Empire . Why did the u. S. Become a global empire . Ok. Before we get too far. Im going to start with the first slide here. This is a political cartoon from a magazine in 1899. It says school begins. Uncle sam to his new class in civilization. Now, children, youve got to learn these lessons whether you want to or not. But just take a look at the class ahead of you, and remember that in a little while, you will feel as glad to be here as they are. All right. So it might be hard for you to see. But the students are labeled, cuba, puerto rico, hawaii and the philippines. And these are supposed to be students that are named for the states that were already part of the United States. And if you will in the back this is supposed to be an africanamerican cleaning the windows, an indigenous student at the back, and this is supposed to be a Chinese Student that are excluded entirely. This is whats summing up the stuff were going to talk about in this class. Background. Lets do the definition of colonialism. So mason, can you remind us the definition of colonialism that were using in this class . Colonialism is when a power exploits a lesser power and uses the lesser powers resources to strengthen and enrich the greater power. Professor edwards we all remember, right . And this is a class about empire. So nations that engage in colonialism are empires. Thats what were talking about today. Then you know last class we talk about progressivism, right . We talked about progressivism as a movement to solve problems. What im talking about today is happening simultaneous to them. Ok . Simultaneous. So this is part of that Progressive Movement we were talking about, and youll see some of the same people we talked about the last class some of these are president s were going to mention in this class. Teddy roosevelt is one of the progressive president s we spoke about in the last class. By the end of the 18th century, by the end of the 19th century, this is a period of significant and imperial competition. Empires competing with each other to gain power, to gain more colonies and then gave gain the resources and wealth that came from that. All right . So an era of competing empires. Empires are competing for power, more colonies and access from the resources and wealth that come from that. All right. During most of that period, the United States was not a nation that had external colonies, right . However, has the United States been engaged in colonialism all that time . Right. So american colonialism had been focusing on indigenous people, and of course, we want to go 40s, focusing on mexico, etc. Ok. So americans are colonizing but theyre doing it on the north american continent. By the 1890s, this is a significant decade for what were talking about today. By the 1890s, the growth of industrial capitalism had caused lots of problems. You remember progressives are trying to solve those problems. We went through a whole list of them in the last class. You remember that. The other big thing going on by the time we get into the 1890s is americans are living in a divided society. Theyre divided still with sectional differences. The civil war. There is political divide. There are class divides. There are racial and ethnic divides. Its a highly divided society. And you know, those divides are causing problems. Ill get back to that in a second. Also by the time were into 1890, one famous historian proclaimed that the american frontier was closed. What he was referring to was indigenous land was for the most part by that time colonized. Do you remember when we talked about the dawes act, allotment, boarding school, etc. . By the time we are in the 1890s, theres not a lot of indigenous land left to colonize. Will americans stop colonizing or will that colonize somewhere else . Thats what were talk about today. By the 1890s, the production is greater than american consumption. American production is greater than consumption. So this means americans have surplus goods. And that will in part contribute to the panic of 1893. Do you remember panic or economic depression . Right, this is the second big one i talked about this semester. Its about 20 years since the last one we talked about. This is happening fairly frequently. Up to this time, this is the biggest economic depression in u. S. History. So it was terrible, ok . This is a really severe, last four years, severe economic depression. Ok. Severe economic depression. Thats a big problem, right . I think ive told you in the past that its not uncommon in American History that in the wake of panics, americans often look to colonialism as a way to open up new resources to stimulate the economy. Should we expect similar responses here . Yes. Ok. One of the things do you remember there was a class where we talked about what worked and who was doing it were changing . This is particularly true for middle and upper class people , especially men. So increasingly american men are doing office jobs, which doesnt sound all that bad. Many of you dream of having an office job. But for many people, masculinity has long been built in the United States on physical attributes and on skill in war. And the last major war that americans had