Distinguished history of the Senate Finance committee. We begin the program tonight with the presentation of colors by the United States capitol and theeremonial unit pledge of allegiance. Please rise. Forward, march. Right shoulder. Eady please join in the pledge of allegiance. Allegiance to the flag of the United States of america, and to the republic for which it stands, one nation under god, indivisible, with liberty and justice for all. Right forward. Turn, march. Thank you very much. You may be seated. Our celebration this evening is possible because we have generous support from the bank of america, from grant thornton, from allergen, from the National Retail federation, from the association of global automakers, united technology, and the ongoing support of our society members. We have several of our Board Members who are here. I would invite you to stand up, Board Members of the society. Thank you very much for your work. [applause] we are here today to raise a toast to the Senate Finance committee. The finance committee is over 200 years old, tracing its founding to a select committee that was created in 1815. In its first assignment, it was charged to reduce the enormous debt from the war of 1812 and it has been coping with debt limits ever since. Committee portfolio is large now. But in the 1800s its , jurisdiction was limited to Financial Issues tariffs, appropriations, national debt, currency, and banking legislation. In those days, the finance committee raised the money and decided how to spend it. Protectionist tariffs versus free trade, a National Bank versus state banks. The gold standard, silver standard, creation of taper paper money, income tax, Critical Issues that each era of our nations history were debated by this committee with strongly held and often opposing views. One would say that the issues before the committee have come full circle as tariffs are once again a topic of national debate. The Committee Also shaped social enacting, measures to aid veterans, to provide income and health care for seniors and those with special needs and to look after the welfare of children. As the issues became more complex, the committees authority became more focused. Much of its Spending Authority was transferred to the appropriations committee. Other responsibilities were also reassigned. Even so, its jurisdiction is so broad today that it is most often referred to as the powerful Senate Finance committee, as though the word powerful were part of its name. It is the societys tradition in these celebrations to offer a toast to the committee, so please join me, if you have your glasses and if you dont, just pretend and offer a toast to recognizing the long history and outstanding achievements of the finance committee. To the Senate Finance committee, for shaping the economic foundations of our nation, for its g. I. Bill of rights and other programs supporting our veterans, for protecting the health and welfare of our older citizens, of children and those with special needs, for promoting international trade, and for a commitment to fiscal responsibility and economic growth, we salute the committee, its leaders, its members, and its staff. [applause] it is my honor to introduce to you the chairman of the powerful Senate Finance committee, the honorable chuck grassley. [applause] in addition to his leadership of the committee, senator grassley is known for his incredibly strong work ethic, his integrity, and his scrutiny of government spending. His dedication is obvious in his voting record. He has cast 7600 consecutive votes, the longest record in senate history. Senator grassley was elected president pro tem of the senate for the Current Congress and is the senior republican in the senate. We could go on and on, but we will not because it is his turn to speak. Senator grassley. [applause] senator grassley thank you. Thank you. As far as im concerned, you could go on and on. Thank you for the recognition by the Historical Society. It is an honor to be here to recognize the original Standing Committees of the United States senate. The original one, committees on finance, established december 11, 1850. Contrary to what my predecessor may have led some people to believe, senator hatch and i were not original members of this committee. [laughter] senator grassley for more than two centuries, the Senate Committee on finance has steered landmark legislation through congress that has shaped American Society and our way of life, and i think you gave a better historical description of that than i am prepared to do, and i appreciate your perspective of that. More than 100 years ago, it took passage of the 16th amendment to allow the federal government to raise revenue through the income tax. Since then, the most ambitious and sweeping policy changes under the committees jurisdiction is arguably social security, a critical income safety net for the nations elderly, survivors, and disabled. The finance committee was also instrumental in the passage of the g. I. Bill following world war ii to provide benefits to returning veterans. , including tuition, home loans, and unemployment. As a returning chairman of the finance committee, i think the u. S. Capitol Historical Society for its very important work to educate and inform the american public. There is very much in iowa connection with the u. S. Historical society. Founded byzation was ,owa congressman fred swingle who, at the time i came here, was a retired congressman but still head of this association. , i am agressman swingle and ourof history system of selfgovernment. Fred swingle recognized the importance of an informed public citizenry. A defining moment for the future congressman from iowas First District took place two decades before he was elected