numbers various diseases are occurring. We track them and show their seasonal patterns. Each separate line across the chart represents a year for the particular disease. The service maintains an Intelligence Office regarding the occurrence of epidemic diseases in the United States and Foreign Countries and reports and receives reports weekly from all foreign counsels. Whenever theres an right now of a quarantineable ks anywhere in the world, this information is promptly cabed to washington. Information is also obtained from many other sources. From local Health Officers and Health Officers who reporter report recognizely by telegraph and on cards, like the card shown here. Reports are also received from officers of the Public Health service stayinging stationed abroad. Health officers of foreign governments and the National Service of health and the league of foreign nations and the san tary bureau. It is compiled and published and used by officers of the Public Health service, by our own state Health Authorities and by other governments throughout the world. The director general to have Pan American Union addressed in a heent conference. Citizens of the country, at this, your closing session, i want to express to you individually and collectively, the deep appreciation of the Pan American Union for the prive ridge of having had you with us during the period of your deliberations. It is no exaggeration to say that the third pan american conference of directors of alth marks a distinct step guard in that stubble of the nations of this continue struggle of the assassinations of this continent to inform the diseases of life, to eliminate the disease and to efficient the masses of the people. I wish, therefore, to congratulate you and at the same time to assure you that in the future, as in the past, you may earnest and enthusiastic cooperation of everyone associated with the Pan American Union. Dr. Cummings now speaks. Director general of the sanitary bureau. Dr. Entlemen, i want to join raugh in expressing our appreciation to you in leaving your important functions in your respective governments for sending you to this most successful sanitary conference we have had. The point of progress reported by and you your countries, plans formulated is by far the most successful conference weve ever had. I wish you god speed, tchange respective k your home. Scientific studies dealing with the diseases of man were made by the Public Health service as early as 1886. Hese have gradually progressed to now its the most important ork that it performance. A laboratory for the Public HealthService Called the Hygienic Laboratory was established in 1901. In 1930 congress changed its name to the National Institute of health. At this famous institute in washington, d. C. , most of the investigative work of the Public Health service is conducted. The diseases and conditions studied by the service include a long list. Heart disease is public enemy number bun. It is fast on the list of the causes of death. More than 300,000 persons die each year in the United States from this cause. The electrocardiograph has added greatly in the study and diagnosis of heart disease. Next in importance as the cause of death is cancer. In results in the deaths of about 135,000 people in the United States annually. Millara is still an important Public Health wrob problem in at least 16 states of the union. His patient is having a malari eal chip. The fight against millara is the fight against the malaria mosquito. By seeing that no containers are left around to catch and hold water and thus completing breeding places for mosquitos. And by eliminating all refs piles so far as possible. In certain regions effective Mosquito Control has been accomplished by dusting over the poisonous mixture. This dusting is done from trucks, by hand dusting machines and by airplanes, according to the conditions met with. Another effect im method employed is the killing of already vay or wiggle tails by the oiling of stagnant waters. Also differing for drainage and keeping mosquitos out of the home by screening. The protection of the health of the strip worker has been given must have attention. Ew Manufacturing Processes frequently introduce new hazards to the workers. In the province of the engineer. In many stances, dust has been found to be a hazard to industrial employee. A study of various kinds of dust have been made by the Public Health service. Dusts are collected at the plant and atmospheric and other data are recorded. These dust samples are then taken to the laboratory and carefully studied to study the size, distribution, and other charactersics of the particles this young lady is seen making a dust count from a sample that as taken at one of the plants. The Public Health service has conducted service on a disfiguring condition caused by an excessive amount of you right now in the Drinking Water in certain areas of the United States. Its more prevalent in this country hahn than had been realized. They conducts studies on stream plugs, a study of growing importance. Pollution, a study of growing importance. Not only with the discharge of human waste discharged in the streams but also with the changing types and frequency of industrial waste. From a Public Health standpoint, the have nearly diseases are one of the most important problems confronting those whose duty it is to control the health of our nation. There are various studies of this subject. Simultaneous studies of all sources of treatment have been conducted in all areas of the United States, covering approximately 1 4 of the entire population of the country. They indicate that more than 1. 