engaged in was the civil war, which was decades past by now. So this is not an overwhelmingly large group, but its full of elite who are very loud, all right . So one example is Teddy Roosevelt who talked about this at length. One example, i put this quote already for you. He said in a publication in 1897, there are true influences that work to shake the vitality, courage and manliness of the race. If we lose our manly qualities and sink into a nation mere hucksters putting gain above National Honor and subordinating everything to the mere ease of life, then we shall indeed reach a condition worse than the ancient civilization in their years of decay. In other words, stakes are low. In many ways, he will advocate publicly that war is a way to restore the supposed valued characteristics of american men , and to preserve the nation of the future. Hes going to be one of the people that would advocate that war is good for those who are in military service. These are some problems going on by the 1890s. All right. So whats the solution to them . Katie, can you read us a paragraph from page 29 in our 92 in our robertson reading . Wereen americans themselves threatened, they drew a line and dared them to cross it. Children drew the ground to separate themselves from danger. They gathered their friends behind the line by definition. Those on the other side of the frontier were enemies. They expected response to the drawing of a line was a violent effort to cross it. And the line was a dare, a challenge which had to be accepted. The expected response to the violation of such frontier line was a violent defense. The american was not fighting merely for a boundary or for a piece of territory but for a primary distinction between americans and others. But what was at snake the drawing of the lines in the establishment of frontiers was identity, personal communal and national. Inside that line, the americans belonged. Everything inside the frontier belonged to them. Inside the line was the community of the american nation. Professor edwards ah, you dont know how much i love the section of robertson. Robertson talked about drawing lines. And in drawing lines, americans reinforce their identity because they are behind the lines and the enemies of frontiers on the other side. We just said the frontier is closed, right . So where will these lines be drawn to bring people together . So there are some people who think that the biggest problem facing americans in this period is a unified National Identity. And some will argue that the way to bring americans in a unified National Identity is war with someone else. And in this period of empirical competition, wars were often in the effort to expand colonies, and thats what americans are going to do. Ok, so war for colonial expansion will unite americans together in their effort to build that empire, but as you know, they had the cascading series of problems that come with it. Thats what were going to talk about today. Two other things that i want to point out, this idea that colonialism can be a solution to problems for some. Where will this colonial effort look to . Its going to be in places that are tied to the United States by sugar. Ive put this slide on canvas. So the United States and sugar were intimately tied in this period. By 1900, u. S. Annual consumption was 2. 66 million tons. Five times the amount used in 18 1866. Raw sugar was 12 of all u. S. Imports, the single largest import in tust economy. 12 isnt an overwhelming number, right . So sugar is par of the overall american economy. But as a single unit, its the biggest. 19 of sugar was supplied by u. S. Producers. Most of the sugars that americans are consuming are not made by americans. Where is it coming from . Its coming from sugar islands. And in this order, the sugar islands where americans got most of their sugar in this period, ok . In this order. These are the primary suppliers, cuba in particular supplied half of all u. S. Sugar at this time. In these islands their economies are dominated by sugar exports , and those islands boomed and busted depending on frequently changing tariffs. If they were lowered they could sell a bunch of sugar in the United States. Usually consume american goods. But if the tariffs were high , they had trouble selling goods in the u. S. Here is a big point. Heightened tariffs in the u. S. Plunged the island into depression and often caused political unrest within it. Im going to give you some examples of this in a second. Ok. So sugar is going to be the big sort of unifying commodity thats going to tie this colonial era together. Second beginning in the 1880s, congress started allocating money to rebuild the u. S. Navy. This is going to be critical. You cannot have an empire in this period in World History and not have a powerful navy. So you could argue that americans started laying the groundwork, congress started laying the groundwork in the 1880s when they started to rebuild their navy. Its going to be critical success. No powerful navy, no empire. How is colonialism justified . With the not with that. The civilization mission, ok . Justified with a civilizing mission. So the people that are colonized are supposedly