She was pregnant. Approximate her husband had recently traveled to europe where he acquired a drug. It had not been approved yet for use in the United States of america but it was available many european countries. It was used to treat a number of Different Things. Women began taking it to aleave morning sickness and her husband had been in europe. He had acquired some of these pills and brought it back home for her and she takes about 40 of them early on in her pregnancy. They did not know that it causes birth defects. She read an article about the drug, she found out a little bit more and she called her doctor. She started to learn more about what the medicine can do. For children, it can cause brain damage, damage the eyes, nose, ears, face, damage the growth of limbs. And many cases, the children who had been affected by it did not survive at all. In england about half of the babies died within a few months. Somewhere around 10,000 of these children were born. Most in western europe. Making this a dangerous drug before it was discovered. The issue for sherry is this, she has four children and she calls her doctor when she learns what the drug can do. Her doctor says come on in. She goes and he starts to show her pictures of some of these pictures who had been born to mothers who had taken the drug. She said he remembered feeling like someone telling you your child had been run over by a truck. The doctor recommended an abortion which was only legal in cases that might affect the womens life. So they are faced with a choice, do you have the child knowing that this childs life might be difficult, emotional burden for you and your other children, or that the child might not survive past a few months anyway, or do you follow your doctors suggestion and go ahead and have an abortion. This is what sherry said. Naturally i had misgivings. There was life there. Do i have the right to take it . But is it life when you cant dress yourself, run, walk, dance, play games, have dates. If i had no choice, i would have the baby. But i had the way to prevent this tragedy, this sadness. Something happened here that removed that choice. A panel of doctors said that she could not have an abortion in the state of arizona. And so at the end of the day that meant that she had to leave the country if she wanted to have the procedure. Ultimately, the details here are not as important as the bigger concept, that the choice was not hers to make. It was the panel of doctors and the state that got to make the choice. This is at the heart of the issue of what were going talk about today. Who gets to make that sort of a choice and how that changes . Its a difficult choice be made by the family, by their doctor, by a team of doctors, by the government, by a group of people that dont know the family perhaps . Who knows. It is not my job to tell you how to make that choice or who should make it. I think thats between every family, their doctor, certainly perhaps their god. But what im going to talk about is how that process changed in the United States of america. Thats much of what were going to do today. Of course this was part of a broader revolution in American Society that fundamentally changed American Society in the 1960s and 1970s. Weve been talking about rights in the class and were going to change to this rights revolution. One last major change here. One of the big differences between this and the civil Rights Movement, this is a Rights Movement that is calling on an expansion of what rights actually are. So the civil Rights Movement, if you recall, was largely about rights that were already guaranteed to africanamericans that were not being enforced. This is about asking the constitution to be expanded, to consider a different sort of right and thats what well talk about today as we close the book on the 60s. So i have a generic 60s college here. When you think of the 60s, what do you think about in 1960s . What comes to mind . What do you think comes to mind for Many Americans . [ inaudible question ] disco, dancing, music. Civil rights. Obviously a huge part. Assassination. Certainly not the only one. Anything else . Sexual revolution of the 1960s. Again, because we covered so much of this class, i teach a class on the 60s, but were going to try to cover that here in the next 40 minutes or so that we have. The 60s, generally speaking, one thing that is a big misconception that it was revolution, chaos for everybody all the time. It was certainly not. For Many Americans, the 1960s are basically this, a continuation of the 1950s. Especially early 1960s. Its an era of prosperity. The median Family Income was 5,663 dollars. About 44,000 today. Upward mobility in socioeconomic class. Higher employment. Consumerism and youth cultural, rock and roll. People think about woodstock as a major event. But the hippies and Counter Culture didnt have anything on the actual flash points that most people experienced. The three highest grossing films, the sound of music, 101 dalmatians and the jungle book. Disney dominates the 1960s because all the baby boomers wanting to go to movies. A lot more people saw the sound of music than went to woodstock. When we talk about the 1950s did not work for everyone. The 50s were good for many but they had their problems. Racial limitations, jim crow in the south and housing segregation in the north. Poverty, onefifth