Transcripts For CSPAN3 Roger Williams The Founding Of Providence 20171223

Roger williams was it founder of rhode island and also the founder of the First Baptist church in america. Williams was born in london around 160 thr3. Were not sure of which because his birth records were burned up in the great london fire. He became a chapel for one of the great pureten lords. But because he was a puriten. He fled to england, arrived in at boston in february of 1631. This is a radical idea at this time. Every country had had a state church. They all had their own state supported churches. The taxes of the people paid for it ministers and the buildings and you had to go to church or theyd fine you. Williams said the state has no role whatsoever to play in religion. Eeventually he was put on trial and convicted of sedition and ha hauracy and was going to ship back to england before he could die. So he fled through it winter around february of 1636 and walked down from what is today salem where he was then taken in by izhad friends, the wompa indians. The following spring when he found he was still within the land grant territory of plymouth and might be extredited, hawaii crossed over into where we are now and greeted by his friends. Hes gotten to know all these people and unlike everybody else, he learned their languages. They organized a little town down hooer and in their organization, their first organizational meetings agreed they would abide by the majority rule of the heads of household hads in civil matters only. So religion is not an issue for it government. And so they started a little town here. Its basically a farming, fishing village. Very small group of people. It as few dozen. It was within a year or so i suppose. But a really small place. Providence remains a fairly small place until the 18th century. Roger williams founded it First Baptist church in 1868. He was an ordained minister and about a year before he began this baptist church, he had been Holding Services in izhad house we know that from the record. Today were in the Meeting House of the First Baptist church of america. This is the third building this church as and in fact riltser 140 years older than this particular building although this building itself was built about 240 years ago. A long time ago. But this is a remarkable building in itself. Were told this is the largest wooden building surviving from colonial america. No bigger wooden building than this particular one. And there was no baptist Meeting House that looked like this before this one was built. Every baptist Meeting House whether in america or new england was a small places with no steeple, no bells, no frils, nothing. But it as a bell and a steepleal and it is quite a magnificent place. It is elegant and simple. It reflects the architecture of it 18th century and it also reflects the architecture of the 17th century. You see the english architecture with the fluted columns, the pulaidian window. All these things are examples of that style of architecture. But thats superimposed over it 17th century plain new england Meeting House style and thats characterized by no stain glass, by white walls, by the side doors. Now the doors look funny now because there used to be an aisle that ran across here from side to side and a big center aisle but thats how people came in, in those days. They would come in through these side doors in order that there be no hint of an alter when they entered the place. And you look around you see there are no religious symbols in here, no crosses. Thats because it baptists came from the puritan tradition and they did not use crosses at all. They regarded crosses as another form of ideology. The baptists, most of them didnt have, at least in new england, didnt have build gds until the 17th century. This was founded in 1638 and didnt have a building until 1700. And it was a tiny building when it was built. Not meant to show off any kind of vanity rat, whereas this one does. This is meant to be a show off building. But williams would not like it because its big and elegant. Its got an organ which most puritans regarded as a kind of catholic instrument and one of the instruments of the devil somehow. Ede rr be very much pleased that this church to this day holds truth to the separation of church and state but he wouldnt like the building. I think thats pretty clear. He lived out his life in rhode island. Died between january and march of 1683 and in all those years he played many roles but hed been the president of the colony, gotten its first charter. He went back over to england with john clark to save that charter and he was on the town counsels and so on and so on. He was deeply involved in the political and Economic Affairs of rhode island from the day he got here until basically the day he died. Providence can be proud that has one distinction. Ril its it first place in modern history where there was separated church from state and thats what Roger Williams did. We struggle on with that from that day to this but its interesting to me that the bill of rights in the First Amendment has two clauses relating to religion and those two clauses embrace Roger Williams concept. There would be no establishment and free exercise of religion. In some sense thats what rhode island, providence and rhode island have contributed to the nation at large. In a sense what he did here still echoes and echoes in larger context of the United States of america. The Charles Carol house is significant because its the birth place of Charles Carol of carrollton. He was one of the four signers of the declaration of independence for the colony of maryland and the only Roman Catholic signer of the 54 men that signed that document. His had family came here 1706 when this became the capitol city and this was it place they made their fortune. The story of how the carols came to america and their saga through 150 years in the early part of our nations history is a terrific story. They were immigrants like everybody who came to america. The first Charles Carol was known as Charles Carol the setter. Hes appointed as the attorney g general for the colony. Unfortunately hes a catholic and it made them not the favorite people. So he loses his job pretty much as soon as he steps foot in the new world. Comes to annapolis is starts to acquire property one plot at a time and emasses a rather large holding. His son, Charles Carroll, this is the home he built. He starts to build this house the year after his father died. 1721. Its considered the largest home in annapolis at the time. A massive brick structure when most of the houses were built of wood. The first of the georgiaen mansions built in 1721. Charles carroll of annapolis took the fortune his father started and expanded it. He was an early industrialest. Most people think of the fortunes in this period in being inland and agriculture and certainly the carrolls had had a lot of that but he was also a financeary and by making sure they paid him back. He was also an early investor in the baltimore iron works and veryercantile and that sort of thing. And its in this house theres a third Charles Carroll iii. Was born. He comes from another large piece of property his father gave him. And thats why hes gone as carrollton or eventually the signer. This is where power was and the carrolls understood that and wanted to be part of the community here. Why they picked this particular plot of land is for two reasons. One is the water. Water was the most efficient way to move goods and people. It was way easier and more economical to move by water than any kind of land. So they wanted water front property. The second thing is when this city was laid out in 1696 this was it side that had the market house, the Market Square and this is where all the prominent peoples lived was on this side of duke of lester. It evolution of this site is interesting. When the first carroll bought the house, it was a simple structure, probably 36 feet in length. It was the only structure we know of that was here at the time in 1706. He expands that and eventually moves there and is known as it settlers house. When he dies in 1720, his son, Charles Carroll of annapolis, papa, built this house. Its built as a two to three story brick structure. Two from the street, three from the water front. The water front is the more imposing side and where guests often arrives via water. Charley was sent away first to flanders, as it was known at the time. And then to england. Because in the carrolls opinion, it was the best education available. In addition it was a catholic education. Their faith and education were simply intertwined. And so it was incredibly important to papa to send his heir, his only child, to have a Roman Catholic education at it very best institutions and that was in europe. So charley was sent at the age of 11. Thats 1748 and he returns in 1765 i believe. Charleys education was a classic education. It was latin and greek and finance and arithmetic and geometry and french and potry and literature. He was a gentleman in the first order. When he returns from europe he moves into this house and takes his rightful place as his fathers heir and begins to work in the society in which he is, the annapolis society and the political society. He marries his cousin. Not the first love of his love but she is a ward of his father and living here in the house. They have a fairly successful marriage. And he begins to take up, as i said, the reins of his fathers fortune. When charley whiches home from europe the colony is starting to move in a certain direction and there is tension and theres a loyalist contingent with it governor and it is the argument that carrollton makes in a series of letters, public letters. He is known as First Citizen and he is arguing that the governor has no right to, without legislative approval, impose taxes and fees upon the governed. And his ant lawn is his adversary who is arguing the governors doing a good thing. And it becomes the philosophical underpinnings of the Patriots Party here in annapolis and he attracts to him people like samuel chase and thomas stone. The other three signers of the declaration and eventually they did vote to have it delegation go to philadelphia and vote for the declaration of independence. After the declaration of independence is signed, carrollton becomes heavily involved in the revolution. But most of his involvement related to finance. That is what he brought to the table so to speak. Because he was a wealthy man, because he understood what it took to finance a revolution, thats where most of his contributions came. After it revolution hes voted as the first senator of the state of maryland as a state senator and a federal senator. He then has to choose Maryland Assembly passes a law you could not hold office in both the state and federal level. At that point he decides he wants to stay in the state senate and he continues to be deeply interested in commerce and the developing of the new industrial nation. As i mentioned earlier his family was an earlier investor in the iron works. He also becomes an early investor in railroads and canals and again harvests the benefits of those investments. But he truly believed in industrialization and all that it brought to the young nation in the First Quarter of the 19th century. The Carroll Family history is a great if had capsilation of American History in the period that were talking about. They come as immigrants. They come with dreams. They make their fortune. They believe in their faith and they hold true to it. And they believe education is the key to the future. Theyre all so full of contradictions. As is our American History. He changed the family motto when he came here and it became anywhere so long as there be freedom. Yet they owned people. They owned over 3en had slaves. What they thought was so important to their liberty was something they could not see being granted to a man or woman of a different race. That kind of conflict thats embedded in our history is embedded in their history and how they deal with it and come to grips with it or not is the story of the first 150 years of this country. So i think it carrolls are important as an example of our early history. Theyre important to annapolis and maryland because they talk about how to be successful in a new place while holding on to whats important from where you came from. Mission st. Liuis displays i aplatchy and it spanish from 1606 to 1704. Its a place where you and your family can stroll through the grounds. Talk with knowledgeable interpreters about the world of spain and its effect on the appalachian over time and how that engages and informs an engaging hispanic world were more familiar with today. In 1528, landed in the tampa bay area with an idea he would explore the coastline. He was looking to gather the riches that the natives, particularly the spaniards had had found in what they call the new world. They were hoping for gold we might think or other valuables that they could take back to europe. It had hcertainly happened in latin america. The aztec empire, the great silver mines of mexico and they thought north america surely must have some of those resources as well. And particularly in the area of st. Marks, he thought better of the expedition. He thought he missed the supply ship and they decided to build some crude ships, more like rafts and they would try to find their way back to new spain, which is present day mexico. Those are the first europeans well documented in this area. The next person to try it is hur nando desoto. And its from the desoto expedition that we know more about the apalachi. And the apalachi begin to approach the spanish about christianity. And this is in the early part of the 17th century and eventually priests do come to minister to the apalachi. Whether this is about becoming more secure militarily to protect themselves from the surrounding other native American Culture groups or not, not really sure about that, but that certainly would have been a motivator. But by 1656 there been an agreement between the apalachi and it spanish fryers and militia to establish what becomes san luis in the western capitol. We have the eastern capitol in st. Augustin and the second largest mission established here on this hill side, only three miles from the modern capitol we have the capitol of west florida. This was established one for mutual protection. Two, there was a need in st. Augustin for food. He was reliant on a fair amount of exported food. The soil is very poor there and sandy. The spanish who were not if clined to be farmers and they needed a reliable source of food. There had were croplands around the site as far as you could see. So this was the food base, the bread basket of the