to the u. S. House of representatives. Freds blooming interest in history, particularly the life and leadership of abraham , and he was considered a pretty good scholar of abraham was supplanted by harry truman, at that time not resident truman. After delivering a speech in 1934, the future president learned about this Iowa Republicans interest in history. When introduced, truman grabbed the lapels of freds coat and said Something Like this. Youve got to know your history young man if you want to be a good citizen. Fred swingle took that advice to heart when he was elected to congress in 1954. He immersed himself in legislative affairs to commemorate history. In 1962, congressman swingle launched the u. S. Capital Historical Society. Since then, the society has led an outstanding effort to educate the public about the history and nation capital, legislative branch, and u. S. Capital. Told that you never had a dig around the u. S. Capitol building. If there was a whole, fred was down in the hole trying to find the original cornerstone of the u. S. Capital. I dont how may times he took me on tours of the capital and told me things i have since forgotten and wish i could have remembered because it is so important for us to have those details. And he knew those details very much. Remembert honor and to we got here, we will fail follow his admonition to find the best path forward. History words, known about the past, and history is about the past, and you have to know that to know the right route for the future. Consider just two recent examples. Last week, we celebrated the Centennial Anniversary of the womens suffrage vote on june 5 in the United States senate. The next day, we observed the 75th anniversary of dday. These crucial milestones of history rang the bell of liberty for freedom and equality at home and abroad. The Suffrage Movement paved the way for women to have a big , and we knowrnment today, a big, growing voice in government. And that is what america ought to be all about, to make sure every interest is proportionally represented. Paved the wayune for our allied forces to liberate the entire continent and people from tyranny and terror. Areas ofe fundamental jurisdiction for the committee of finance is taxation. Taxation and tyranny walk together, and it is kind of a fine line. [laughter] senator grassley that is a marine talking. The fine line every day from the trenches of the finance committee. Quipped,hurchill once a nation trying to tax itself into prosperity is like a man standing in a bucket trying to lift himself up by the handle. Many famous lawmakers served on ,he Senate Finance committee reflecting its prestigious and influential work on matters of public safety. , afact, select Committee Select Committee chaired in 1959 by then senator john kennedy chose the five most outstanding senators in the United States senate. Those five senators had all served on the finance committee, three of whom also chaired that committee. Henry clay, john calvin, then a webster john webster, and robert taft. Looking back through the lens of history also shows three u. S. President s, eight Vice President s, and nine secretaries of the treasury having served on the Senate Finance committee as well. To my colleagues here this thatng, i would suggest the 28 senators who currently serve on the finance committee has some big shoes to fill. I am glad to be here with my good friend and Ranking Member senator wyden. Bucket our legislative full. We hope to accomplish great things, as every chairman and Ranking Member would try to do that. Having served previously as finance chairman a decade ago with another good friend and Ranking Member, senator max baucus, we appreciate the value of coordinating bipartisan working relationships to get the job done. Im also glad to be here with tonights keynote speakers, both former members of the committee. You know they are on the agenda. You will be hearing from them. But i consider the years working and senators don nickles senator Blanche Lincoln to be , very favorable interactions with colleagues. You got me off key. [laughter] that isgrassley but ok, you always did. These two people also appreciate the longstanding traditions of the Senate Finance committee. Kernal of bipartisanship is the most effective way to achieve lasting results for years to come. As i mentioned, the finance committee manages the legislative business that manages the taxpayers money. If the chairman and Ranking Member of the committee stubbornly work on opposite sides of the fence, we would have a very hard time weeding out our differences. Working together, we can cultivate consensus and handle items in our legislative etiquette. Bucket. The committee on finance is doing heavy lifting to reduce drug prices for the american people. We are working to improve access to Affordable Health care and strengthen retirement savings. We want to reclaim some of Congress Constitutional authority to regulate international trade. Tradee to pass the usmca issue and secure new Market Access opportunities with the european union, japan, and if possible and necessary, the united kingdom. We are eager to rebalance our trading relationship with china. As they say, i rising tide lifts all boats. Ars in theddle our or bipartisan waters, the Senate Committee on finance has a long history of legislative achievement on behalf of the american people. I am optimistic it will continue that strong tradition in this congress and beyond. Once again, thanks to the capitol Historical Society for posting and honoring the Senate Finance committee tonight. Thank you very much. [applause] thank you, mr. Chairman. Now you see what distinguished leadership we have. I thought it was fascinating got married, they took senator lincolns