of all americans lived in poverty. Gender limitations. Women did not have the same opportunities as men for employment and social advancement. There were some unique disadvantages that women face and conformity. The 1960s were characterized by this incredible sense of optimism and hope. Its really incredible. People from all walks of life, poor black southerners who never had voting rights, for example, are so hopeful because of americas place in the world and the rhetoric of many of its leaders. Some of the famous lines from the 1960s are dripping in this sense of hope, jfk, 1961, washington, d. C. , and i quote, i do not believe that any of us would exchange places with any other people or any other generation. The energy, the faith the devotion which we bring to this endeavor will light our country and all who serve it and the glow from that fire can light the world. Expansiveness of that optimism. Martin luther king, august 28th, 1963. I have a dream that my four little children will live in a nation that they will not be judged by the color of their skin, but by the content of their character. I have a dream that one day every valley shall be exaulted. So that is an incredible sense of optimism that many people share. We have these moments where we dig in some of the issues in the class. A couple weeks ago we were talking about the civil Rights Movement, the sitins, birmingham, jim crow is dead. The system that has existed since the new south that we talked about in this class. The civil rights did not solve all racial problems in america but it did change the nation and of course we should recognize that. Poverty. This Great Society, equal opportunity act, medicare and medicaid help people that are susceptible to falling into deep debt because of their health care costs. We get housing grants, Higher Education grant which of course affects all of you today. The poverty rate declines rapidly in the 1960s. Its the definitive moment of the decline of poverty in the history of america. It helped people go to schools and it remains an enormous part of our society. The Great Society did not end poverty and of course thats one of the criticisms of it. But at the end of the day weve never got back to poverty like that in this country ever since then. Lets look at some other issues. And one that were going to focus on today here are gender limitations, right . Especially gender limitations for women. We talked about this in the 1950s right after the midterm. Womens domestic roles, remember the kitchen debate. What was that kitchen debate about . Richard nixon, whats the point of the kitchen debate . Whats up with women in the kitchen . Talking about how in america the womans place belongs in the kitchen and how each appliance and products kind of describe the identity in their household. Okay. Yeah . Focused on how in america the children the women were able to offer the children a safe place and educate them. Theres this notion is that a womans place is in the kitchen with the children. And as benign as that might seem in some Television Shows and all that, theres real Serious Problems here. Look, it is sheer sexism in some case. Some believe women lack the intelligence and emotional stability to perform many of the same jobs as men. That women need a man to take care of them and manage the broader parts of their lives. And then also they really dont have a broader role in society outside of rearing those children in the kitchen. They have real consequences here. Its not just a modern inconvenience, i cant go to law school because i have to the baby. But its real discrimination that limits womens freedom and affects the outcome of their lives. Just some examples, in 1960s, a credit card could refuse to give a woman a credit card because she was a woman. You could not get Birth Control in every state. Consider the opportunities that all the men that goes to those schools get, that women are blocked from, all of those career paths. Its ncompetitive quite literally. In many states, women by Legal Definition could not be raped by their spouses and could not divorce their husbands. Many women did not have recourse for a bad or dangerous marriage. Many people. Reporter many people were trapped. Who gets to go to law school, who gets to be a doctor, just the general outright sexism that limited womens ability to rise. Many women at this moment when we have this generational shift, these baby boomers coming up being told theres Endless Possibilities for all of you, they just want better lives they dont want these restrictions placed on their lives. So in response to these limitations, progressive women in the 1960s launch a civil Rights Movement of their own. Largely understood and called second wave feminism. Referred to as the womens liberation movement. Called second wave feminism because it occurred during the progressive era. We talked about the changes of the 1910s. Its inspired by the civil Rights Movement. The civil Rights Movement inspires a whole host of movements that come after it. People see what people like Martin Luther king are doing and say we have a problem too. They use the same tactics, sitins, boycotts. Many of the leaders were part of the civil Rights Movement before joining the womens liberation movement. Of course, again, the idea of rights here is a little bit different. One thing that is