what . Lesser. Professor edwards somehow lower in the hierarchy. And as you know layered over that in this period is the racial hierarchy, and then also some people were supposably less fit to survive based on at the end of the robertson reading. Social darwinism. Youre going to see all of those same justifications used here. Ok. So heres my first example of this colonial period. Were going to start with hawaii. If you havent seen a map lately, its still in the same spot. Its about halfway between the Pacific Coast of north america and the Pacific Coast of asia. Hawaii. Native hawaiians were excellent farmers. They were highly productive farmers. So when colonizers arrive in hawaii starting in the 1770s. When they arrived in hawaii in the 1770s, theyre going to find very productive farmland being farmed by the native hawaiians who live there. However, this slide is also on canvas. Im going to go through the list, and ill explain them as i go. Another thing that happens is when colonizers get there , theyre visiting hawaii on larger trade routes. So you see people predominantly americans coming from the Pacific Northwest where theyre engaging in fur and hid etrade hide trade traveling to china. And as they stop along that trade route, they often would stop in hawaii. Theres a place where they could get food. A place where they can resupply their ship. Its a long journey. Its a rest along the way. By the time were into the early 1800s, hawaii is a stop in trade networks. Hawaii was also an island rich in sandalwood which is is valuable. You have fur traders that would be bringing furs and hides and they would also pick up sandalwood and travel the rest of the way to china. Also into the late 1800s, a super lucrative industry was the whaling industry. Hawaii was one of the place where is they would stop an resupply their ships, rest, etc. So its a big stop in whaling trade at the time. All right. By the time were into the 1820s, this is when you see the arrival of u. S. Missionaries. So u. S. Missionaries are spreading across both america, north america and other parts of the world at the time. And missionaries are coming to do this and missionaries are coming to do this work. Theyre bringing the missions to place they visit. And they intended to stay. They were coming to do this work longterm. And with them will come other settlers, mostly americans. And theyre arriving because they know this is super productive agriculture land. Theyre arriving because this is super productive agricultural land. This is a story we could tell. Were telling it about hawaii. But we could tell the same story about kansas. You see missionaries arriving. Then you seeing agriculturalist arriving. And this is an example of settler colonialism. What do they need them to do . Go away so the settlers can possess their territory. Native hawaiians were aware that this was probably happening and was going on Pacific Islands all across the region. And they were wellstudied in the systems of colonialism practiced by the british, the americans and the french at the time. In the 1840s and the 1850s, they are fearing invasion. Other Pacific Islands are being invaded and colonized. They were trying to figure out ways they could protect themselves. One of things they were pressured to do was to divide up hawaii into individually owned pieces of land. Because, of course, outsiders would feel that they could buy land. The reason why the native hawaiians will have landownership is that they knew in systems of colonialism, usually if they had a system of private property before the colonialization they would retain that property after colonization. So they adopt a system of private property. Will foreigners be able to buy land . Yes, but will native hawaiian also be able to own land if they preserve it longterm if theyre ever permanent invaded . Yes. And this is what they do. They implement systems of Government Land reform. That do this to protect themselves longterm in terms of landownership. Ok. So then what happens . U. S. Civil war. During the u. S. Civil war there is increased sugar production. You see sugar production in the United States disrupted. Americans in hawaii start producing more sugar because theres this market that open ups during the civil war. Sugar production in hawaii is dominated u. S. Plantation owners. So american plantation owners that have moved to hawaii to do this work. This is when the hawaiian economy will become increasingly dominated by sugar. The problem is selling hawaii sugar in the United States involved having to pay tariffs. And having to pay tariffs cut into the profit that american plantation owners can make. So in 1875, theres a u. S. Commercial treaty between hawaii and the United States so that hawaiian sugar can come into the United States without tariffs. This is a big boost to profit. All right. This is a big boost to profit and as a result they expand production. Because they expand production so significantly, in the next decade, they will recruit almost 60,000 japanese and chinese to work on sugar plantations. And it is then that hawaiians become outnumbered in their homeland. Ok. So theyre now outnumbered by foreigners in hawaii. About