early colonial effort. So for the spanish it was important from that standpoint and also that it there was a fortified out post halfway between one end of the royal road that connected pensacola with the port of st. Augustin and this was essentially midway. So it also provided it Security Link as well in the ultimately failing efforts of the spanish to secure their borderlands. With the establishment of the mission and on this site and in this village in 1656, that it continues on until it was burned down in july of 1704 in anticipation that it might be attacked by a column of native American Allies of the english and a few english militia. In order to prevent the site from falling into it hands of the english and potentially setting up their own military presence, that the native americans and the spaniards and others burned this mission to the ground. The circular plaza here at mission st. Luis is really the center of town and all the buildings are organized around this plaza. There are it three main ingredients, if you will of the life of the village. The counsel house in the native americans and their continuing heritage and custom. Dimetrically across it plaza is the Catholic Church and the religious complex. The reason this particular spot was organized. So here they are. Sort of facing off each other, door to door and at the same time to me their positions honor mutual respect. Each honors the other. Visitors will often speak about the counsel house. It is so impressive. This was the center of apalachi life. They met to consider complaints from various villagers. Every village is going to have them. Apalachi law was pretty much in tact. But the chief and the subchiefs would meet along with others elders of the appalachian. It was the place of celebration. It was the Community Center and there were certain celebrations that perhaps followed a seasonal cycle that would be celebrated here among the entire village and particularly the appalachi. And its awe inspiring to look up at the blue sky and the occasional hawk or vulture that drifts across and speculate what it must have been like in the day when it was the heart of this community. The church would have pictures, religious pictures of saints and scenes and so on because these are not literate people. They couldnt read religious texts, they dont have access to printed books in the bible. So these are meant to educate them and the priests would use them to tell stories of the gospels through the paintings you would see on the walls. There was probably a somewhat elaborate alter, alter piece or screen but we havent been able to identify that well. We do know it was somewhat sumptuous because there is a very good inventory of what the priests collected and packed back up to the ox karts and took back to st. Augustin. One of the things they left is the mission bell. We found a piece. We know that they buried it but we have not been able to find it. But somewhere near the church, we presume, the ancient mission bell is. Its now consolidated the state of florida archeology collections. They are here for visitors, if they wish by appointment to be able to see the archeological representations, the tangible things that represent this colonial period of florida and up to modern time, actually. We have a modern Archeology Lab where we have a staff who are analyzing nearly a dozen years of material that has been excavated on the site so that we can make a coherent picture of the past through these tangible items recovered to learn how rich the heritage is here, how it evolved over time. You know history is largely written by the victors and American History is largely portrayed through english eyes. Yet spain and hispanic culture are so much an integral part of what we call the borderlands, the sunshine states across it United States like a belt. And if yet that part of history is a great mystery to people. But our population, the pendulum is swinging back. Increasingly there are many more people in our population who are of hispanic origin and this is their heritage in the western hemisphere. We are presently here at the car mel mission, other was known as san carlos borromeo. It was established in 1772 as part of the colonization of the central coast. Its original founding date was 1770, june 3rd in monterey. After which the site moved. The initial missionization of what we call upper california began in 1769 with the establishment of san diego, today known as san diego mission. That particular site was not the prime objective. It was monterey because it was centrally located. So as a result we get a joint military expedition known as the sakeerate expedition. The fryer who came to the monterey bay to establish the first site at monterey on june 3rd off 1770. Father was born and raised in the Small Community of pet are a. And this was a place that had been over run and conquered by various groups, including the moors or the muslims. So its surrounded by massive military bastions expanding back tho the roman conquest. The one could argue there was a very conservative trend in so far as catholic religious belief there which sarah was inspired to bring to the americas because one of the key tenants was the evachgization of gen tiles, in other words people not christian should be ones life devotion. And father sara borded a ship for mexico or new spain. Arrived in new spain in varcruz. Spain was being transformed by enlightenment ideologies and this notion which we continue to aspouz here in the United States is that all men are created equal. But you know as well as i do that in reality with had it came down to it slavery was condoned under that. The indian wars were condoned under that. So things were not quite equal. So when we look at the missions we have the military aspousing this enlightenment ideology, where the missions were looking for communities that could be built and transformed. The reality is releasing native people said from the missions so they could be exploited buyouticiders was one of the defaults of that and father sara knew them so he sought to keep them out of contact with other european settlers. They were tasked with essentially eevan jlizing upper california. And they were charged with bringing indigenous communities into the work of christ and the way they did that was identifying skillsets including things like music, reading, agriculture, etc. So all these things were new imports to the region and he was zealous about that particular effort. But these sites did not go up overnight. Usually the result of decades of work. When father sara was here, theres a tendency to think look at the nice buildings. Well, i have documentation showing he lived in what we call these are basically pole and thatch mud structures with thatch roofs and i have a letter from him where he complains the roof leaking like a sieve and his colleague died of pneumonia. Gradually we see it build out of more substantial structures. This site alone had seven different churches. The first five were i insubstantial. Ultimately father sara built an adobe church and that was demolished and to build the church we see behind us. Where it comes to abuses, it primary allegation as much to do with the fact he worked within a system that condoned cullperral punishment. The use of whips, sticks or other devices to punish individuals who transgreszed against the church or state or Indigenous Community of the mission and so that did occur. But one of the misunderstandings is that it was father sara doing this. No no. He could ordter done but all administration within the mission site were conducted by native peoples who were selected by their own communities eether to med out punishment or to basically determine and administer resources resourced within the community. Faut father sara has never been documented to have laid hand on any individual. You may say he did order it. Yes, that is a fact. But it was applied to Indigenous People as well as spaniards and europeans. In fact, soldiers were shot for things we might think were minor but thats the way things were done at that time. The same kind of procedures occurred until relatively reece ntdly. So shes to be condemned for working within that system, then clearly theres condemnations to go are around. Now you had two competing groups. You have those that believe father sara was not worthy of canonization and others who felt he lived a life as a holy man. And so it began here and it wasnt until january of tis year, 2015 that pope francis announced that serra would be canonized and it would happen september 23rd. Well, right about that time i was interviewed by the Los Angeles Times for a story about father serra and the missions here. And that then launched a series of involvements. So i was involve would the canonization as one of the scholars invited to rome and while there i spoke with three other scholars, weber who has written for some time about father serra. And we gave an over view and the strengths and merits of the canonization. Thepedia entered the picture. We dealt with that. And about two days later, we basically participated in the second half in which vatican fryers and scholars and others were instrumental and conducted mass with the pope. So i was kind of on the ground floor to see lot of that. But at the same time i was aware for were people in california that were less than happy about it. But what i have seen is theres been a significant amount of misrepresentation and even hate speech related to father sarah and the hispanic catholic condition. Im not going to minimize what happened as a result of european clonian intervention. There were dimensions of it that allowed native peoples to survive not only the spanish period but the mexican era and ultimately the american period. It was in 1846 through about 1848 when the Americans First entered monterey that the first governor of california ordered the extermination of the california indian and put taxpayer money behind that effort to the extent that within 12 years a population of at least 150,000 native peoples in california at american contact dwindled to less than 30,000. So over 120,000 people are documented to have been killed during that period. That was truly genocide and i believe based on everything ive seen including recent publics and one to come out next year that essentially native peoples have conflated it atrocities, it abuses of the mexican era with it shortfalls and the misgivings of the Spanish Colonial period and blamed it all on father serra. The demonization and hate Speech Associated with father serra is illegitimate. And not called for. Obviously history is used in a lot of different ways, both by historians and those that would like to use history to rewrite the past. We see that in our country right now. The reality is i construe it it hispanic conditions of the southwest all the way down to florida as part of a legitimate American History. These are founding Communities Just like the british communities of the east are founded communities. Even james town was left out of many American History books because it was in the south and at one point after the civil war, james town was written out of the narrative and the pilgrims took that place. It became freedom from religious purse cushion verse as group of brits coming in and founding a military settlement and that becoming a disaster. Thats been reincluded by virtue of the work of archeologists. By the same token theyre rewriting the history of these Mission Sites such that we now recognize them as those very traditions under the ospss of franciscan fryers that inert deuced many of the technologies we take for granted including the wine industry, architecture, metalagy are direct byproducts of father serra and his compatriots. To leave this dimension out, leaves us with no they were in effect American Indian communities under aught tooutalf s san frisken fryers. In its haydy contains it remains of about 30 flat top peraminals mounds. Im standing on mound p, one televise larger mounds and it would have had had the house of one of the klan chiefs. When people first started to build this city there were valleys and ridges that dotted all around it area. Initially hills would have been topped and the dirt poured in to level out the Central Plaza along it mound and then the mounds were erected. Research has told us that these mounds were build in a little bit less than 100 had years. Moundville arcological park is the as it was declining, mound vill was on its rise. Its really a great spot to have a site thats sort of the center of the capitol of a culture because it falls in between two fizziaographic zones. To the north of us the Fall Line Hills start in tuscaloosa and to the south we get inhad oo the coastal plains. So as hes fizziaographic regions change, theres a lot of resources that occur in each of these zones. So by straddling both zones they have access both north and south. Originally its along one of the highest bluffs and a very sharp bend in the river. It would have been built atop of this bluff for defensive purposes because you could see people coming in all directions up and down the river squr it was involved in thousands and thousands of acres of corn were grown down on the first terraces and river bottoms. There was probably another 50,000 people that lived up and down the Black Warrior river valley in small farming hamlets. A portion of the corn that they grew would come to mound vill site as taxes or what they call tribute payment on an annual or perhaps more frequent basis. For are about 300 acres. And the remains of about 30 flat top puramtle mounds arranged in a rectangle around a large Central Plaza. The corners of the mounds are lined in cardinal directions, with the exception of mound a. Not only were the mounds used to put structures on top of but they represent the relative ranking of different clans within this political system. The highest ranking ruler was in this political system would have occupied the top of mound b. Mound b would have been almost like a welcoming place as people came up the river, travelled through it ravines and arrived at the city of moundville. They would have paid their tribute payment, usually in the form of corn or other food stuff. Perhaps in Raw Materials that came from as far away as the gulf of mexico or the michigan area. They represent the relative ranks of the different clans that occupied this site. Northern central most portion. As you go east and west would have been your highest ranking rulers. The southern end of the site would have been the lowest ranking clans. We base this on the amount of dirt in the mounds. We also base it on a drawing that was done by frank speck, an anthropologist in the early 1800s. The chickasaw hunting camp that was laid out approximately in this fashion. The third thing we base this on is it way that the site was abandoned. It was abandoned from it southern end and flanks along it east and west and the final occupation was mound b. Late in the sites history thwaa counsel house and we think that might have been one of the last structures utalized at moundville. This is mound b and its the largest mound in alabama. 