different, they seek to expand the idea of rights. Not just say be true to what you said on paper like Martin Luther king said, but actually, no, these are rights that women should have even though theyre not guaranteed in the constitution already. They build upon the leadership of activists but theyre sparked by the injection of new energy, the baby boomers. And this movement begins in the early 1960s and lasts through the late 1970s and you could argue for days with people about when it actually ends, if its ever over, et cetera we dont have time to get into that right now. The broad goals of second wave feminism are this, and theyre pretty ambitious. Reproductive rights. End employment discrimination. Less than 10 of doctors and attorneys in the 1960s were women. Financial equity. Educational access, okay, in these rules that restrict schools for being only for men. Womens liberation, frees themselves of cultural norms that con strict womens role in society. One thing we have to understand too is this is not a binary. Its not all women who are pushing for secondary feminism at all. Well talk about one who was an opponent andnot all men who are fighting against. There are plenty of male activists too. Lets start with reproductive rights by looking at the pill. One of the most important inventions in modern American History. We dont think of that way often because it doesnt blow anything up. But the pill is essential throughout much of the rest of the course and to this point in our lives. In 1960s, the fda approved a bill for contraceptive use by the public. 1. 2 million american women were on it. 1963, 2. 3 women, 1965, it was up to 6. 5 million. At that moment it had become the most popular form of Birth Control for women in america. Many of you understand this quite well. The pill offers a lot of benefits for women. It gives more power over their reproductive lives. It allows them to discreetly control the number of children they have. Its Birth Control that is effective and does not rely on a mans cooperation. And its not just for single women by any means. A lot of married women also take the pill because it enables them to take control of the size of their family. Thats not just a decision about how many babies you want to have. Thats an economic decision, a health decision, and certainly a labor decision if you think about womens roles in the household with the kitchen. More people would have used the pill, but it was not legal everywhere. And i know, thats hard for us to wrap our head around in our own day and age, right . The pill was actually outlawed in several states until 1965. Enter some of our activists, enter ellen griswold. Sorry, Estelle Griswold, who you see here on the right, was the director of planned parenthood in new haven, connecticut. The state of connecticut had this old law. Passed in 1879, that made it illegal to use a contraception or to assist in helping advise others how to use or access contraceptions. So based on that old law, you could be fined and or receive a light prison sentence for helping people use contraception. With the support of planned parenthood, the national branch, she decides to challenge this law. And so she and a doctor at yale, they open up a Birth Control clinic that provides contraceptive services to married couples. In order to avoid the stigma of what it might mean to help single women, they choose to work with married couples. So they are, of course, charged with violating the connecticut state law. And then they decide to challenge that ruling based on the constitutionality of the law. It goes all the way up the ladder, goes all the way to the Supreme Court. In 1965, the Supreme Court rules in the favor of Estelle Griswold and her colleagues in griswold v. Connecticut. The ruling is largely based on the ninth amendment to the constitution, ooltd a lot of other amendments are invoked as well. Its about individual rights. This is what part of the ninth amendment says. The numeration and the constitution of certain rights shall not be constructed to deny or disparage by the people. It basically means rights that are implied but not stated can also be rights. So the thinking behind this whole logic of deciding griswold v. Connecticut is its individual couples should have the freedom and right to decide whether or not theyre going to use contraceptives. Not the State Government and not the federal government. Its about private family life wrrbl that. Thats who gets to make the decision. It prevents states from forbidding the use of the bill. Gives women married and unmarried greater access to Birth Control, and it serves as a forerunner to row v. Wait whiroe v. Wade, which is much more famous. In 1970, a woman with the fictional name of jane roe filed a lawsuit against henry wade. The District Attorney of dallas county, texas, over the antiabortion law in that county. Before roe, abortion was, as i mentioned at the start of class, was widely illegal, unless you could have a panel of doctors write you a note or approve of an abortion in cases needed to save the life of the woman. That does not mean that women of course did not have abortions. Women with access to doctors had abortions off the books. Others went to underground providers because they were so desperate, which is be incredibly dangerous. Part of the protests surrounding reproductive access focused on