a decade later when this treaty is renewed, the u. S. Requires a naval base in hawaii, pearl harbor in honolulu. This coincides when the United States is rebuilding the navy. They have access to ports in foreign places. And hawaii will be one of them. All right. A couple of things happen in the 1890s. In 1890 congress increased tariffs on hawaiian sugar. And so what you see happening is a major disruption to their economy, 1890 to 1893, americans with u. S. Military support from pearl harbor overthrew the native hawaiian leader at the time. And the president at the time, president harrison supported adding hawaii as territory in the United States. However, congress doesnt get it done before he leaves office. The next president opposes it. And hawaiians locally opposed it. However, they opposed it peacefully. They knew if they promoted violence, if an American Invasion took place, they would then be deemed enemies and they wouldnt be allowed to keep their property. Not only would people die but their access to property would be under mined. That do not violently resist. And the u. S. Will expand hawaii. Annex is almost always the word that you hear people use how hawaii became par of the United States. Annexed means acquired without war. Annexed generally means acquired without war. Would native hawaiians agree that this was a peaceful transition . No. They would certainly view it as hostile and aggressive. So annex is a word that comes from the colonizers point of view. Not the colonized pointed of view. So hawaii. Hawaii went from being a trade colony to a settler colony. And that settler colony would be part of the settlers empire, the United States. Thats how it worked in kansas. Thats how it worked in hawaii. Same process. Ok. Whats going on in 1898 that makes hawaii part of the United States officially . All right. Whats going on there this is the slide i showed you. Remember the sugar slide i showed you . Heightened tariffs in the u. S. Plunged an island into depression and often caused political unrest. In hawaii, the political unrest was among american plantation owners. Sometimes the political unrest will be from a different population. And thats what well see in cuba if you havent looked at the map lately, heres cuba. Cuba had been part of the spanish empire basically since columbus had arrived. Weve talked about cuba is predominantly in sugar, also in tobacco production. It is a huge sugar producer at the time. However, sugar prices in the world are declining in the late 1800s. So that is bad for cubans, ok . Sugar prices are declining by the late 1800s. And everything gets worse in 1894 when the United States raises tariffs on cuban sugar. 1894, the United States Congress Raises tariffs on cuban sugar. So that means theyll be able to sell less sugar in the United States. Is everybody with me here . Good . Ok. 1894, tariffs raises prices on cuban sugar. And the response was, cuban resistance to spanish colonization, that started in 1895. Cuban people have been trying to declare themselves independent from the spanish at this point for decades. There have been efforts for cuban people to declare independence from their colonizer. In 1895, the Economic Situation is pretty desperate. Therefore the spanish use brutal tactics. So the spanish use concentration camps for cuban resistors. What usually happens to people in concentration camps . Yes, they die. Some say hundreds of thousands of cubans died in this camp. Its very deadly. This is also widely reported in u. S. Newspapers at the time. So americans were well aware of. This. Actually identified with this because to Many Americans this sounded like u. S. Independence. Americans rising up the british to declare their independence. So for a lot of americans this was a sympathetic cause. And its brutalities made it more sympathetic. At the same time there are u. S. Sugar companies that are invested in sugar production in cuba. Its not that just americans consume sugar, its that u. S. Companies are producing sugars. U. S. Companies are producing sugar in cuba as well. Ok . So far with me . Ok. So then 1898. We have a series of events. In january ok, who is the president in 1898 . William mckinley. Right, William Mckinley . In january 1898, he sends one of the new naval ships to park in the havana in cuba. He claims the purpose is to protect u. S. Investment. A u. S. Naval ship was parked in the havana harbor in january 1998 to protect u. S. Investments. People claim that secretly mckinley hoped he could just keep the spanish from getting into cuba and it might allow the cuban freedom effort to actually be successful but they might be able to independently defeat the spanish on their own. But bad news, in february, the uss maine blows up. I hate it when this happens. So over 200 americans die when the ship blows up. Its very deadly. Its very unexpected and awful. All right, so who did it . Who did it . Ok. Many american newspapers say it must be the spanish. Have you ever gotten really excited right after an economic depression when no one was buying your newspapers to suddenly have breaking news where people will definitely buy your newspapers . It sounds like it might be the