name. Just noticing, times are a ch anging these days. My job is to recognize someone who was not part of that marriage operation but is instead the Ranking Member of this powerful Senate Finance committee, senator ron wyden. Senator wyden is a distinguished leader. One who wehe is could go on all night, but we shant. His constituents tend to describe him as a good listener. He believes in the town hall and has a town hall meeting in every county in oregon every year. He also uses those listening skills here in the senate to hear arguments on all sides of the issue and try to find common sense, bipartisan solutions. In addition to his leadership post on the committee, senator wyden has the distinction of being the dean of oregons congressional delegation. Senator wyden, please come forward. [applause] put this inn to perspective, senator grassley has town Hall Meetings in all 99 of his counties and it is described in the state of iowa as [indiscernible] [laughter] wyden i came over saying im going to make sure this is a filibusterfree zone. I see a number of my colleagues who will be pleased about that. But i think you may be here a while because a lot of people here tonight i think really came because they wanted to talk about the upcoming debate about tax extenders. [laughter] senator wyden we may probably be here a little bit. I do have a few thank yous. Lets thank jane. Lets give the Historical Society another round of applause for giving us the chance to look back at history and also a little bit of looking forward. We thank her for that. And of course, my friend and inimitable partner, senator grassley, who gets up in the morning at the leisurely hour of runs someand then ungodly number of miles and does i amven take time out on the intelligence committee, i know a lot of details he does not even take time out for what he really loves to do, another one of our shared passions, which is to visit the dairy queen. Im really pleased to be here with the chairman. Now, a lot of you may be wondering about this particular picture. This particular picture was from an extremely exciting moment of the Affordable Care act. [laughter] senator wyden when it was taken, barbara just snuck in, great to see you. Thank you for coming. Lets give mrs. Grassley a big round of applause. [applause] senator warren we are always glad to have barbara in the house. This picture was taken at a particularly exciting moment in the Affordable Care act debate. And i sent taken it to senator lincoln, i said lets call it our honeymoon or er shot. What you have is Ralph Kramden on the left and his wife, alice, over here, looking, as they always did, deeply into each others eyes. Not. [laughter] senator wyden edit it will be forever of the finance committees history, and we call that the honeymooner shot. , and alsoirman said jane, what a extraordinary honor it is to serve on the Senate Finance committee. I have a firstgeneration jewish kid. My parents could not possibly believe i would have an honor like this. I went to school on a basketball scholarship. I was dreaming of playing in the nba. It was a ridiculous idea because , and i, i was too small made up for it by being really slow. That is what i wanted to do. But to think that someone like myself, with my generation, firstgeneration jewish kid, what have this kind of honor just takes your breath away. And it says a lot about america. It says a lot about democracy. And what i have been able to do is focus on the things that are closest to my heart. Director of [indiscernible] on cancer when i was coming up. Emily always focused on the issues and we always focused on health care and economic security. If you want to do that, the place you have to go is the Senate Finance committee. There is no other place where you can do it. I want to close by giving you a little snapshot of what is still when a lot of people are saying everything is just too polarized, people are fighting all the time, you cant do anything at all, here is what happened in the last session of congress in the Senate Finance committee. And my friends here, senator grassley, senator roberts, senator kass lee, i saw tom , he mayloating about have had to race to the train to delaware. When everybody said nothing could get done, the Senate Finance committee produced a recordsetting 10year Childrens Health insurance program. Absolutely impossible. Nobody said you could do anything like that. It came from the Senate Finance committee in the last congress. We put in place an unprecedented set of reforms for foster care. The dream of the childrens , for decades, it is to be either foster care, stay in a home where the environment was not great, we created a third option. Kinship care, help for families. It is a revolution in foster care. And something i am very proud of , and i think senator roberts remembers this as well, we talk about it often. We began the transformation of medicare. Medicare had two parts, part a b when youl, part went to the doctor. That is not medicare today. It is all chronic illness. If they were going to rename the program, it will be almost the chronic illness program. And we started the transformation of this from an acute care program to a Chronic Disease Program to care for folks at home. Pat roberts leading the effort to promote telemedicine, hugely important for rural hospitals and facilities. I know we are talking about what we can do in addition in terms of rural health care. But those are landmark accomplishment. Revising the Foster Care Program and transforming medicare in a polarized political time when everybody is saying nothing can be done . That is the Senate Finance committee with senator grassley and senator hatch and myself and all of the people who have worked so hard to do it. Mentionst