basically saying, look, abortions are going to happen anyway. Its better if they occur above ground as opposed to underground. We know throughout the course of American History that women are going to have abortions. Its going to happen whether theres an open market or not. If they were legal, perhaps they would be safer is one of the arguments activists are making. In 1983, a sexologist found that 22 of married women had had an abortion. His data is part of the consistenkinlsey report. We dont know any way to check the data. We dont know because of the nature of it, but clearly, some women were having abortions but it wasnt something people talked about openly with their friends all the time. These things were sort of hidden. Of course, people were having them for a number of different reasons. Financial reasons, maybe not with their partner anymore, they had too many children already, bad timing. Fetal anomalies, the health of the mother, the baby may not live. When we had these conversations now, we tend to focus on the extreme cases, but every single case, of course, back then, like it is now, is individual. Every single case is hard, and it should be hard. But what roe v. Wade did in 1973 is it decided similar to griswold v. Connecticut that it was not up to the government to make these decisions for women. So in the final decision, the court, they spoke of a number of different precedents, including griswold v. Connecticut, which i believe was cited ten times in the final roe decision, and im going to quote from roe v. Wade. The right of the individual married or single to be free from unwarranted government intrusion into matters so fundamentally affecting a person as the decision whether to bear or beget a child. And of course, they ultimately conclude, and i quote, that right necessarily includes the right of a woman to decide whether or not to terminate her pregnancy. So in terms of a legal matter, all of these ethical debates we have about abortion today, you all saw the protests out on polk place a couple weeks ago. How many of you saw those . Okay, so obviously, theres a lot of conversations happening out there. Theyre using a certain sort of tactic, but legally, its not about morality or religion. Its just not. Theres a question that individuals certainly have to deal with, but when roe v. Wade was decided, its a question of choice and authority. Its a question of who gets to make this incredibly difficult choice. Who has the authority to make this incredibly difficult choice. So its not about whatthosis people think. The law as it stands today is about what individual actors think. Anybody have any questions so far . Okay. Something thats an incredible coincidence, i would say, is not many people realize this, but roe is decided on the same exact day that former president lyndon b. Johnson died in texas, january 22nd, 1973. So heres the headline for the Washington Post on that particular day. Lyndon b. Johnson dies at 64. And then Supreme Court allows early stage abortions. And of course, theyre also talking about the vietnam war at the same time. Pretty big news day. So lets move obto employment discrimination. So, the 1964 Civil Rights Act when it was passed, to sabotage the act, a couple legislators who were against the act decided to insert a gender clause thinking that would sort of cause a lot of people to basically not vote for the act. That backfired. The act got passed anyway, but it also in terms of what it did for race, which we talked about in the class, it also made it illegal to discriminate based upon sex. So initially, a lot of womens organizations are pretty optimistic this will be enforced, but when it is not, of course, a group of wim in 1966 found an Organization Called the National Organization for women. So n. O. W. Is founded in june of 1966 at the third annual conference of commissions on the status of women in washington, d. C. By its first major organizational meeting in 1966, it was still pretty small. Just had about 300 members. By the early 70s, it had grown to roughly 40,000 members, and now its primary purpose is to create pressure to enforce, to pressure local governments and the federal government to enforce title vii of the Civil Rights Act. Which made it illegal to discriminate based on sex as well as race. So theres this legislative basis there already. You can challenge the law based on what you already know is going on. They just have to go out and sort of prove it. So theyre going to fight legally for women in terms of job discrimination, housing discrimination, College Admission discrimination, and so on and so forth. So even beyond that, they expand more fully. They are lobbyists, they deliver speeches. They take part in demonstrations. They vote, of course, they conduct boycotts. And they invoke politics to make sure that title vii is enforced. One of the first things they do, and theyre pretty successful right away, is they help fight sex segregated help wanted ads in local new york city papers. So a lot of the help wanted ads would say we want a man for this job. We want a woman for this job, quite explicitly discriminating, and they helped fight again that and got that removed from the new york city papers. They were also the first National Organization to publicly endorse the legalization of abortion. In 1968, n. O. W. Member Shirley Chisholm becomes the first