100 and this would have been where the structure for it highest ranking ruler of the highest ranking clan would have been. Originally scientists thought the mounds were completely built by one basket load of dirt at time. Recent Research Indicates the base of the mound and possibly the size were initially built with saud blocks which were then filled in with clay. This would give a lot more stability to the structure as they were building it. We know that periodically after the mound was built, it would be capped over with different colors of clay so if you sliced into the mound, it would resemble a layer cake. Were looking at mound b which is the long, low platform mound behind mound b. Behind the picnic tables are the remains of an earth large, which was partially excavated in 1989. This was a subterrainian structure with entrance tunnels along the east west access. Some very large timbers were placed on four corners and then sod up over the top of the earth lodge so it was completely covered over with dirt at one point in time. We think this might have served as a counsel house and one of the really interesting things is when this structure was built, as these large posts were being put down, an urban pot was placed at the bottom of bottom of and an acorn was in the pot and it was ceremonial broken as the large timber was put in place. Only 15 of the plot has been excavated, mainly where you see roadways or structures being built. One of the primary ways archeologists do research is what we do with remote. There are several different ways to do that. Ground penetrating radar is one way, magnetometer readings, various forms of Aerial Photography and something that we call microtopography, changes for elevation of foils for a couple of millimeters, all can be put together to give us a better idea what is underneath the ground before we ever start to excavate it. Weve come inside the Jones Archaeological Museum in moundville. We have made the portion of the exhibit to resemble what the interior and exterior of a chiefs house might have looked like that sat on top of the mound here. The Different Things you see recrayated in this scene, the actual artifacts are behind us. We call them the crowned jewels of moundville because theyre so incredible, some pieces of work. We want visitors to see how incredible these things look when they were new. The artifacts on display are at least, some of them, 800 to 1,000 years old. And a little bit corroded. But when they were first made and kept for ceremonial use you can see how useful they are. There are symbols of power, for instance the axe held by the chief here or stone palette, which has the hand and eye pendant on it we believe was used sort of like a portable altar, probably one of the most remarkable artifacts people talk about is this duck bowl taken out in the 1800s. It was made out of a single piece of stone and roughly picked into shape with other stones and then it was finished with different grades of sand starting with a coarser grade and polished. Another artifact with find interesting is this limestone statute of a super natural cat. The story talks about the underwater panther who lives below the water and his tailwhips around and causes whirlpools. If you get in the water where an underwater panther is, it will pull you down into the underpool. The limestone comes from the vicksburg, mississippi area, and the clips where the limestone came from, one section is painted with a mural that has symbols associated with this cat monster or underwater panther. Interesting to note up underneath in the Mississippi River below where these murals are painted on the cliff, there are whirlpools. As for where were designing the museum, we wanted to come up with a story that explained how these artifacts from different regional areas would have ended up in moundville. Although there was a large trade network, there are also alliances made through different chieftains. We think a Major Alliance was made with a chieftain around the memphis area, arkansas, archeologists designate this as the middle south. This is a bride coming from the memphis area and she is about to meet and marry the next ruler for the moundville chieftain. She doesnt speak the language here and never met the people of moundville. Its very likely she brought an entourage with her. She would have had servants and different artists. One of the lengths we found that people came here and lived here for extended periods of time is a type of pottery generally made, a type of style of pottery generally made up in the arkansas area that is made here at moundville but with local clay and minerals. Perhaps this bride brought one of her favorite potters with her, learned how to work with the moundville clay but added style. It was one of the largest heights in new mexico, it turned from a city with bustling population to more of a city of the dead where people returned year after year to bury their beloved ones. Moundville is kind of a portal to the past. When people started settling here in the 1700s, not much remained of the mississippian culture. The people that lived here were great artists, warriors, rulers and great tradesmen, too. The amount of effort it took to build the mounds show how powerful the rulers of this prehistoric community were. Id like to welcome you to the tabernacle in temp square in Salt Lake City. This is the home of the mormon tabernacle choir, some might call it americas choir. The mormon tabernacle choir was organized in 1897 when the first pioneers came in this valley, a small group of people that met in a very rustic type building and asked for a choir to perform. It was in 1849 that welch pioneers came to the valley and they sang in four part harmony and they sang in welch. Thats when president reagan decided need to be the nucleus of a great choir. It started in 1847 and 49. It was on the square of a temporary building but it was a tabernacle. Thats where the name came from, the mormon tabernacle choir. Then they started building this building the late 1860s, completed the end of the civil war. They moved into this building at the time and the tabernacle has been the home of the choir ever since. As we have visitors come into temp square we invite them into the tabernacle. One of the things we first noticed was the imposing instrument behind me, the organ, built by early pioneer stock and it becomes the centerpiece for people to begin to look at and think, wow, this is really and amazing experience. And we seat the choir in front and it makes a great picture. When ever you see a photograph of the choir, this organ is right there in the center of the photograph and its been accompanying the choir really since the organ was put in, in 1867. The choir has been around that long and even longer. This is the oldest building on temple square, even older than the temple itself. The oldest thing inside the tabernacle is this organ case. These gold pipes have looked down on decades and decades of history and seen all kinds of things. Lots of american president s have spoken from the pulpit and seen the choir perform here. Theres a lot of history in the organ case and building. The sound of the tabernacle is unique. Most of the pipes were built by the Organ Company in 1848. The president of that Company Really considered this one of his finest if not the finest instrument that he built. Part of that is because the pipes are so beautifully voiced for the room. Part of it is the roof itself. This dome ceiling does a remarkable job projecting even the softest sound from the organ with great clarity to the back of the room. The sound envelopes you, like a warm bath when you hear this organ play. As you can imagine when youre accompanying a choir this large and well trained and this passionate about what theyre doing. Its a hairraising experience every time. When ever i sit on this bench and hear those voices, a huge wall of sound going over me and out into the room. Ng over me and out into the room. Its still electrifying. Ive been accompanying the choir for i think 23 years now. Im still thrilled as much as i was the first time i heard them. One great story has to do with helen keller here in the early 1900s and spoke at the pulpit just behind where im seated here. If you can call it speaking, we know her situation, she was deprived of her eyesight and learned to speak in a very guttural voice. She came here and gave a presentation to a packed house. When she had finished, they asked if there was anything she would like. She said, id like to hear your famous organ play. The organist came over and played, come come you saints strongly identified with the church. The president of the church walked her up to the organ case and placed her hand on the organ case and the person with her at the time said helen keller just went as she felt the throbbing of the great instrument and sound of those pipes playing the sound they sang as they came across the plains. Theres something unique about this choir that comes across to audiences. I think its a combination of things, not just the size of the choir and how well trained they are and how well versed and professional they are, its their sincerity about their message. When they turn to the audience at the end of any performance or broadcast to sing god be with you until we meet again i see tears in the eyes of the people out there. I know the stories of the choir members and what theyre going through in their families and theyre singing from the heart. That comes across when the audience hears them sing. Brigham young was the second president of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints. His people considered him a prophet of god. He was living in upstate new york in a Little Community called mendon, not terribly far from the area joseph smith was living at the time. When the First Missionaries went out carrying the book of mormon and preaching this religion, one of the first places they went was mendon and talked to brighams brotherinlaw and he was introduced to it through a family relationship. He did not immediately take. He was interested but it took him two years of study, talking to missionaries and meeting joseph smith before he finally committed and was baptized a member of the church of jesus christ of latter day saints. Once Brigham Young was a member he was fully devoted. Thats something you have to understand about him, once he committed to something he committed wholeheartedly. He became a very effective missionary early on. He took several roles. When joseph smith was the office of the quorum of the 12 apostles, Brigham Young was one of those men selected to be an apostle. He took on the Important Role of being a missionary and testifying for twice and in many ways to lead the church. That quorum of apostles became more and more important in the leadership of the church. When joseph smith died Brigham Young was president of the quorum of apostles. Now, there were others who were vying for leadership of the church. It was very difficult time for church members, a very confusing time. They werent even sure we should have another president or prophet of the church because joseph had been it. How can you replace a man like joseph smith . Brigham young is the one who the majority of the saints and got the majority of the saints together and said we have the majority of the church and joseph smith has the precepts to lead this church and Brigham Young will take this church. He was a very interesting man, a great leader, one of the great owes leade est leaders of 19th century. He tended to lead by example. If youre going on a trek hes at the forefront. If you have to dig out of a mudhole there hes the first one with a shovel and that engendered a great deal of respect and love. He was very very capable. He was able to envision a future, envision what they needed to do and figure out how to get it done. I think more than anything else he was also an individual who had a deep spiritual core to him. There were a number of people when he spoke at a very highly contested meeting, who said as he was speaking, he started to look like joseph smith. They felt that that was a sign that the mantle of leadership had fallen on Brigham Youngs shoulders. In december of 1847, Brigham Young was proposed by the quorum of the 12 apostles and the membership of the church voted to sustain him as president of the church. In 1847, Brigham Young led a group of 143 men, three women and two children, to the Salt Lake Valley. That group was a vanguard. They were paving the way, finding the best route, sent here to find a way and get things started. Once they established the fort and got family settled and crops planted, Brigham Young and many of the men turned around and went back to the Missouri River because there were approximately 11,000, 12,000 people who were still waiting there to come. So he went back to help organize the rest of this massive migration, which was going to come more than 1,000 miles to the Salt Lake Valley. The ultimate goal in the Salt Lake Valley were all the utah territory at the time was to establish what the latter day saints referred to as zion. This was a community planned to be an ideal community, in a way, it was a utopian community. It was meant to be a regulation city and meant to have equality and peace and justice and harmony and love. In order to do that they felt they had to be away from others and lay out their town in this ordered system joseph smith had established we call the city of zion where the streets are uniform laid out by cardinal points of the compass with the spiritual core at the heart of that community. They were really about trying to build the kingdom of god on earth. In 1850, Brigham Young was appointed governor of the utah territory by the president of the United States. That was an important honor given to him. He took that to heart in going about doing good. One of the challenges in the territorial government, you might have a local person be a governor or be in a few positions, most of the territorial officials would be outsiders in the 19th century. They were brought from various places around the United States, usually somebody owed a political favor for some reason, so they were sent here to utah. So there was a great clash between Brigham Young and the mo mormons and outside territorial officials. There