wanted to that when not much bipartisan legislating can take place, show up to the Senate Finance committee and see what we are trying to do. Jane has given us a chance to look back a little bit. I just want you to know, i particularly think the best days of the Senate Finance committee are ahead because we are going pathad our way out of this or so much of the debate seems to be about fighting and , and build on some of the accomplishments of the last congress. They will be democrats and republicans working very hard to find common ground. Jane and the Historical Society, thank you so much for giving us the chance to look back a little bit and also look forward. Thanks, everybody. [applause] you so very much, senator wyden. It is really the job, in many ways, of the Historical Society to give the opportunity for whatective to think about have we done, what are we trying to do, and how do we come together across boundaries to do that. And we do that by giving an for, in a bipartisan way, having people tell stories about what has happened and what they hope to have happen. And we are so grateful, mr. Chairman, mr. Ranking member, that you agreed to convene this body. Part of our tradition is that we ask the chairman and ranking who haso select someone come before who is not now on the finance committee who can speak completely freely [laughter] jane to tell a little bit about what it was like to serve on the committee. Person toe first carry that honor is senator don nickles. Don nickles was elected to the senate from oklahoma in 1981 and served for 24 years. In addition to being on the Senate Finance committee, he held several leadership positions, beginning as the chair of the National Republican and risingcommittee to serve as the assistant majority leader. In 2005, he decided to make a career change, retiring from the senate and establishing a consulting firm. Senator nickles . [applause] nickles jane, thank you very much. I was just thinking, if i had , chuckin the Senate Grassley and i came together in 1980 we were elected. That was 38 years ago. Maybe in another 10 years, i could become chairman of the finance committee. My wife would really get a kick out of that. Stay another 30 years, you could be chairman of the committee. Grassley and hatch just wont go. Because he had seniority, he served in the congress. And so, he was ranked higher. I was 31 years old. Ofas the same age as most the staffers on the committee at the time, but i loved the finance committee. I served on a lot of the committees. Back then, everybody said you want to either be on finance or probes. I got on probes because i could not get on finance. It took me at least 12 years to get on the committee. Ron senator king nine. Chuck grassley got on in year one. Really irritates me. Blanche lincoln. On in your one Blanche Lincoln got on in year one. I look back at the other committees. I was on budget for 24 years. That is work, all work. Empty work. A lot of the committees, just work. Finance, theres so much positive, so much good. You touch health care, all of the entitlements, medicare, medicaid, trade, tax rates, and so on. You make a dramatic impact on peoples lives, and that is so important. And you make history. You really do make history. When chuck and i were like this, happened to be the same year Ronald Reagan was elected, the maximum tax rate was 70 . Eight years later, it was 28 . Wow, that is real history. That is changing things. That is really positive. And it was a bipartisan bill for a lot of that. Billwas bob dole and bradley and a bunch of democrats and republicans working together to rewrite the tax code into permanent law. That was the change. Subsequent tax bills, i was involved in the later tax bills. A lot of those were for the 10year periods because that was the budget window. We did a permanent law change in 1981. I was not on the committee yet. The chairman was senator bob dole. Bob dole became chairman in 1981. Russell long was the chairman before. Russell long was elected to the senate when he was 30 years old. Thead been chairman of finance committee for a long time. Bob said im excited to be chairman of the finance committee, but who is going to tell russell he is not . But the fact is, they worked well together. That is phenomenal. I was a freshman senator. I was 32 at the time when we did in 1981 tax bill. I asked bob dole. Something we got that in the bill. In 1981. I was 32 years old. The thingsas one of i really want to get done. My father died years before and i went through this inheritance battle. I wasas one of the things really wound up about. I told someone once we got it done, it change the way we did state planning. I put our home and my wifes name so she would not have to pay inheritance tax. Now that we a limited that penalty, i have been trying to get the house back in my name. [laughter] it is the best committee by far. I love to see the finance committee when you are working together to get real things done. 1980s, when they made such phenomenal changes, the house was never in republican control. We did that when the republicans working or controlling the senate in those first six years and rewrote the tax code that dramatically. Now that you have the house controlled by the democrats and republicans controlled the senate, surely you can do a major rewrite of similar significance. Maybe not. Times are different. I long to have some of the good times we had that we had bipartisan work. We did get monumental legislation done. We really did have markups in committees for every member and what a thrill it is to be a member of the finance committee where you can offer any amendment on health care or tax code or trade. Things, or any member of the senate if you want to have a 70 rate or 