black woman elected to congress. Most of their contributions are sort of after the 1960s. The equal credit act, title ix, proving employment discrimination. They win thousands of women backpay, that sort of thing, but theyre this big watchdog against genderbased discrimination. So secondwave feminism also has a number of cultural and intellectual goals. Theres a whole series of different protests where people show up to talk about Different Things happening in society that are problematic for women. Okay, they want to expand this idea of women beyond not only just sort of homemakers, wives, mothers, that sort of a thing, but also beyond that of just sheer sex objects. So heres an image of women protesting outside the 1968 miss America Pageant in atlanta city, new jersey. This pageant, of course, is going on. You all have seen the miss America Pageant. You understand what its largely about. Theres different talent contests, but a lot of it is women march across stage in a vaer vaertd of outfits. These women showed up to protest. What do you see in terms of their protest and sort of this tactic . I wonder what you all make of that. Whats the argument here . Theyre protesting the dehumanization of women, being the miss america graduates. Yeah. Other observations. What do you all make of this . The physical attributes rather than the mind, pretty much. Is this a little too far, you think, or what do you think . Its this this chart, right . You have seen the chart of, you go to a steakhouse. They show you where all of the cuts are from. Its sort of mocking it with this, right . That a woman is basically like a cow, being reduced to the different parts of her body that should be celebrated at the miss america cattle auction, as they say. So their argument, of course, is that women here are being treated merely as sex objects, that there is a major problem with the culture of the miss America Pageant. And of course, this is just one this is just one thing in many sorts of protests people have a problem with. They want to really have women portrayed more for their minds, for their ambitions, for who they are as more complete people as opposed to this miss america protests, and this draws a great deal of attention. This is covered in every Major National publication and gets this incredible backlash where people are like, these are just beautiful women, theyre doing their thing. Theres a talent part. But this is what were seeing. More open, direct protests against these depictions of women in more traditional ways that, think back to some of the ads we talked about. Of course, theyre protesting some of those as well. A lot of this action leads to some people to be more careful about the way that women are depicted in magazines and advertisements. Of course, thats not an issue that we have moved entirely beyond, but theres a little bit of it, but we also get expanded access to programs that help women intellectually, especially for college campuses. The unc Womens Center or the department of womens studies opening in 1976. All over the country, you get womens studies departments that open in the late 1960s to the early 19 sfnts. They also protest and call for what is known as the equal rights amendment. So the late 1960s, womens rights activists do gain some ground here in terms of adding a new amendment to the constitution that deals specifically with sex. And sex discrimination. Okay, the equal rights amendment, the era for short. This idea is pretty old. This idea had gone all the way back to the 1920s. And it was really revived in the 1960s with the National Organization of women picking up this fight to once again call for this equal rights amendment. Supporters of the equal rights amendment argued that the constitution needed a unique amendment that dealt specifically with gender and sex discrimination. Current Supreme Court Justice Ruth Bader ginsburg in 1973 argued this, and i quote. The equal rights amendment in some would dedicate the nation to a new view of the rights and responsibilities of men and women. It firmly rejects sharp legislative lines between the sexes as constitutionally tolerable, instead it looks toward a legal system in which each person will be base judged on the base of individual merit and not on the basis of an unalterable trait on birth that bears no necessary relationship to need or ability. But of course, the e. R. A. Was not universally popular. It met a great deal of resistance, and one of the most important figures in the resistance to the e. R. A. Is this woman, Phyllis Schlafly. Shes a longtime conservative from st. Louis, missouri. She was graduate of Washington University in st. Louis. She also has a masters degree in government from radcliffe college, and then she also had a law degree from Washington University in st. Louis. So she has three college degrees. She is an incredibly exceptional woman, both in terms of her public facing nature but also certainly her education. And one of the issues that is so interesting with Phyllis Schlafly is much of what women are arguing for, phyllis has already achieved. Going and getting a law degree from Washington University in st. Louis was not normal for a woman who was born in 1924. Yet she uses this very same Educational Achievement of her own to become sort of this enemy of the equal rights amendment in the 1960s and the 1970s. Well talk