were probably faults on both sides, most territorial officials were scoundrels. Brigham young on the other hand was used to running things his way and when the territorial officials came in he wasnt as open to working with them. The money for the treasury got here much longer than before the actual treasury got here and he was spending money for the treasury and all these conflicts started to arrive. If you were to say what are the real challenges in Brigham Youngs personality, i think one of them was that he was very plainspoken, he said exactly what he thought, even if it was very abrasive and he wasnt afraid who he said it to. He was not one to play political games. He just rejected that. So when he doesnt get along with the territorial officials and word gets back to washington, d. C. And complaints back and forth, you just have conflict starting to build and tension building to the point the president of the United States at that time, was buchanan, sent an army to utah. Utah expedition, about 3,000 u. S. Soldiers, which was a major part of the United States army at the time, to put down what they perceived was the mormon rebellion. The army came into the Salt Lake Valley. They were prepared at the time, if the army attacked they would burn the houses. Most of the people left the Salt Lake Valley and there was actually a man standing in front of his house ready to burn it to the ground if anything should go wrong. But it didnt. The army passed through peacefully and set up a fort south through Salt Lake City and Brigham Young was relieved of his duties as governor. One of the issues the federal government was concerned about was the report of pleural marriage or polygamy in utah it was more widely known. That was disturbing for many people and also the mormon tendency towards communal practices and controlling local politics. There were no Political Parties here. There was one Political Party and it was all a part of the church government. Brigham young as the governor and all the other Church Leaders had roles. Thats very concerning to the federal government. Brigham young was probably most wellknown for the fact he practiced polygamy. It was a doctrine which had been revealed by joseph smith. And when Brigham Young was first taught that concept it was very difficult for him to accept. He later recalled that he looked out the window and saw a hearst carrying a body to the cemetery and he wish he were in the coffin. That was his initial reaction to this. Over time, he came to accept that doctrine and practiced it and became one of the most widely known practitioners of that doctrine. He had 55 he was sealed to 55 housewive wives total. People can be sealed to marry for this life but if you are sealed you can also be sealed for eternity. Another option is just to be sealed for eternity. That means that that marriage will continue into the next life. Many of the women Brigham Young was married to, they want to be married for eternity. He was married twice mon nothing ga unanimously. His first wife died of consumption when he was a young man and then he remarried. Then he had probably about 24 housewives he considered part of his household. Family sometimes says 27. You can argue endlessly about the numbers and what it means. Brigham young, the idea of salvation was the core thing that motivated him. You look at his sermons and over and over again he is constantly encouraging and sometimes berating people to get on their knees and repent. We dont have a lot of stories about Brigham Young as a father. Two daughters wrote books about him and provide insight. Another daughter talked about how she was out in a stable with her father and a hired man was kicking around a very expensive saddle on the floor and Brigham Young had a quick temper and he chewed out the stable hand who left it there. He stomped into the house, she followed along, a little girl following her father. He went in his bedroom and slammed the door. She could hear him say, brigham, get on your knees and repent. Get on your knees now. Seeing those inner glimpses from timetotime of Brigham Young helps you get a sense of how important he thought personal behavior was and how much he yearned for acceptance of his father in heaven. Brigham young died in 1877 in the lion house in Salt Lake City. He had been actually declining for a number of years. He had a number of challenges. He suffered severely from rheumatism. At one point he had to have all his teeth pulled and he wore dentures. In his final illness, some kind of intestinal thing, some people thought it was appendicitis and some people thought it was other things. There was no surety what it was until it finally took his life. Brigham young, always a very interesting character left strict instructions about his funeral. He wanted his coffin a certain size, so many inches taller than he was and to the side, so if he wanted to he could turn over a little bit. He wanted it comfy. He wanted a pillow under his head. He didnt want any of his housewives or children to wear black. He gave strict instructions, no black. This was to be a joyful event, he was finally going home to his heavenly home. There was a grand funeral in the salt lake tabernacle, then his body was carried up the street on the shoulders of his workmen on a Small Cemetery on his own estate where he lies today. Brigham young remains one of the most influential people in American History because of his vision of what could be built here in the American West. There are almost 400 mormon settlements in not only utah, idaho, nevada, california, arizona. They spread far and wide and had that infrastructure that brought tens of thousands of people to the American West to establish these mormon communities and to build a society that was striving to be as christian as they could possibly be. Youre looking at a photograph of Wilford Woodruff, the first president of the church of latter day saints. He was a very good journal keeper. He kept journals from the time he joined the church in 1833 and continued keeping them up until his death in 1898. This is his very first journal and it shows you how meticulous he was in his journal keeping. He would spend as much as an hour a day writing in his journal. He would add a little bit of decoration. Here is the entry for his marriage date. He decorated it with things to make it look almost like a little marriage certificate by itself. At the end of his journal he kept statistical accounts of what happened to him in a given year. Table for 1837 summarizing his life during that period. It essentially tells how many meetings he had, how many miles he traveled and how many letters he wrote. It was a statistical tabulation. I blessed two children. I wrote 30 letters. I received 13 letters. He kept up this kind of journal keeping his entire life in the church, from 1833 to 1898, a period of 65 years. Some of the entries are very poignant. He lived in the city with the founder of the church of latter day saints, joseph smith. He was there after smiths death in 1844. In 1846 the church completed the temple. They devoted an enormous amount of time and money and effort became a symbol of the great sacrifices they had given. When the people of illinois drove out the latter day saints in 1846, Wilford Woodruff wrote an entry in his journal. He wrote, i looked upon the temple and city as i retired from it and felt to ask the lord to preserve it as a monument. It think its very poignant. He is asking god to protect it as a monument to his sacrifice. The importance is they are the buildings in which they perform ceremonies that they believe will link Families Together for eternity. When most people marry, they marry until death. They believe they can be for eternity and temples are the places to have ceremonies that make linkage together possible. Leaving a temple was leaving a place of great sacredness to latter day saints. In the case of Wilford Woodruff, he crossed iowa. And in 1847 the following year he crossed the great plains of north america into the great basin and finally reached the Salt Lake Valley. When he reached the Salt Lake Valley he was traveling with Brigham Young. In his journal for that time period he makes a note of the impression that he and young had when they entered the Salt Lake Valley. He says president young expressed his full satisfaction in the appearance of the valley as a resting place for the saints. He says, here is a place we could have freedom of religion and peace. He says while we contemplated that in not many years that the house of god would essentially be built here in this valley. What they call the tops of the mountains. So having left their temple the moment they entered, they are already calculated the temple would be built there. They arrived on july 24th. 1847. That was a saturday. On sunday they paused to worship. On monday, they climbed a nearby peak. On that peak they got a look at that valley. And they decided this was the place they were going to be. And then Brigham Young went down into the valley between two forks of a creek that flowed out of a nearby mountain and he put his cain into the ground and essentially said, here will be our new temple location. Woodruff was there on that occasion and took a stake and drove it into the ground where Brigham Young said it would be built. In 1853 they finally began construction and it took them 40 years to complete. In the meantime the peculiar form of marriage practiced by the latter day saints became an object of across the country. In 1863, a law was passed prohibiting the type of marriage. They believed the law was unconstitutional, that it violated their civil rights. Finally, the efforts to discontinue it were passed in two different years and the Supreme Court decisions saying, no, these laws are constitutional. And their practice was forced to a choice. Wilford woodruff talks about that choice in his journal. He essentially records a document he released in september of 1890 beginning the ending of that practice of plural marriage. This is the journal in which he recorded that. So under the date of september 25th, 1890, he recorded in red ink official declaration. So any time he put it in red ink it meant it was a title, very important. So official declaration. He copies into his journal a document that was released to the public and later called the manifesto. This did not end plural marriage but started the ending of plural marriage in the church. The most important was this language in fine print which basically says, i hereby declare my intention to submit to those laws that have been passed and found constitutional and the members of the church over which i preside to have them do likewise. Thats the operative language. That began the ending of plural marriage in the church. It didnt end immediately. People who made marriage covenants continued to support them. The number of new marriages began to decline between then and a period of roughly 14 years until 1904 when there was a second manifesto issued. After that time period they dropped off considerably. And they havent practiced it for generations, not only is it prohibited in the church, i dont know found practicing polygamy is ex communicated from the church. Woodrow wilson felt inspired to say if things continue to go the way they were they would take over the churchs temple and make it impossible to have ceremonies that join people forever. By issuing this manifesto he and members of the church were able to complete the salt lake temple. In 1862, they finished the exterior, they had a ceremony in which they put the angel statute on the top on the capstone. In his journal, Wilford Woodruff records that event. He writes, this was the most interesting day in some respects the church has ever seen since its organization. The temple capstone was laid with imposing ceremonies, with electricity. By this time it reached the Salt Lake Valley and dropped the angel on its high pedestal with an electronic twitch. It was resided over by president Wilford Woodruff. This was a huge public event, the largest in the history of utah to that point. A year later, april the 6th, 1893, they completed the temple and dedicated it. From that time to the present its undergone a number of remodelings. The exterior you see in this 1892 photograph is essentially the exterior you see today. This is a photograph of Wilford Woodruff and his wife. He was a man who had piercing eyes. All the photographs showed eyes of a man who seemed to be able to looking through people. He was a very gentle man. In addition to being the fourth president of the church of Latter Day Church of saints he was the most important for that century. The most important historian i believe because he experienced many of the most important events of the churchs history, from its early days and persecutions in illinois to crossing the plains with Brigham Young to utah to the construction of the same salt lake temple. He recorded the events in his journal often spending a tremendous amount of time doing that. It was this journal effort on his part that causes us to plum deep into these events because we had someone there a witness who recorded his experience in a journal. The 10th of a chain of 21 missions built by the franciscans in cooperation with the spanish conquering california, trying to keep the russians out. They along the coast of california established four forts. In between them, schools in the spanish culture that were missions. The idea was to get the indians to be prospanish and keep out the russians and possibly the english and who ever else might be encroaching on the Northern Edge of mexico. Its the only mission in california that operates as a church to the present day. The shumash indians came from an area from malibu north of los angeles to st. Luis obispo, monterey, california, one of the largest groups and they in habit the area to the Channel Islands off coast inland to whats now curran county. When they established this mission there were pretty good relationships going on with the shumash people. That deteriorated over time as the population dwindled and more and more restrictions came from the spanish and mexican government. Along in the way in the beginning the shumash were very very welcoming. They enjoyed trade. The spanish note in all their early diaries, the shumash people were the manufacturers of the most beautiful baskets and stone tools. Everything they produced seemed to be high quality and the spanish population were impressed with the quality of the shumash people. As time went on and half about probably of the shumash came into the mission system, there was discontent and because there was population loss through disease and more restrictive life as the spanish became the larger part