5 new cases of the have nearly diseases seek treatment in this country. Five of the leading clinics in this country indicate that syphilis is largely curable. However, treatment must be started during the first year of the disease. They courtroom rate with state and local Health Departments in the developments of campaigns directed against the have nearly diseases. Areal diseases. From time imma memorial, the law of the sea has required vessels to provide medical attention for their sese seamen. This was difficult in the early days of the replifpblgt therefore, congress established the marin Hospital Service in 1798 to relieve the ships of this burden. The first marin hospital in boston, which was the first General Hospital in that city, furnished hospital care from sailors from some of the famous slooms and frig else of the war of 1812. Today there are 25 modern, thoroughly equipped hospitals in this service located within the United States. These hospitals have aning a gat capacity of approximately 6,000 beds and give treatment to approximately 300,000 anly. New marin hospitals have recently been built at baltimore, cleveland, detroit, galveston, memphis, new orleans. San francisco and seattle. The marnl hospital at stapleton, new york, the one shown here, has been enlarged to make it a 1,000bed institution. These hospitals are professionally staffed by medical officers both comple tent and humane, secured by examination and selection. Only qualified graduate nurses, professional dietitians and killed therapeutic aides are employed. These hospitals have all the specialized services. Eye, ear, nose, and throat, a thoroughly equiped xray department. Dental department with the most modern equipment. Hydrotherapy. Size yo therapy. Mental disease and some have a psychiatric service. They are approvaled with the most modern equipment for the diagnosis and treatment to have disease. Dental equipment is furnished by all of the hospitals to dental officers. Most of them are suffering from septemberic mouth condition. With the elimination of dental infection, remarkable recoveries have been reported. The eulls of the facilities are available to seamen enrolled in vessels to the United States. To officers of enlisted men of the coast guard. To officers and crews of vessels of lighthouse service. To keepers and assistant keepers f the lighthouses. To Immigrants Detained at the immigration station to. Seamen belonging to vessels of the United States army. To beneficiaries to have United StatesArmy Compensation commission to. Members of the civilian conservation corps in various sections of the country. To patients of the United States veterans administration. And to personals afflicted with leprosy. This is the National Leprosarium at louisiana. Others must pass an examination conducted by mill officers of the Public Health service. These are provisions for colorblindness and hearing. The service must also pass far salors qualifying as able body ied seamen. Regulations require all officers to be versed in first aid. Theyve organized courses of infection for such candidates in number of the larger ports. Not only does the service furnish medical ade aid to the coast guard but also sends medical care to the ice patrol and also sends medical officers seal patrol. Nk sea the coast guard makes an annual cruise along the coast of alaska. Medical and dental officers of the service are sent on this cruise. They give medical examinations and treatment to the natives. These include dental treatment and extractions. This is the only medical dental Service Available to many of these native alaskans. The National Leprosarium at louisiana has under treatment more than 300 patients war lepers. They have anen Administration Building and a main hospital. Treatment have yielded most encouraging results and there have been many recoveries or arrested cases. During the last 10 years, over 150 parents have been discharged to their homes, no longer a menace to the Public Health and the lep rossi arrested. Sports are provided by baseball diamonds and Tennis Courts and the younger patients greatly enjoy these Outdoor Recreational tifments. The patients are comfortable and are provided for grounds with garden. Life for these u. Patients are made as comfortable as possible. Two leper children may be seen playing around the pool. Medical aid to vessels without a physician have been made possible by the development of radio. Frequently men or injured or suddenly develop an acute illness on shim far out at sea. In if theres no physician aboard, the Public Health service is notified by radio. Many lives are saved eevep year thanks to this radio service. For memory advice. Aye, captain. Beeping] the message from the vesm is received by a commercial radio station, which immediately relays it by telephone to the nearest marin hospital. For two weeks. Now temperature 104. [indiscernible] this man apparently has acute tonsillitis. Have gargle every two ours. Hours. Five two grains of aspirin every three hours, to four dozes. Report progress every four hours. Main hospital. Emerging sea meb may have suddenly been attacked. In this case an ambulance is sent from the hospital to the dock to moment the bolt. The patient is taken off the vesm on a stretcher. He is placed in the ambulance and rushed to the marin ospital. On arriving at the hospital, he is taken directly to the ward for examination and diagnosis. The medical officers examine him carefully and with the aid of the history of the