spanish. Today what we call that we would call that fake news. In this era, they called it yellow journalism. It had to be the spanish. Who else was it . We know now that there was a boiler fire on the uss maine. No one did it. But as a result of that and the inflammatory journalism about spain at the time, there were many calls in the United States that americans have to retaliate and help defend the cubans from that empire. So that is why in april, Congress Declares war. In april 1898, Congress Declares war against the spanish. Remember, war is always expensive and has unintended consequences. So in april, Congress Declares war. The u. S. Has a powerful navy by this time, and they would not have won the war without it. However, the u. S. Army is not nearly as well prepared. It has not been reformed the way the navy has. The u. S. Army was segregated in this period, so you have famous people inservice like Teddy Roosevelt, we saw a video monday where it showed Teddy Roosevelt on horseback and you thought it was in the spanishamerican war, and all the film you see of the spanishamerican war are reenactments that happened in new jersey after the war was over. The africanamerican soldiers were in segregated units. Many important victories in the spanishamerican war to were to the credit to the segregated units. They did the most difficult fighting and did it first. And then groups like Teddy Roosevelts rough riders are the ones who get a lot of the fame and glory. Keep this in mind. Remember i said something happened in july . By summer 1898, the United States is at war with the spanish empire, which has multiple colonies around the world, including the philippines. If you are going from the west coast of the u. S. To get to the philippines, or somewhere to the philippines, somewhere you can stop on the way is hawaii. That is why you see congress motivated to make hawaii officially a part of the United States. Official incorporation of hawaii to the United States is ultimately in the context of this war. It is called the spanishamerican war, the spanishamerican war. By the end of the summer, most fighting has ended. In october to december, there are negotiations to end the conflict. What ends the conflict is known as the treaty of paris, completed in december of 1898, and the senate will approve it in february 1899. The treaty of paris ends the war between the spanish and the United States. Americans joined this war to protect their investments in cuba, and help cubans achieve independence. Americans did it to protect sugar investments and help people become independent. Are you with me there . In december, when the treaty of paris is made public, we find out that the United States also spain 20 million to get the philippines, puerto rico and guam as colonies. 20 million to get the philippines, puerto rico, and guam as colonies of the United States. So is it a war for freedom, or a war for empire . Does it depend on what we are talking about . Hold on. At the time, some americans called this war the splendid little war. It was short, americans did win, but thousands of people died. In the spanishamerican war, reports say only about 400 american deaths were combat deaths, but almost 4000 americans died, mostly from disease, and africanamerican soldiers died at a higher rate than white counterparts. Overcubans and spanish, 60,000 died in the conflict. It is certainly deadly. Remember i said unintended consequences . The philippines. Another purpose of the war, remember colonialism, one of the goals of having a colonial empire was to unite people at home. A propaganda poster the federal government released during the war was a picture of a union and a confederate veteran from the civil war, who both were serving in the spanishamerican war, and they are supposed to be symbolically shown here liberating this blonde girl that is supposed to represent cuba, and these veterans of the civil war are erasing her bond of slavery to spain. So to Many Americans, the spanishamerican war is about bringing americans together to liberate supposedly oppressed people. But while americans are at war with spain and cuba, they also send the u. S. Navy to the philippines. The philippines had been a a spanish colony for quite some time at this point, and the philippines, also a sugar producing colony. People and the philippines had also been trying to resist and overthrow their spanish colonizers for decades. So you see similar things going on in the philippines as in cuba. When americans arrived in 1898 as part of the war, they appeared to be allies. So they appeared to be allies of philippine independence. When the americans arrived during the spanishamerican war, they appeared to be allies of philippine independence. So they were helping the philippines like they were helping cuba, that is what the local people thought. They thought that until they found out about an affair where the philippines they found out about the treaty of paris, where the philippines officially became a colony of the United States. From 18991902, philippine resistance transitioned to fighting the americans. So here you have guerrilla warfare on the part of the philippine resistance. They are a much