of the population. They had more laws and rules new to the shumash and problematic for them and being cut off from many hunting and gathering places. In 1824 you see the shumash revolt in what is just about the largest indian revolt in Santa Barbara county. They put more missions than any other group. Theres five missions in shumash territory. The idea was to control the central part of the coast, which shipping would need in order to go from north to south, south to north to expand in this territory. It gave them a good deal of control of sea traffic, which is what they wanted to do and control of the middle of california. In the mission, we have an outdoor medium as well as interior medium rooms. Were in this Outdoor Museum right now. It has two different sections, a small section where were standing, which features plants used by the shumash indians, in their world and cultures and produced the food and basket materials so on important to them. The other part of the garden, below us here, is all plants that were introduced by the spanish and the beginnings of agricultural in california. All those plants were brought here between 1769 and 1830s, and represent a Cross Section from across the pacific from north and south america and europe and asia. Those plants were brought, cuttings, seized and seeds and so on by the spanish who gave them to the shumash and said, see if you can make that grow. This is an island oak. Many types of california live oaks, all produced wonderful acorns, the staple food of california indians, ground up and leached to remove the acids from them. They become a very edible and nutritious meal. The shumash had hundreds of gatherers and maritime people, lots of fish and acorns, a really nutritious diet they had before the spanish ever showed up with agricultural. The garden below us features the diet that the shumash change into in missions and the things they learned to grow successfully. You can see in the distance there the banana grove there were bananas growing at two missions, they were noted by the french explorer, between the other orchard trees, apparently to keep them from freezing, put them down the center with other trees around them. This garden is from clones and cuttings of original plants throughout the state to become a mother bid of California Mission plants. Mother bed. Were evolved in what the Natural Park Service likes landmarks to do, restoration of the cultural environment. This Cultural Landscape is important, because many times we walk up to an old landmark building surrounded by modern structures or plants introduced last week from somewhere else in the world. The idea of a Cultural Landscape is having the landscape around the building meet the same time period and give you, the visitor, an experience of what it would have been like in its most culturally important period. Now, were down in the spanish period part of lajoie ta garden. You can see next to me theyre just getting their autumn look. Its january and we had a long drought so only catching on that the rain is coming and dropping their leaves. The mission great is famous or infamous being terrible for wines, wonderful for cognac, thats vancouvers words when he visited Santa Barbara in the 1790s. The grapes were very important. The missionaries wanted to have a Church Service which included bread and wine and you need wine and you need to have grapes. They introduced grapes and the wheat that grows in a dry climate. And olives grows in a mediterranean diet heavily dependent on olive oil and used in blessings at funerals. And so on. This is an early olive taken from a cutting from the la paris sa Mission Early olive growth from the late 1700s. At the very end is one from general vallejos garden in northern california, all the same variety of olives. Citrus introduced to california along with grapes, two of the major crops we see in california still making a marriajor part or economic success in agricultural here. Were standing next to a typical fence, made out of cactus. This is a prickly pair that produces three things really useful. It produces fruit. The fruit is delicious, it makes wonderful drinks as well. It is fabulous. The pads, you can cut them off and fry them up with your breakfast eggs, theyre terrific. Then the bugs on it. These guys produce a red dye. I dont want to put my fing ir on it because it will get me all red and messy, if you put this on a piece of paper it will come up a brilliant red. This was used to dye fabric. The bright red color came from the bug. They would scrape them off the cactus and produce the die for the fabrics they were weaving. You get dye and all kinds of food out of this, plus, its not a surface you want to push your way through. That means its the ideal fence for all your agricultural fields because it will keep the cows and sheep and Everything Else out of your fields and protect the crops. What we really need to recognize, the shumash are responsible for agricultural in california. People dont usually give them credit for that. Certainly, the local announced are who made a success out of this agricultural. A success out of this agriculture. We are. Were standing on Observatory Hill on the campus of wisconsin of madison next to two effigy mounds on campus. It has more effigy mounds than any other city in the United States. Were approaching chamberlain rock, a glacial erratic moved from the top of the hill from the lakeshore a short distance below us. Coming up on the wing tip a bird effigy mound built around 1,000 years ago. Theyre very difficult to photograph, theyre quite shy. Every time they see a camera they hide themselves. Theyre not very prominent but special. The wing tip extends towards the edge, in the far distance near the sidewalking fence by the building, the body comes down the hill towards the lakeshore. Then the other wing is just out of sight of the body of the mound. Were looking at the bird effigy, the body is extending to the wake and the wings extend like its flying to the top of the hill. These could be considered a tombstone, mark the graves of the dead and carved in the shapes of animals and spirits just as you see them carved in under and architectural urns today. Not everyone has a mound. Cremations sometimes hold burials from the same time and no indication a mound was ever built. Some folks got mounds that werent effigies, a dome shaped construction. There does seem to be a division in the society but were not sure what that is. Students are suspecting if its not economic, social difference. The people buried have a little worse nutrition, a little bit more likely to have suffered an accident and more likely to have to share their mound with symptom community members. Effigy builders tend to get their own mounds. They may be higher ranking or regulation or political leaders. I wish we could ask them. We know nothing about whats under these mounds. They havent been excavated. In wisconsin, they cant do it by state law. On television when you see that, thats over, we have to rely on older literature. I guess theres a single grave in this bird effigy holding an adult or child. The amount we build by a group called the effigy mound kurlts of the western great lakes, time period known as the late woodland. They were gardeners and hunters who roamed around most of southern wisconsin and portions of an adjoining state. They build the monumental fyoun airy sculptures for their dead and changed the landscape so we cant forget them. They built it one at a time. Taking out topsoil. No sign they were digging deep pits. Probably taking shallow stripes in the sur reasoneding area so the land would heal quickly and erase the damage to the mound. Surrounding area we have several large lakes that would have been home to flocks of water geese and duck and plants and wild rice and edible. This would have been a wonderful place to live, rich in resources. The presence of high hills like were standing on left behind from the glass is glasiers. We believe there is significance to those as well. The shapes change as you move from one territory to the next. These may be family or clan symbols. They would have moved around from timetotime, but this would have been their home base. It has more than any other area in the world as far as im awear of. A very popular spot to relax and look at the lake on the northside of campus and a group of mownz includi of mounds including a goose effigy. And a short distance from us. Were walking onto a mound called a twotailed turtle. It is not a turtle mound. It is a term applied to any from above. Inspectors it lays out like a bear skinned rug. The actual creature is a spirit known as a water panther. The lake is the head of the spirit and the head of the spirit is at the top of the hill like the bird is as if it is crawling up from the lake. We have one foreleague extended here and hind leg. And the tail. There were two forked behind the hind limb, one this way and the second towards the greenhouse and took a right angled turn, actually a bent tail. I wish we knew why because its the only two tailed effigy mound recorded in wisconsin. The culture has survived and the people i spoke to are quite proud of the mounds. Its not uncommon to see they left something. This is significant to wisconsins tribal nations. Its their heritage. Were lucky to protect these places in madison to be visited by the people that built the mounds and newcomers. Ive been studying them for 15 years and in that time i have learned a lot and researchers have learned a lot about the mounds and people who built them. They are wonderful engaging works of art. You can see the hands of the artists still today on them. At the same time, theyre mysteries and havent given up all the knowledge they can yet. As new technologies occur, im anticipating getting to know these people just a little bit more. Ple just a little bit more. Today we are today, were at the National Monument still located within albuquerque, new mexico. It provides trails to five volcanos and looks out over the city of albuquerque, out towards the mountain. The volcanos are important to petrocliff National Mountain because they begin to tell the geological story. About 200,000 years ago a fis sure cracked, some spreading several miles to the east. They flowed out over layers of soil in the grande valley. They hardened. We have a 17 mile long curve linear of the black borders we have over 24,000 petroglyphs. While were here at the story of volcanos, it isnt about a singlestory of pret to glyphs, including volcanic cones. The people would come up to the mesa top and we have evidence of them carrying water and farming and we have evidence to keep the rabbits away from their crops. We see many ancient trails up here and this becomes part of a spiritual landscape important to most pueblo people. Were here at the canyon, and were going to be walking on the macaub trail. These black boulders once came from several sheets from the volcanos. Its the easiest place to see the petroglyphs and they stop here first. This is one of the first places people who come to petroglyph National Monument might see. The pueblo people use a pick and hammer to carve out a dark black pettinen pettinena petina, exposing the red. Some people ask how they were discovered, but for the pueblo indians, theyre as old as time and their creation story. Theyre dated about 1200 to 1560. A few older done by spanish sheepherders out here as part of the land grand. In the 1970s, archeologists began to inventory these images. Lairts, exhibits onument. To the pueblo people. They believed that later, interest petroglyphs choose when is to whom to reveal themselves. Sometimes its the shadow sometimes its the glare. Or just the attitude and the sensitivity with which we look at the images. That reveal themselves. Sometimes telling people not to touch petroglyphs is not enough. We know that nobody should touch them. But we give people an opportunity to touch an artificial boulder that we have created for such purpose. They get the touching out of the way. We want people to understand these are sacred images and continue to be important to the pueblo people. Over time a will form and thats whats meant to happen. Until then we ask people not to touch the images. One of the few National Parks owned and operated not solely by the National Park service. Its managed by the city. And the National Parks service. And we Work Together with the city to help protect and preserve the resources for the future. In the last 20 years we have had several challenges. Land acquisition, being everything for everybody. The creation of trails. Vandalism. The construction of roads through the monument. The expansion of the airport. Probably the biggest challenge is storm water run off from upstream development. Because were completely surrounded by the city. As you walk the trail of petroglyph National Monument and looking you might notice large concentrations of black boulders. And thats where we often see concentrations of pet rroglyphs. Were in the heart of the canyon where theres a dense concentration of petroglyphs. Over 24,000 within the boundary. The canyon is home to 5,000 of them. We seen an animal over here. Were not really sure what it means. Something that likes like a sheep. Hay might have been carved by spanish sheep herders. Something that looks like a bird. And some unidentified animals up on the rock. Here we see a concentration of boulders with many hand images of different sizes. Some of which have an additional appendage. The pueblo people believe if a child is born missing a finger or additional toe thats a sign of power. With a concentration of hands images here we have to wonder why. Maybe its because people passed through this way. Maybe this is a type of calendar. We dont really know. Only the people who carved them know for sure. What we know is if we follow the from the heart of the canyon we would end up in the pueblo. 