100 rate, you can offer that amendment and i hope people have the chance to do that in committee and on the floor. I believe in regular order. I love to see the Committee Work its process. Let everyone offer ideas. Maybe they get voted down, so what, it is start of the process. I am delighted to know that we got married and i took your name. [laughter] i dont know who will tell linda about that. We could be in trouble. I see it you are here with your boyfriend ron. I want to say thank you. I want to complement the Historical Society. For whatever reason, since i have retired from the senate i have always had desire for history. I Love Learning more about our history. It when iven know served in the senate, you get so busy in the senate that you dont really have a chance to slow down and maybe absorb some of it. I did not know that Jefferson Davis was so involved in building the Capital Building in such an outstanding class that it is, when its monolithic columns. You can look at all the other federal buildings, the capital is unique, it is the best. Jefferson davis, probably more than anyone else, was responsible for and later he became president of the confederacy. Senator,than any other was responsible for the building and design. I just pick some of this up. The historicalto society, you are doing a fantastic job. It is an honor and privilege to be part of the senate, the capital and, frankly, to be a member of the best committee in the congress, and that is the finance committee. Thank you all very much. [applause] much. Nk you, very timet to tell you that any you want to have a good historical tour, our chief tour guide will be happy to take you through the capital. When i first came, i said steve i want to come on one of your tours. He asked if i wanted a 10 hour tour. He knows every background and we are delighted to provide that the current and former members. There is one other former member i want to acknowledge, mary landrieu. [applause] senator nickles said the Energy Committee was just a bunch of hard work. Well, imagine working for the person who was the chairman of the Energy Committee. There are stories we will not tell. There is one other group we need to acknowledge, everyone who is now or has ever been a senate staffer. Stand up. [applause] thank you, thank you, thank you. I do that before i present to you senator lincoln, because senator lincoln is one of the few people who as a staffer decided, i can do this better than my boss. [laughter] ran against him, and one. This is a unique thing, so you all better be careful. This is not what they put in the script, i just want you to know, for me to present senator lincoln, so i will attempt to behave, although they say wellbehaved women rarely make history. Dale bumpers announced his retirement from the senate and immediately, Blanche Lincoln jumped into the race. She was elected from arkansas in 1998 and served two distinguish terms. According to a Washington Post article at the time, she lobbied for a position on finance from day one. And she got it. Senator roberts is rolling his head going, oh my goodness. Although she was a democrat, she fit right in with her republican colleagues. She was raised on a farm, and like senator grassley and senator nickles, she was an advocate to address the estate tax. She played herself in the documentary, 14 women. Like senator nickles, afterlife after life they were out of school. Those days happened to be a day we were doing welfare reform. Chuck grassley was in the chair. We were talking about childcare. Democrats want to spend way too much money did republicans were like, we cant spend any money. I was thinking, my kids are in my office. I dont know what they are doing. It is crazy. Everybodyver, and started talking. Somebody said Something Like, cant their grandparents take care of them . Chuck grassley looked me in the eye, and i looked up. I was like woah. You looked over at the republicans, and i said, you said, i think we better let her teapot isuse her about to pop. It is wonderful that we were able to talk an increase the funding in the childcare bill, not as much as the democrats wanted, but a little more than republicans wanted and somewhere in the middle of where we needed to be. That is because we were working together. We were learning from each other. We were talking about what that really meant to our constituents. Women whobeen nine have served on the finance committee. The first, who i have never heard of before was hazel able of nebraska. She was appointed and served for the last three days. She got three days on the committee of the 19 83rd congress in 1952. In theond woman to serve first to do so substantively was carol braun of illinois, who served on the committee in the 2004 and 2005 congress. Came the gals from arkansas the 107th congress. Olympia snowe was phenomenal to work with. Thorough, and really anxious to do good. That made the difference. Since olympia is not here tonight, and we were the majority when all that happened, i am going to say i am the third woman on the committee. Today, there have been nine women out of 372 members of the Senate Finance committee. There are three women today. They are all democrats come unfortunately. We have got to get some republican women on there. With a little under 12 years under their belt, they are the longest serving women on the Senate Finance committee. And proud of them all they have done and continue to do. I would like to say that when i think about what don and i said about the Committee Work, it is a place where you realize how our government was founded. It was founded on trying to find consensus. It is looking at issues and things that affect our families and our homes in a way they need to be fixed. I also have found