smaller force, but they are local, and in many ways they fight the u. S. In ways we are going to also study when we study the vietnam war. A lot about the philippines war is similar to the vietnam war decades later. So i wrote here, not splendid. An understatement. Whereas the war in cuba went on only for months, the war in the philippines goes on for years, and it is very difficult to defeat the philippine resistance. Therefore, americans will increasingly use tactics that are a problem. They used a tactic that today you call waterboarding, to torture the philippine people to find out who the enemies were. It was also very difficult to tell who the enemy was, because they didnt march around in nice lines and in uniforms. So people that lived in a local village could be the people you were fighting yesterday, or people you will be fighting tomorrow. So what you see is increasingly americans using what we call scorchedearth tactics to burn down whole villages, to try to root out any potential enemies. Another thing is that many u. S. Soldiers fighting in the philippines signed up in the context of cuba, so many of the soldiers in the philippines are writing home to their families saying, i dont understand what i am doing here, i thought i was helping people like to cubans be independent. The philippines seems to be in the same situation. There are soldiers from kansas who write about how americans are reversing history and turning into the british empire, suppressing freedom movements, so this is difficult on u. S. Soldiers, and very deadly for them. By 1902, they have finally ended the philippines rebellion and it will go on to become a colony of the United States for decades after that. Over 4000 americans will die, most of them from disease, and some estimates have over 200,000 filipinos dying, mostly civilians, because of tactics used to try to find enemy forces. So it is longer and deadlier. Some estimates say up to 200,000, counting civilians, very deadly, in other words. After this war ends is when the civilizing mission will start, and american missionaries arrive, there will be efforts to use english and teach american Cultural Values in the philippines. The problem is that Many Americans will say what soldiers in the philippines said, can you have a republican democracy that is also an empire . I put this quote up for you, Theodore Roosevelt said in a speech in 1899, the philippines offer a graver problem, their population includes native christians, warlike muslims and while pagans and show no sign of becoming fit. Others may in time become fit , but can only at present take part in selfgovernment under supervision. We have driven spanish tyranny from the islands. If we let it be replaced by savage anarchy, our work is for harm, and not for good. That is a classic justification for colonialism. We say that people we are colonizing are too stupid to do it themselves. That is the argument. It is that the philippines are not civilized enough, so americans govern. This is a big part of the 1900 president ial election. William jennings bryant, who had been the Popular Democratic candidate and talked a lot about imperialism in that election loses. And in a speech after the election, William Jennings bryan said imperialism is the policy of an empire. And an empire is a nation composed of different races living under varying forms a government. A republic cannot be an empire, for a republic rests upon the theory that the government derive their powers from the consent of the governed and theorylism violates this. We do not want the filipinos for citizens. They cannot, without danger to us, share in the government of our nation. And moreover, we cannot afford to add another race question to the race questions which we already have. Neither can we hold the filipinos subjects, even if we could benefit them by so doing. Our experiment in colonialism has been unfortunate. Instead of profit, it has brought loss, instead of strength, it has brought weakness. So the question is, can you have a republican democracy and colonies . The constitution does not include a description of how you treat people in foreign colonies. In a series of Supreme Court 1905, the 1901 to Supreme Court laid out the status of People Living in these new, foreign colonies. What those Supreme Court cases said is you can either live in an incorporated or an unIncorporated Territory. In an unIncorporated Territory, you are not a citizen of the United States. So in the u. S. Supreme court 1905, they1901 to determined there are two kinds of foreign places, incorporated and unincorporated territories. If you are in an unIncorporated Territory, you are considered not a citizen of the United States, so the constitution does not apply to you. Lets see what happens to each of the colonies longterm. Longterm results for the colonies. Hawaii. As you know, hawaii has a large plantermissionary problem, an example of colonialism. Just like kansas. Did kansas become a state in the u. S. . Yes, because americans wanted rights. So hawaii is a territory, and a state by 1959. So hawaii, of the list we have, was the only one considered and Incorporated Territory. They were an Incorporated Territory