1,100 room multiple plaza structure. Located object rio grand. It was important to them because of the location to the p petroglyphs. The high peeks where mother earth meets father sky. They come up here sdp follow spirit ways sdp say prayers and make offerings. And carve images into the rock. Sometimes its a form of passage way or a map. Others might be accounting mechanism or image. To many pueblo people they say the spirits would lead this world and go onto the next world through the petroglyph images. The pueblo people call this place the place that people speak about. Belongs to all of us. All americans. Not just today but future generations. A place of respect. Its a place of solitude. A place of wonder. A difficult early story. Theres a part of the big narrative of mor nonsettlement is coming into the place and making it work even though earlier american and even british and other explorers never chose to settle here. This was seen as a difficult place. To live. And not a desirable patch of land. That was part of the logic for mormons taking it. They wanted it to be isolated from other american settlers so they wouldnt run into the conflicts that experience in the east. That dream was partially realized because not only does the gold rush bring some 30,000 nonmormons through utah in the first three years of settlement. Five years. The 20,000 or so native americans here these stories became as difficult as the ones the mormons peerngsed before. Misunderstanding, cultural alienuation. Conflict and displacement. So it becomes a difficult story to tell. Human beings have been here for a long time. When the first Anglo American settlers arrived with intent to stay in 1849. There were already lots of people here. Native americans had called this area home for hundreds of thousands of years. And it had been a the site of the largest of concentration of native americans in which is now utah. The band of the yuts were located not far from where we are to the west. They had long made their home here. Because of the plentiful resources with regard to game in the mountains and canyons and the trout. And fish that they were able to fish as the river meets whats now called utah lake. So they had had a major Population Center here. When the saints arrived in the 1847, they chose the Salt Lake Valley to the north. 1849 a selfselecting group came to settle in provo. It fits a broader pattern for the 1840s and 50s and 60s of the in fact the rest of the 19th century. The idea was partly religious. But partly necessaried by the landscape as well. The idea of mormons had of a Strong Center place and kind of satellite communities or branchs they called them in the 19th century that support a kind of center capitol place. They language about this was religious. Their idea about it came out of their own sacred text. But the practical side was that the land in these valleys was noft always easy to come by. The soil was alkaline. It seemed to be mostly in strips along the creeks. And rivers. In terms of large Population Centers this was a pressing question. Environment tally for early settlement. And so the establishment of provo and other communities along whats now called the front follows a kind of pattern. That is where one could locate near a canyon. And have the benefit of its water, and its easy access to timber. Mormon communities popped up radiating out ward from Salt Lake City. All the way into Southern Idaho. Eventually down to whats now california. San bern. One of the end points of the mormon corridor. Theres a United States has a bible belt. Theres a book of mormon belt for settlement as well. It really does stretch from Southern Idaho through utah. Northern arizona and into Southern California. So thats part of the story. Is these little satellite communities eventually spaced strategy so in a day you can reach another mormon settlement. One of youngs ideas was this was a way to get european converts eventually to utah safely. They could maybe come by way of the san diego. That changed with the railroad. They found a cheaper and safer way to get mormon converts from europe. Originally the idea was there would be string of settlements that form a mormon corridor. And provo was one of the early satellite communities. Some of the architecture that remains from the 19th century has a mormon feel to it. Most prominently now is the Provo City Center temple. Which for years was the tabernacle. In 2010, it interior was destroyed by fire. And less than a year later the church of jesus christ announced it would be repurposed rather than a Meeting House but a ladder day saint temple. The most sacred of the expressions of architecture. And so its now one of the churches around 150 working temples. Before that it had been a kind of Cultural Center for the community. In fact theres a kind of we might call it a sacred geography for early mormon settlement. That is that the center of town had a church building. So the City Center Temple on the site of the tabernacle which was on the site of an earlier tabernacle. That was the center of the community. That center space early ladder day saints saw as bible kal. Evoking a New Jerusalem idea. Its also american in one sense. Puritan communities the same kind of centrality of the church. Early mormon settlements in utah its not unusual to find either a standing tabernacle. Or a wa where one used to be at the center of town. And so its a telling symbol about the way the early settlers envision the community. That the church was the center. Ladder day saints had a strong educational ethic very early on. When they established their community in western illinois, they got a charter from the state to establish a university of the city. Indicative of the yearning for education that would be in some ways secular. But teach their own children in their own faith. It education had this kind of both secular and spiritual component. When they come to utah the educational ethic comes with them. This was the site of one of the major educational institutions. And in the intermountain west. The Provo City Library is its current title. It long served as the academy. The beginnings of the academy actually are the result of a couple of brothers. They established a private school here in provo. It struggled financially. Eventually young himself was involved in the rechartering of that school. In the mid1870s. And so the academy bore his name. As a result. He had a strong hand in establishing it charter. Its mission. And continued to struggle. It met in a building not far from here. It burned down. This is result this beautiful building the 1890s result of trying to reestablish the academy again. Eventually this campus moves a little bit north of here. In the early 20th century. And becomes eventually young university. Once it begins granding a selected number of doctor degrees. Eventually its kind of private Academy Financial structures change. And the church itself takes over the university. And it becomes a private university that is directed by and funded by the church of jesus christ of ladder day saints. Its in a way it reflects that early vision of young. Its has a strong secular component of secular learning. It maintains a mormon identity. And a kind of religious mission as well. So in a way even the modern university reflects this early instinct of young who chartered it in 1875. Provo is identity is linked with the educational institutions. Theres no question about that. The fact that 30,000 plus students coming through the institution now. Its unquestionably shaped the way provo has developed over time. Part of this is in terms of demographic as well the county were in utah county over 80 ladder day saint. The county just to the north utah county Salt Lake County rather, nowhere near that. Salt lake city pretty even. Utah as a state somewhere in the mid60s percent tile in the mormon population. This is an unusually dense mormon demographic center. Inside and outside the kind of provo area. This is referred to as happy valley. And its lovingly so by more monos who know this is a culturally mormon place. And maybe a little bit more critically. By folks who come and cant for the life of them find a bar or have a difficult time finding ha cup of coffee in the morning. Happy valley to them and this kind of mormon identity has a different feel. That is what makes provo provo. Our culture is who we are. And when we look back at how our ancestors lived the life they live and how difficult it might have been. That reflects on us. Because that is who we are. Thats those are our roots. And these little builts and pieces that we uncover tell that story. And thats the most important thing about archaeology. Finding the pieces of history that complete the story. The significance of the Meeting House to provo life originates with the early lds Church Culture in the eastern United States. And in the center United States. The idea of a Meeting House for the them to worship in, was always there. But the problem was building one. When you first arrive in the location. And so when you come to a place when you settle a new area, they would build a fort. And for years they meet together in the fort. For worship. But a Meeting House itself brings a greater cohesion. To a community. It becomes the center of life. Of a community and especially of a ladder saint day community. After the ladder day saints had been in utah valley, for about seven years. Young finally told them it was time to build a Meeting House. In 1856 they began construction on the first Meeting House. Finally in 1961, they thought they were almost done. They built a capstone to go over the front door that said erected in 1861. Unfortunately it took another six years for them to finish the building. So it was actually completed in 1867. So it took them eleven years to actually finalize the building. 20 years later the second tabernacle was begun. And finally constructed. And after that, this first Meeting House or the first tabernacle continued to be used but it became more of a civic center. Where they hold county fairs. And they could house art displays and sometimes they even removed the benches and played basketball in it. And had wrestling matches. So it really did take on this Community Social aspect more than a Meeting House. After the second tabernacle was constructed. In 2010, the second tabernacle caught on fire. And burned. In december of 2010. It was such a tragic hosz for the community. Everybody loss v loved that building. It was still the heart of the community. So when it burned down everybody was afraid the walls would be torn down. But the church decided to convert it into a temple. And as soon as that happened, those historians and members of the community that knew there had been an original tabernacle and original Meeting House on that same lot right next to the second tabernacle decided to find out if anything remained. Of that. So the Church History department brought some equipment in, they did whats called Ground Penetrating radar. Which sends its much like seismic work. You send signals through the ground and reflects back and it located the Actual Foundation of the original Meeting House. And through that, they knew that it hadnt been completely torn down. That the base part of it still remained. So we were called in the archaeology to do testing. We tested in one corner and found the foundation. And it was just a couple of months after that they asked us to fully excavate the foundation. It was so fun to find little bits and pieces of things that were important to people. And people of all ages. We were able to find artifacts that fell through the floor boards in the basement. We were able to find coins. We found nickels rk dimes, pennies. Some of them with holes drilled in them. Where they would at some poiptd in their life use them as a necklace. We found trinkets. Charms that the girls would youz or hang around their neck. We know there was a lot of cooking going on in the basement and found plates and other cooking and eating utensils and those again fill in another as of what was happening in the building. They were eating and socializing. And the thats a big part lds and pioneer life. Was socializing with each other. We found the slate pencils. Again from the school and educational aspect of the school. We even found a led bullet. And a led shot ball. In the bottom there that somebody had lost. We found keys. We found doorknobs and other aspects. Interestingly the building that itself appears to have been electrified in the 1890s. In the 1890s a power plant was built up provo canyon. And probably one of the first buildings if not the first building to receive electricity in the west. Was this first tabernacle and the adjacent tabernacle. We found electric lightbulbs and wiring. Suggesting that i had finally brought lighting into the building. Just as important as the Meeting House to the early pioneers the early ladder day stant was the construction of a baptist ri. We found this small building they had constructed just on the Southwest Corner of the tabernacle. Where they had with just enough room in it for a baptist font. And in the center of it they probably had a stove. To heat the building. The bapttist font as we found it is constructed of wood planks. It was probably lined with plaster to help that. They the well is just very nearby. And they would extract the water from the well. To fill the baptist font. Over time they finally laid pipe and brought in water from the well and from other places. Where they could fill it with the pipe. And the importance of the Little Center rock in the middle of the building is that that is where the stove was set. And they would probably heat the water so that when they got baptized. The water was warm and not freezing. That was big especially in the winter. In this particular kaz we have a few of the items that represent some of the architecture within the building. Some of it was hidden. We have pieces of the medal stove. The bottles that were tossed into the structure when was abandoned. We have pieces from the walls that show us what the building looked like. This is a pill ster. A column base that would have held a pillar. A main support for the structure. And we found eight of these in the basement. Supporting the main floor up above. And the roof. And its well carved around the edges that might have been visible and the parts not visible are rock. All of the rock that is put into the building into the foundation was quarried from the mountains and brought down by horse and wagon. During the werent time often. Where they chisel it out at the construction site into things like this. We have pieces of slate. And we found several slate pencils. Not only was this used for church meetings, for the children and the adults to write on. But at times the building was used as a school. So we have little pieces of that educational aspect of the building. The block where the Meeting House and the new temple sit are still the center and the heart of provo. Just as they were back in 1860s. And even though you have busy cars and streets busy streets and cars rushing by and shoppers and government buildings around it, that is where people go to feel the heart of provo. It maintains its not only its historic visual character. But its feeling of character. And so that has never changed. And in most lds communities its the same thing. Those central squares. Those public squares. Are always the heart of the life blood of the community. I belong to the tribe. And it means the discovered ones. Evidence says we have been here for 