about her more on wednesday. Shes going to come back up. But she has a lot of different thoughts about equal rights, about sex discrimination, about Sexual Harassment in the workplace. She becomes famous in the 1970s as a leading critic of secondwave feminism. She says that a womans role is in the home. And that the 1950s system, this idea behind the kitchen debate that we just talked about, thats exactly how it should be. And not only that, it was actually great for women and families to have this protected status. Where you can enjoy all of the modern appliances, where you can enjoy the safety, where you can enjoy this unique role that women have in the household that was provided for them by not only their husbands but the american system of capitalism. She does not think that women need to work. And that women need to even worry about equal rights in the workplace. She doesnt think that women who have children in particular and who are married need to work. She says that a lot of the problems that are described by the secondwave feminists arent actually legitimate concerns. For example, she has a particular view of Sexual Harassment, she says, and i quote, sexwit harassment on the job is not a problem for virtuous women. She suggests the women who experience Sexual Harassment in the Workplace Experience that because they dress in a provocative manner but if you are a christian woman who dresses conservatively, then you just dont have that problem. Okay. She also accuses secondwave feminism of being antimale and accuses it also of being a path toward homosexuality, and our most direct battle is against the equal rights amendment. She found an organization named stop taking our privileges, with the acronym s. T. O. P. Right here, and she argues that women, again, have this protected status and the equal rights amendment would undermine the status in the country. She said it would expose women to the military draft, which would also in turn make the American Military weaker. She says that it would hurt families by nullifying widows benefits and lead to gender neutral bathrooms, one of her predictions. And she also is not alone, certainly, a lot of labor organizers and Different Companies also worry td would undermine gender specific laws. So ultimately, the e. R. A. Is never passed. The house passed it in 1971. The Senate Passed it the following year. And this equal rights amendment in part read, equality of rights under the law shall not be denied or abridged by the United States or any state on account of sex. But what happened was that not enough states ratified the amendment for the equal rights amendment to be added to the constulation. There was a period in which the amendment would expire, not enough states ratified the amendment, and ultimately it was defeated as the deadline was expired so we do not have an equal rights amendment in the United States of America Today despite there being a good amount of energy initially at first. But we do have some real clear results from secondwave feminism. 1963, equal pay act. Griswold v. Connecticut, 1965. The National Organization of women, Shirley Chisholms election to congress, first black woman elected to congress. First woman elected to congress was 1917, a woman from the state of montana out west when a lot of women could vote before they could in other parts of the country. Roe v. Wade is seen as a great victory for secondwave feminism in many peoples eyes. 1974, we get an act, the equal credit act, which ends this sort of discriminatory practice of denying people credit not only based on their sex and gender but also race, and womens studies courses and departments, im sure many of you will encounter those in your time here, are also a direct outcome of secondwave feminism. But of course, as you all know, this does not solve any problem that women face in our society, but is a major leap forward at this moment that a new generation is emerging. One of the things i think is so interesting and instructive for our own Society Today is the way this conversation is still happening. So the fight for the equal rights amendment itself is not over. This is a picture from a march of 2017. Okay, there are marches all over the country. This year, next year, so on and so forth, where people are still calling for this equal rights amendment to be added to the constitution. Of course, like i said, this goes back to the 1920s, but it really picked up in the 1960s. And people are still calling for it. Of course, women in recent years have organized to participate in activities at levels we have not seen since the 1960s, most notably, january 21st, 2017, somewhere north of 5 Million People participated in the womens march across the United States of america. Well talk more about that, but i just want to talk about it in the scope of the 1960s. Its a direct continuation on some of the things people were advocating for in the 1960s. Reproductive rights, this e. R. A. , job discrimination, the pay gap, that sort of a thing. So many of the same issues even though there were some victories, people are still fighting for those things today. And i think that most interesting thing perhaps about recent demonstrations is the size. And again, well talk more about why this happens, but the womens march that occurred on january 21st, 2017, was the largest civil rights demonstration in the