in 1900. That is the only one on list we have today. Then the philippines. The interesting thing about the philippines, americans consumed a lot of sugar and there was a lot of direct investment there. Americans consumed philippine sugar for quite some time, but there were almost no americans or American Investment in the philippines at the time the United States acquired it in the treaty of paris. But during the treaty negotiation, american diplomats felt they had the option to get the philippines. The philippines at 17 million people, thousands of islands, it is a large colony, and it was a colony that was desired by other powers. Americans felt like, we got it so we should keep it, especially to keep it from other empires, empires at the time that were interested in that colony, germany and japan. Eventually the philippines after world war ii will gain independence from the United States, in 1946. 1946 is when these two empires are no longer a threat. And in world war ii, the philippines suffered lots of invasion by the japanese and lots of brutal violence, so the freedom comes after a lot of suffering in the philippines. Cuba, while americans are at war in the philippines, which goes on for years, the question of what to do with cuba. Cuba made much more sense as an american colony at the time, than the philippines does. So the u. S. Military does not evacuate cuba after the spanishamerican war until they agreed to add the platt amendment to their constitution. The platt amendment is approved by the u. S. Congress and added to the cuban constitution in 1901. Let me list what it has in it. The platt amendment says the u. S. Can intervene in cuban affairs, especially politics and president ial elections. The platt amendment. The u. S. Can intervene in cuban affairs, especially politics and elections. The u. S. Can have Permanent Military bases in cuba, the most famous of which is guantanamo bay. Americans retain that base to the present, yes they do. So the United States can interfere in politics, they have a military base, and cuba can make no other similar treaties like this within a another foreign power. The u. S. Can interfere in politics, have a military base, and cuba can make this kind of arrangement with any other nation. So is cuba independent . What would the cubans say . Is that a colony . No . Is it an unofficial colony . At the time, americans called in a protectorate, splitting hairs when you are coming up with new. Ames for your colonialism. It was functioning like a colony. Then puerto rico. Some people called puerto rico the worlds oldest colony, because it has been controlled by foreigners since columbus in 1493. Is puerto rico part of the nod part of the United States to the present . And guam and samoa were unincorporated, important at the time for their naval bases, the deepwater ports, along with hawaii and the philippines in the pacific region. Let me answer the question from the beginning. The question is, why did the u. S. Become a global empire . Why did the u. S. Become a global empire . First, the u. S. Has always been an empire. The u. S. Is an experienced colonizer. The u. S. Has always been an empire. The u. S. Is an experienced colonizer. The difference here is, these colonies are off the north american continent. So the u. S. Has always been a colonial empire. The difference is that these colonies are off the north american continent. Just like in the past, americans colonized to solve problems. They thought colonization would create unity. They thought it would improve u. S. International promise. They thought it would improve u. S. International promise, by making it now one of the competing empires. And it created Economic Opportunity for some, especially people in sugar. And it was justified in the same ways it had been in decades prior. Back to this question, is a republican democracy compatible with empire . Theoretically, no, but practically, yes. Contradiction. One of the things we talk about in the class, contradiction. This is a contradiction, having an empire and being a republican democracy. Contradiction is going to be an unintended consequence of this empire. All right, thank you. And we will read about puerto rico next week, and you will learn a lot more about how this experience goes for them next week. That is what your quiz will be about. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2019] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] you can watch lectures in history every weekend on American History tv. We take you inside College Classrooms to learn about topics ranging from the American Revolution to 9 11. That is saturday at 8 00 p. M. And midnight eastern on cspan3. Tv productshistory are now available at the new cspan online store. To see whatsrg new for American History tv, and check out all of the cspan products. A sioux indian winter camp is count is a historic record of tribes drawn in symbols on a hide or other material. In this short film by the u. S. Information agency, lydia fire thunder bluebird uses her uncles winter count to explain the tradition. Narrator in the Great Central plains of north america, there
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