10,000 plus years. Our elders say we have been here since tom and memorial. We have stories that go back as far as the flood times i guess. Flood and we have stories about a place up on the peak which is on the northern part of the current reservation. And on that peak sits a log thats been petrified. And it sits stuck in to the mountain at a certain elevation. My grandpa told me during the flood time it brought that over. Because we dont have petrified wood around here. It got that pushed that into the mountain there. So if youre a reference that story we have been here for a lot longer than probably 10,000 years. Today were standing in the old mission. And were sitting in the interpretive center. And we have a lot of exhibits in here that represent the tribe. The black robes. Father desmet. And transition into i guess todays life. Our territory if you look at it today on a map exceeds three states. Western montana, northern idaho, and eastern washington. And we share territory to the south of us was the to the west of us was the spoe cane. To the north was the cows bells. From what i understand we had good relationships and it wasnt perfect but we had shared territories, shared resources, but from what i understand theres skirmishes also. So there are times we didnt get along. We had a very intelligence person within our tribe his name is circling raven. And we are told that he was chief for 100 years and the last person in our tribe to live to be 150 yoers years old. And he had a prophesy that stated that men with crossed sticks and long black robes would come to our people and teach us a new way of living. Because hardship was on the horizon. The first thing that we witness european contact was not them specifically. It was the disease that came. Smallpox, whooping cough, and some other diseases that came. When the diseases struck our tribe, we had about 5,000 people in our territory. And it struck our people two different waves. And 1842 when father came we were down to 500 people. And if you can imagine pretty much everybody you know dying a horrible death. Thats koind of what they went through. And that was just the first thing that took place. Second place was the horse. Which we took as very beneficial. If you can imagine people Walking Around and all of a sudden now they have arrived to take their things to pack to put their kids ob. To put their families on. It was a different mode of life. The next thing was the trade items that came to the tribe. And then following the trade items was the fur trappers. Following the fur trappers was father desmet and the black robes. One father came in the 1840s the tribe was very happy. Because the prophesy was foretold. And from what i heard pretty much every Single Member of the tribe wanted to get baptized. We wanted christianity. We wanted that life. Even though our tribe was decimated by disease, when father came we were still a happy people. We were still a happy people. When he came that made us more joyous. Because of the prophesy. When father came we met him North Idaho College is today. And we had our first christmas there. And that exhibit thats over here that represents the first christmas we had. And after that, we wanted to build a mission a church. And the First Mission that we built was on the st. Joe river. And due to flooding we moved it to where it currently sits today. Under the direction of the father they built this Wonderful Church and has no nails. No nails. And the kids they brought up a lot of the Foundation Stones from the river. And the people brought up the mud and grass and they insulated the walls with it. And took hukle berry juice and painted the ceiling. We already understood the power of one god. In our language thats what it means. One creator. So when this new way of thinking came around it was quite similar to the way we had already understood, lived in harmony with life and harmony with one another. The best we could. And i guess some of the things that the catholics did at resonated with what we were doing. They had prayers and song. We had prayers and songs. They used that incense. We use incense to bless ourselves. A lot of those things were really similar to us. We moved from being a people that was kind of like around the lake. And we fish we hunted. Right around 1870s we were pretty much forced to move to the reservation. And that was that difference. We were a people that enjoyed fishing and swimming. A lot of things that we had to do for survival. Move about with nature. If the roots were ripe over here we went that way. If the berries were ripe this way we went that way. And one of the difference was we were forced to g onto the reservation to where desmet is. We had to learn to be farmers. The city itself took our name. We call ourselves. Cord lane was dwgiven us to by e fur traders. We were good businessmen. They called us which means like sharp hearted. Shrewd traders. Call us its a french term. So the town took that term. It tribe is 2,500 members strong today. The bigs decision the tribe face every day is not losing ourselves. In this day in age we have to worry about economic development. And that kind of stuff. We have to worry about losing ourselves as a people. When i grew up on the reservation we were very poor. Very poverty it wasnt that many jobs. But we were close knit family. As a community. Now days we have a multimillion dollar casino and businesses were out there. Doing the business world. But sometimes we lose site of whats important. And helping one another. And i think our tribe counsel tries to address that with the people. We want to not lose sight. We really try to help not only our community, but the surrounding community. We put a will the of money into education for everybody. Because we believe in everything starts with the community. And we like to give back. Not only to tribe members but nontribe members. For example when we open the casino, our elders on the council before they even said well set 5 aside for education. Not for tribe members. Education for all idaho. And so everybody year we take 5 and give back to the schools in the area. Sometimes statewide sometimes in the area. And the state didnt require that. Thats a requirement we put in to our gaming. And i think with that token of goodwill i think it showed that we were serious and we were here to be good neighbors. I really think that sets us apart from a lot of tribes. I think the future is education. When i was growing up, we were poor. Nobody went to college. I was the first one in my family to go to college. And casinos were just starting. And since over the last 20 years now we have sent more people to college than ever. We have had people at brown, stanford, become doctors, lawyers. And so thats the future of the tribe. We are in the process of driving the ship. We have people out there and coming home and we can offer good jobs for people to come home and get a decent salary. So im proud of that. Thats the next 20 years thats whats going to thats what youll see. Were in champion, wisconsin. This is the shrine of our lady of good help. In october of 1859, adell bryce was walking through this area when she claimed to have witnessed an app rigs. A vision of the virgin mary Catholic Church defined it as an appearance of jesus christ, mary or any saints. There were three occasions that bryce believed she had visions of the virgin mary. On the third vision, the vir vin mary instructed her to spread the word of salvation throughout the area. Among the Pioneer People living here in the wilderness. She did just that. Serving as a muissionary in the area. After she experienced the visions she confided in her parents and the local catholic priest. And her father built a small shrine here at the location of the app rigss. In october of 1871, a huge wild fire broke out on the west side of green bay. In a community. Remains the largest wild fire in the nation history. It claimed 1,200 lives. The fire was so great it created its own atmosphere. To hurricane of fire. It throw flames, sparks, heat and ash across the bay roughly 35 miles. And nighted wild fires here in the area of southern door county. On that night, as the flames began to spread here in southern county. Adell bryce and others gathered at the shrine. Gathered at the chapel her father built to pray for their safety. The following day the fire had burned itself out and the Morning Light came up it was revealed that the entire area had been devastated by the fire. Except for an immediate area surrounding the chapel. The shrine continued to draw pilgrims and other visitors. Throughout the years. As a somewhat modest attraction. At first the Catholic Church took a somewhat skeptical view of the reports of the apper igss. They never doubted the work the good work and character of adell bryce. It wasnt until 2008 that the Catholic Church convened a formal investigation into the reports of the aprigss at the sight. In 2010 the church concluded that the visions experienced by bryce were indeed worthy of belief. By the Catholic Church. The churches sanction of this site as worthy of belief is significant. It is only one of 12 sights worldwide that is approved by the church. Its the only site in the United States. At this time. So it ranks up there with lords in fatima. As far as church sanctions, sites where there have been reported appearances of the virgin mary. We are at site of Americans First shaker settlement. This is where the United Society of believers in christ second appearing or first able to realize their vision of creating a communal religious society in america. The shakers started in the mid17 hundreds in manchester england. People refer to them as the shakers which was a reference to the early worship. Which consistented of shaking, crawling around on the floor. Barking like dogs. They werent the only group doing this in the time period. It was a kind of expression of worship. Some of them had been quakers in the past. None of them were happy with the existing religion of the time. And so they were meeting together to discuss matters of spirituality and all agreed that they believed that in order to live a pure life, christian life, they you had to be sell bait. Own property. In common. So communal ownership of property. They believed in pacifism. And confession of sin. So those are the basic tenants of the shaker faith and remain consistent throughout the history. Out of the group of people who are discussing spirituality and manchester came a young woman named ann lee. She was the daughter of a black smith. And she had been forced spoo a marriage she wasnt interested in having. And subsequently had four children all of whom died in infancy. Or when they were young. So she was particularly drawn to the concept of celibacy. It was a way to free her from the cycle of grief. She was the who you know ultimately brought them to the new world. To practice the religion freely. So they came to america in 1774. And stayed in man hat tar for a cupping years. And fled to the albany area as the british were invading manhattan. They leased a parcel of land that was undesirable. It was swampland and sand dunes. But this was a poor group of people. They didnt have a will the of money. This was the first place they were able to settle. They became successful quickly. By 1790 they established the garden seed industry. Standardized seed production. Put the seeds in paper packets and sell them to the outside world. So they very quickly became very successful business people. They made use of the eerie canal to ship products. To the west. So their influence was great. Later on they had a tremendous influence in the area of the art. The shakers are perhaps best known for the furniture. The chairs. It was only the chairs they mass produced and sold to the outside world. The standardized chairs was early on. This community peeked adds most communities did in about the mid18 hundreds. At that time there were about 300 People Living here. And it would have been like a bee live of activity. Many billions here at the site that were torn down. In the early 20th century. You can really see it as a industrial village. It was densely developed. Every building had a specific use. Every shaker had a specific job that they were assigned to. And a tremendous amount of activity. They were sell bat. They had to have a way of getting converts. One thing was build the large scale Meeting Houses like the one here. The Meeting House was built in 1848 on sundays the road would be filled from beginning to end. With carriages of people who came to see the shakers. In part because it was a curiousty. Victorians love the spectacle. But some people came because they truly were motivated by shaker spirituality and interested in the faith. There were people who came to see shaker worship who subsequently converted. They would frequently have many famous guests here. A lawyer frequently a guest who came on sunday. General sherman came. Herman mel ville. He has a character from the community in moby dick. It was the quite the thing to do in to come see shaker worship. After ann lee died she appointed somebody to succeed her. Which was one of the reasons why the shaker faith was able to continue. She had the foresight to appoint somebody. And that was a man named joseph. And both an lee and joseph are buried in the cemetery here. At the site. If you look at ann lee, she is never put on a pedestal. Shes the founder of the faith in america. But if you look at her tombstone in the cemetery Social Security just slightly larger than the others. She wasnt necessarily considered to be better or more important than anyone elsement. That strived for equality. Joseph is the one who came up with the way that shaker communities were organized. In to separate family groupings. And for the shakers they had a very different concept of what family is. Than we to. Because they lived communally. A family was 100 People Living in and working together and worshipping in harmony. Entire families sometimes join the community but they were expected to love everyone equally. So they were expected to break family bonds to a certain extent. Because they were joining a new type of family. So the shakers often were accused of breaking up families. But from their perspective they were providing a new kind of family. The shakers were very progressive in their idea. They believed in gender and racial equality. From the beginning we know there were black shakers. As rlly as 1790. I was curious about black shakers. There were a good number of them. They were treat td as equal in the community. So we dont have a researcher on staff. We worked with students at the public history program, at the college and other colleges in the area. To go through the shaker journals