that under the committee system, one of the greatest things that comes out of your time is the friendship. It is where you get to work with other members and become friends. You see less of your differences and more of the thing you believe in together. Have robinson sat on the other side of the day is from me dais from me on the Senate Finance committee. Im sure he doesnt remember this. One day, i looked battered, and you sent a note over to me, and it said it was very cute. Im not supposed to say cute. Pat sent me a note, and he said, if you raise your feet off the floor, it will keep you awake. [applause] [laughter] i wrote him back a note that said, pat, in these chairs my feet dont touch the ground. [laughter] the friendships were built. It is also the things you learn, not only in the substantive part of it am of that in that friendship. One of the best things i learned in the congress, i had a bill on the floor. It wasnt a bill. It was an amendment. I have been raised with a lot of things. Wasrandmothers rule of law there is never an excuse to be rude or dangerous to yourself or anyone else. The other part of her rule of law was all anybody can say is now, but the cant say no if you dont ask. I knew it was going to be a close vote. I would to chuck. I said, chuck, i need you to help me on this. I think it could be helpful to you in iowa. I hope you will consider it. I bugged him again. What,e said, i tell you if it comes down to one vote, i will be with you. Guess what . It came down to one vote. Did i deliver . You did. [laughter] you voted with me. I was so proud. I dont think you ever knew how proud i was at that moment because i saw in the u. S. Senate the kind of integrity and the kind of person that was standing behind their word that they had given to me. It made me feel so incredible. I went over there. It was several days later. He was wearing this really pretty red vest. I said, check, you sure look handsome. I have to give you a hug, and i cant thank you enough for voting for me. He looked over and said, dont let any of those other women come over and hugged me. That thisbeing is country belongs to all of us. We all have good ideas. We all work hard to make a difference. In a Committee Like the Senate Finance committee, you can make that difference. When you reach out and work with people, it does make a difference. As sullivan from arkansas will attest, i truly believe in my grandmothers saying, all i can say is no. They wont say no if you dont ask. Note you are cut off. Me, my formerg colleagues, current colleagues and everyone else, have that opportunity as a young woman, a young mother with a husband working like crazy, an opportunity to see what the real United States senate is really about. So at the Senate Finance committee, hear, hear, thats what it was. [applause] senator nickles, come back, you have to get your present. One thing we have at the capitol Historical Society is very special merchandise that has a special relationship to the capitol. So this, for you, senator, replica of the capitol, made from marble. And for you, senator lincoln, [laughter] we have a scarf that is made to represent the senator lincoln that is lovely. We see that you are a scarf person, and now you will be able to spruce it up but thank you both for coming. [applause] and of course we dont just give prizes to folks who are gone from the senate. Senator wyden, senator grassley, please come forward. [laughter] it is whatever you want it to be. Great. This is a replica also made from the marble from the capitol, of the statue of freedom that stands on top of the capitol. When senator nickles talked about the Capitol Building, the Capitol Building is a symbol of our democracy around the world. If you go on one of the tours, you will hear the whole story about, when they were building it, who should be on top. One month before dday, we had been occupying 65 of the best of german troops fighting us. If we had not done that. At moscow orled all ofrad, or kursk, those troops would have been on the normandy beaches, and there could have been a different outcome. The partisan Movement Began in 1941 in terms of its composition. When stalin made his first speech go the people, he reminded them and urged them to become partisans from to rise up like the russians did when napoleon invaded russia. War is not an ordinary war. It is the war of the entire russian people, not only to eliminate the danger hanging over our heads, but to read all people of the yoke of fascism. He probably did not mean that. The only persons involved were Red Army Soldiers or communist Party Members behind enemy lines. In most cases, that was not a you are notause getting a better deal in places like ukraine that were behind the line. The ukrainians were initially when the germans invaded, the ukrainians welcomed them, thinking like in world war i when the germans came into ukraine and made them an independent nation that they would again be independent. After about a year, they begin s, realize they had two devil stalin on the one hand because they dont like the soviet system. They dont like that collectivization cost them tens of thousands of people who died from starvation. , thato see that today juxtaposition between the ukraines and the russians. Happened is they realize there is another devil, kittler and the nazis. They are being killed because they are slavs. Young back tor germany as slave labor. Next, on the civil war, university of southern mississippi professor susanna ofal discusses the treatment veterans after the civil war. She highlights the Jefferson Davis soldiers home, which welcomed some africanamericans as well as and widows of veterans. The National Civil war museum posted this event. Hosted this event. Welcome, everyone