history of the world. Okay, so its a pretty big number. Its obviously in the news all over the place. We have over almost 130 Women Congress now. Well get back to this more as we get back to the prensent in the class. At the same time all of this is happening, secondwave feminism is rising, we also get the most visible gay Rights Movement in American History to that point in time that was also emerging. So we havent talked a lot about it. We havent had the room in this class, but homosexuals and transgender people had been severely repressed for the entirety of American History, as you all know. Some specific details. It was often seen as an illness or a crime. You could be whisked off to a psychoatt psychoatric hospital or tloeb in jail for being suspected of homosexual activity. They were often classified as deviants along with child abusers. And all states, sodomy, which directly targeted homosexual behavior, they thought, was illegal. In some states, oral sex was illegal. There was also specific legislation targeted homose homosexuals, and lgbtq people suffered discrimination in all parts of society. 1953, the Eisenhower Administration actively barred gays and lesbians from all federal jobs. The fbi kept a list of people that it knew or suspected to be homosexuals. Lgbtq people were subject to employment and hoising discrimination, and of course, they were constantly harassed, police raiding gay bars, beating them up, harassing them, and they were subject to extraordinary violence. If you were gay, you couldnt live openly in many parts of america, and people tended to congregate in cities such as new york or San Francisco where they have a more closeknit community. Objune 28th, 1969, police entered a gay bar in the Stonewall Inn in new york city. And the police were there to raid the bar. This happened all the time, all over the country, police raiding gay bars for various reasons. They would usually beat people up, sometimes they stole money, confiscate some of the booze, that sort of a thing. This sort of behavior is happening at stonewall on june 28th, 1969. Theyre sort of strong arming this woman who is a lesbian, and she basically says, what are you all going to do about this . Can i get some help here . And the patrons of the bar start to openly resist the police officers. They dont necessarily pull out guns and point them back at them, but they start to resist the arrest. They start to try to escape out into the streets. They start to push back on the police officers. And as one patron observed, and i quote, we all had a dlekt collective like we had enough of this shit. The uprising lasts for several days, led to a general resurgence in gay rights and visibility, so its huge news all over the country. Its not the first of these by any stretch of the imagination. There is actually something similar that occurred in San Francisco in 1966. But it has this heightened awareness because of this cause that it lends to gay rights. Things start to happen in the month immediately after the famous stonewall uprising in 1969. Theres a whole wave of activist progay newspapers that start in different cities across the country. We get different organizations such as the Gay Activist Alliance within a few months. The following year, the first pride parades. New york, chicago, San Francisco. They occur on the anniversary of stonewall. And so part of whats happening here is that its a sort of gay Rights Movement that had existed but it was a bit more dormant. It was not a community who always knew who each other were. It was dangerous to be a part of it, but its sort of becoming more out in the open after stonewall, especially. Its exposed to the rest of america, and what we have here are many allies start to participate, especially in pride parades and marches. Then we get a bunch of firsts that occur in the 1960s, but then especially in the years after stonewall. We start to get openly elected gay officials, the first one is in ann arbor, michigan. Of course, harvey milks campaign for city supervisor of San Francisco. In 1975, a gay rights bill is actually introduced into congress. It fails. We still dont have something quite like that today, but its introduced in congress. 1974, the American Psychiatric association changes their conclusion that homosexuality is a mental illness. 1974, the American Psychiatric association says, okay, homosexuality is not actually a mental illness. In 1982, wisconsin became the first state to ban discrimination based on sexual orientation, and of course, many of these debates and battles continue well into our present day. Lets go ahead and wrap up. The 1960s as a whole, if you think about them as a whole, we have been talking about this for several weeks here, but think about taking all this in. We really started the lecture right before the midterm with john f. Kennedy, the cold war, and that whole thing. But it is this era, even though it is sort of benign and pretty stable for most people, its this era of incredible dramatic change. America looks so much different on the other end of the decade. And we have talked about a lot the civil Rights Movement, Great Society, vietnam war, all the massive protests, womens liberation, we didnt have time in this class, but theres all sorts of different power movements. Different groups who had not had their sort of goals satisfied by the civil