case make their diagnosis. In this instance, its determine an acute attack of appendicitis. The patient must be operated on at once. He is taken to the operating room when the troublesome appendix is removed. An act of congress requires that the medical carrying federal penal and correctional institutions be furnished with a Public Health service. The prisoners are given nor medical examination. Eye, ear, nose, and throat. Chest. Dental and other examinations. Theyre also given various types of meantal tests. These will afford valuable data for the study of different types and characteristics of different inmates, which differentiate delinkyenlts from nondelinkents. When the Public Health hospital was established in lexington, kentucky, the banner of drug addiction was put on until that time that was considered almost entirely an correctional one. This hospital covers an area of approximately 12 acres. The builds are constructed in quad range already form, providing a large Central Court seven as an entrance plalsa to the various units of the hospital. From here, one gains access to this these units, especially provided for the treatment of new admissions, and for the intensive study of patients and of those requiring special forms of treatment this part of the institution constitutes the professional center of the hospital to. Meet the needs for better treatment for drug addiction, special studies of parents are necessary. The hospital is fully equipped and adequately statued for this purpose. Opportunities for outdoor work are afforded the patients through the operation of a 1,000acre farm. These farm activities include the operation of a modern dairy. E raising of hogs, and poultry. And intense active truck farming. Indoor work for patient includes the operation of a laundry. A modern garment shop for the manufacture of clothing worn by the patients, not for sale and other activities necessary for the maintenance and operation of the hospital. Supervised Outdoor Recreation is desirable and necessary for the health of the patient. It promotes good phlegmship and fellowship and normal human rhythm. Rhythm. The career officers of the Public Health service cons tulet a sanitary corps whose members are available for service whenever needed. In the United States or Foreign Countries, for emdemic duty, for quarantine dude or for investigation work. The honor roll contains the names of many men and women who have contracted diseases in line of duty and of many who have made the stream sacrifice. These workers conducted their investigation fearlessly with full knowledge of the dangerous that con front them. They dedicated themselves to humanity and made their sacrifices on the alter of altar of science. Others were not less assiduous in their devotion to duty but more favored on the field of battle. The Public HealthService Conducts his its relentless study against disease relentlessly. No emotional music to inspire. The battlefield is silent but the grim fight, the personal danger, the satisfaction of accomplishment are there. Even know the fight is frequently directed against an unseen and an unknown enemy. You can watch archival films on Public Affairs in their entire if i on our weekly series reel america. Saturdays at 1 00 p. M. 10 00 p. M. And sunday at 4 00 p. M. Eastern. Here on American History tv. Youre watching American History tv. All weekend, every weekend on cspan 3. To join the conversation, like us on facebook at cspan history. In sunday, historian and author mitch kashoon talks about his book first order of memory. Hristmas attucks in american memory. Heres a preview. They see the socalled boston massacre of 1770 as a noteworthy event in the colonists growing disfaffings with the british empire. Attucks was part of the ruling mobs of small detachment where he and four white colonists were killed after threatening the british guards with rocks, chunks of ice and clucks. A few days later. Four of the victims were buried in a single grave in bostons burying ground. A week or so later, patrick carr, wholingered for several days before dying, was placed in a grave with the others. Some months after that, the soldiers were tried in boston for murder. All were aconvict acquittaled of that charge and only two were convicted of the lesser charge of manslaughter. Rightly punished and sent home to england. Thousands of american colon analysts and at least houstonnles of bostonians were direct participants. Adducs was one of those colonists and he is no more important or significant than the rest in the grand scheme of things. They all moved a role in moving towards a bold and unprecedented struggle for independence. Its understandable that the first person to be killed by british soldiers might hold a memorable place but the fact that time man was adducks was largely happenstance. Had it been another person in the mob or some other person on another day, would that person been remembered at all . T adduyks name has been remembered unlike those he was with. It was a result of a campaign to construct an american hero. The first martyr of liberty. Learn more this sunday at 6 45 p. M. Eastern here on American History tv. Next on reel america, army Medical Laboratories is a 1947 War Department film providing an overview of systemic efforts during world war ii to both heal soldiers and presents prosecute prevent, detect and carom epidemics. With footage from inside working labs, the documentary highlights training and Treatment Facilities across the United States and shows the capabilities of field hospitals and overseas stations