Rights Movement start their own sort of power movements. Its not just black people. Black powser the most famous one. We also get American Indian movement, red power. Yellow power, Asian American movements in california. Brown power, hispanic movements all over the west, especially. All sorts of new freedoms that people gain throughout the 1960s. This issue of counterculture. We didnt talk about hippies a whole lot in this class, but you all know that sort of essence of what the hippies are. Most people, its sort of growing your hair out longer and wearing colorful clothing. For other people, its taking acid and riding around on technicolor buses and threatening entire Water Supplies with acid, but theres all this sort of chaos and confusion and its not quite as benign and peaceful as many people remember the 1950s to be. And then of course, there are the deaths. President kennedy, shot and killed in 1963. All of the People Killed fighting for the civil Rights Movement. We talked about the four little girls in birmingham, three missing workers in mississippi, then of course, all of the People Killed in vietnam, the american soldiers, the innocent vietnamese civilians. All of this, people are consuming just incredible quantities of death in the news all the time. On april 4th, 1968, Martin Luther king jr. Is shot and killed in memphis. And on june 6th, 1968, robert f. Kennedy, John F Kennedys little brother, who had announced a run for president , was killed in california while campaigning for president. I just want to share as we get down to the end here, i want to share with you a letter written by one north carolinian to his senator in the summer of 1968, just 12 days after Bobby Kennedy was shot in california. Written by a white man, father of five from north carolina. And i quote, im sick of crime everywhere. Im sick of riots. Im sick of poor people demonstrations. In parentheses, black, white, yellow, purple, green, or any other color, exclamation color. Im sick of the u. S. Supreme court ruling for the good of a small part rather than the whole of our society. Im sick of the lack of law enforcement. Im sick of vietnam, hippies, lsd, drugs, and all the promotion the news media give them, end quote. Lot of people are wondering what ever happened to this. If you recall when we started after the midterm, richard nixon, end of world war ii, coming home. Comfortable house, comfortable life. Wife, children, dog. Whatever happened to this . And so what were going to see is largely a backlash, to the different changes of the 1960s, some more specific than others. There are certainly parts of the 1960s such as the revolution and the end of jim crow that people accept, but there are others part, such as roe v. Wade and a lot of secondwave feminism that people simply do not accept. On wednesday, well pick up here with the 1968 election, where we get another thirdparty challenger. Guess which one it is. Guy with the stars and the bars there. The deep south once again says to hell with the democratic and republican parties and goes after another third party. Well talk more about that on wednesday. Okay. Any questions . My wife graduated high school in 62. She could not apply to carolina because of her gender. This is about the 60, not necessarily this lecture, but what made the vietnam war in the late 50s not as, i guess you would say, severe as it was taken during the 60s . So just the number of troops that the u. S. Had going. You know, the draft wasnt fully instituted really until 1965, and so there were a lot of advisers, the United States had people in vietnam, both the quiet american, that graham green book, i dont know if you have heard of that, but the cia was in vietnam, but the sheer number of people going meant it didnt command the attention that it later did. Anything else . Great. Ill see you on all wednesday. Coming up, how photography was used to manipulate the opinion in the cold war. Then the different opinions of the Founding Fathers on how the u. S. Should be handled and how the laws changed depending on who had influence. Were featuring American History tv programs in primetime this week as a preview of whats available every weekend on cspan3. Tonight, well show you an academic tour of the big ten conference, from our lectures in history series, with classes from purdue, rutgers, michigan, and nebraska. University of maryland professor Christopher Bonner leads off with a class about the concept of power in antibellum slave societies. American history tv, tonight at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on cspan3. The concept of fake news is not new to this generation. Wake Forest University Professor John curley says manipulated photos were used during the cold war. He has examples from senator Joseph Mccarthys anticommunist crusade and kennedys exhibition of grainy spy plane photos to support the cuban missile crisis. So, last time we were talking about world war ii photography, and the ways that photographers were interacting with the war and trying to capture the war, and we ended last time be looking at this image right here. The Mushroom Cloud that emerged after the dropping of the atomic bomb on nagasaki in august, 1945. And in many ways, this image, of course, marks the end of world war ii, but in many ways it also marks the beginni
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