and identify African American shakers and start to piece together a story about them. So we had a student from albany who found six specific references to the shakers shelter fugitive slaves. Which was quite a surprise to me. Because the shakers were always savvy about politics. And not putting themselves in a position where they get in trouble. So i assumed they wouldnt be writing specific things in their journals about sheltering slaves. The student came across a reference to the effect that brother took a run away slave to help them onto freedom in canada. Which is quite astonishing. So we are continuing to build on that research. And to get a better understanding o of what it was like if you were black person living in the community. Shakers took in orphans. And took in poor people. That was one way they increase their numbers. They were never particularly firm about trying to get people to join the kmount. Because they knew that everybody had to fully afwree to commit to the lifestyle. Otherwise it wouldnt work. So by the late 19th century, there were state run orphanages. Government run that were established. There were fewer reasons to place your children with the shakers. Also as women were able to earn a living on their own, more opportunities became available for women. There were less economic reasons to join the shakers. And in general interest in spirituality started to diminish. So by 1925 there were a handful of shake left. They were having a great difficulty maintaining all of the buildings and the site here. So Albany County purchased the land from the shakers. So they could use it as a sanitary for patients and build a nursing home. This fairly common. A lot of communities were closing down in the time period. And many thoechl were used for institutional perps for prison or what have you. Today there are nine buildings left. Many have had interiors altered by the county. We have the 1848 Meeting House. The last large scale Meeting House with the interior left in tact. Thats quite significant. Its a beautiful building. You can get a sense of the history of the place. The First Experience that mormons had with the Southern California area was the there was a call for individuals to help with the Mexican American war. That was occurring between 1846 and 1848. The Mormon Church raised a group of a few hundred men and sent them into Southern California. They reached san diego and were stationed at mission ray. And they ended upcoming into the area purchasing items from different ranch owners. One of the owners they purchased from he owned the ranch. Which was near river side. Which is just south of us in san ber ber. That came here for the war, that ended up going back to utah spoke highly of Southern California. And convinced the president of the church of the time to purchase one of the ranches in the area. So that is how they ended upcoming back as a group. And they raised a few hundred individuals over 400 wanted to make the travel back to Southern California. And settle in the area. Originally they were going to purchase the ranch which that fell throw. It gave an opportunity to purchase the san ber na di know ranch. And ended up being the founders. The jour know from utah to california was a par louse one. There were a lot of deserts. Many different types of terrain. And specifically when they got here to Southern California there was a pass that was difficult. And once they reached that, they realize there was a better route that had been taken previously. West of the pass. Called the west ka hone pass. And ended up traveling through that route. And discovers it was easier to maneuver that way. wasnt exactly easy. But it was easier. The wagon was owned by, she lived in utah. Her and her family decided to come to Southern California specifically the settlement in 1854. They made the travel here in the wagon behind me. Again it was a very perilous journey taking a wagon several hundred miles across desert and different terrain. Once they ended up getting here more of the family started settling in. First thing that the mormons did when they got purchased the land. They built a few houses and whats downtown. Build adoeb. Right away ta heard about an indian uprising. Throughout Southern California. From san louis, which is further north. To san diego. And the idea was because of the european intrusion, there were people that the natives werent happy with people coming out. So the mormons built a fort. A stockade. And thats where they lived. For about a year. There were skirmishes but nothing that serious ever materialized and eventually after a year plans were remade to lay out the streets. Once they started laying out the streets, probably vs 1853. Thats when the county was formed. Jefferson hunt is probably the person who fts most instrumental in spearheading the efforts to get everything built. A young man named fred paris was a teenager. Helped him out and become instrumental. Hunt was the one that edge couraged young to have a colony in chino. He has been back and forth. He knew the way to come here. He was like the leader of the father a families. He spearheaded the drive the effort to build a fort. He also was instrumental in building a logging road. Up to the mountains up to the town of crest line. And about ten days the they were able to build a 12 mile road. The road now is paved. They go up to the mountains and cut down trees and logs and bring down the logs were for purpose to use frames of the houses. But also would send the logs over by wagon. To los angeles and trade. Thats how they paid off their mortgage. However in 1857, after six years, young recalled his faithful back to salt lake. For a variety of reasons why he did so. And one of them is probably the fact that theres so many mormons came out for different reasons. For the warm weather, going to the gold fields. So it worked but then it was just short lived. The mormons that stayed about 60 of the town the population went back. Those that stayed had their reasons. Probably im just guessing. Probably because faith wise or whatever maybe it was the or maybe because of the warm weather of Southern California. Opposed to Salt Lake City. And other opportunities. But a lot stayed. And became very prominent pioneers. Years later. If young didnt have the recall back to salt lake, what would san bern di know be like now. He is a member of the church of ladder day saints. His great great grandfather was lie mono. One of the two mormon aposles. I asked what do you think it would have been like if it wasnt for the recall . He said it would have been like los angeles. Because the work ethic that the cohesiveness was real strong. And he started getting a mixed bag. It became a railroad town. It grew and became a strong town. But it would be interested what would have happened. We are here on the campus of Bob Jones University in green ville, South Carolina. And campus has been here since 1947. And its a beautiful spot here a mile and a half. Its a fully christian liberal arts education. And our student body currently is about 2,800 students. And that flux waits from year to year. It really comes down to what our world view is. In our viewpoint of the world is not secular. Our viewpoint of the world is as it is revealed in the scripture the bible. Thats the lens we are looking through. Whether its science or whether its math or whether its education. Or whatever person does in their life its really a biblical world that makes a dmpbs in the world. The background was founded in 1927. Named bob jones sr. It was the of what we call the great evangelist era. Back when they had huge crusades all over the United States. He was from south alabama. Grew up in a fairly poor family, but always a strong preacher. Very wellknown. He r started this school because he was actually concerned about the influence, the negative influence of secular and liberal education of the 1920s. And the school was started in florida right outside of panama city. And then during the depression years, they moved to cleveland, tennessee. And they were there from the early 1930s until 1947. They outgrew the school. And so they picked up with about 2500, to 2700 students from cleveland, tennessee and moved to greenville, South Carolina. And been here ever since. In 1983, Bob Jones University went all the way to the u. S. Supreme court on an issue of interrational dating here on campus. It was really an issue between bib bly cal conviction and public policy. Public policy overruled the biblical conviction and so that really was the problem of the issue at that time and thats why it has repercussions today. Because if there are people who have religious convictions about things and its in conflict with public policy, then what is the Supreme Court going to do about that . In trying to understand the Bob Jones University court case, officially known as Bob Jones University versus United States. This is no defense of the ban on interracial dating. It was wrong. It was racist. The school eventually recognizes that. But to understand it, you go back to the south after the civil war. The tragedies of what slavery was replaced with was a system of segregation and also part of that terrible period was states and i dont think it was all southern, but mostly southern states, they passed what are known as antimessage nation laws, so part of the ugly side of segregation was i guess you could look at it as trying to keep families segregated. And so this was for white southerners after the civil war. Right on through the probably the 40s and 50s. Segregation was the reality. Again, that doesnt make it okay. Thats just the way it was. And so what you have is bob jones sr. And the jones family. They come from not just the south, but from the deep south. From alabama. You have the Civil Rights Movement starting and things begin to change and so integration is going to start taking place nationally. Especially in the south. Where the focus is. The university actually integrates only a few years after other colleges and universities in South Carolina integrate. So integration really was never the issue. The issue is how do you handle race with an integrated student body and the administration at the time, it was still bob jones jr. Who would have been president still. The response apparently was to keep a vestage of the old segregated world, which was represented by the antimisnation laws. The bans on interracial marriage. And the administration basically framed it as a religious liberty issue. And that was the argument that they made. Because by 1964, the Civil Rights Act had passed and the pressure was you cant to this and keep your Tax Exemption and so the irs just eventually yanked the Tax Exemption. So we sued to get it back and that suit was eventually lost at the Supreme Court level. I think it was 1983. But we lost and the school basically went forward with no Tax Exemption and operated. In 2000, dr. Bob jones iii basically had made the decision that having that rule in place was such a detriment to our Spiritual Ministry that it should be dropped. And that came on the heels of the South Carolina republican president ial primary. Between john mccain and george w. Bush. Lets welcome an extraordinary man who will be an exceptional candidate, george w. Bush and his wife, laura. [ applause ] george w. Bush had lost New Hampshire. To john mccain. And so South Carolina was sort of do or die. For george w. Bush. He decided to move to texas and stay there and became an evangelical methodist. That was part of his identity. So evangelicals really did identify with him. So he came to campus. And he spoke in chapel. I remember it very well. About a day or two after the mccain camp decided to make an issue of the fact that the university although integrated banned interracial dating. The political tactics of division and slander are not our values. They are they are corrupting influences on relation and politics and those who practice them in the name of religion or in the name of the Republican Party oar in the name of america, shame our faith, our party, and our country. And it was i think fodder for cable tv for about a week or two. The it was pretty painful to live through that. And i think within a week or so, dr. Bob iii decided that it did hurt the school and our Spiritual Ministry. So he dropped the rule. I guess it was a few years later, steven jones, the next president , apologized. And i think in that apology, he had the best rationale for it. In the end, it wasnt really about religious liberty. It was about maybe paraphrasing here, but that we were too captive to our culture. Means ideally for christians and hopefully we take our faith very seriously and we want to transcend the world. And especially what weve considered to be evil in the world. And we simply didnt transcend what we should have. South carolina today is important in president ial elections because the sequence in the primaries. I mean its the big one right after New Hampshire. You have iowa, New Hampshire and then South Carolina. And those three states are different demographically and culturely. South carolina is perhaps the first place you can test your appeal to a southern audience. Typically more conservative. Not just for republicans. But for democrats. Democratic candidates. And how they appeal for example to africanamerican voters and there are greater numbers of those in the low country. In the charleston area. So hillary and sanders basically are looking at it, how you know, sanders can be thinking how am i going to do with africanamericans and this is the first opportunity to gauge that. So its not just for republicans. But for other, the other parties as well. Politicians come to places like bob jones because i think some r consider us as the old, worn image of the bible belt and someone has said that we are not just the bible belt. We are the buckle. Of the bible belt. And so if you get attention here thank you, it is good to be back among friends. At Bob Jones University. Then it basically expands outward beyond just the campus itself. And there are obviously, theyre targeting the evangelical network vote, which is pretty well organized. I think what people misunderstand, they think its more unified than it is. Its fractured like other groups. But they want to get their share of it, their percentage. And even if youre not identified specifically as an evangelical candidate, you can till get a percentage. You dont want them to be angry with you. So one way you do it is symbolically you visit liberty or you visit bob jones. Our candidates in the current president ial election cycle are urning. Ik its probably number one, dr. Pettitte. Wants it to happen, which is i think appropriate and wise. And number two, the candidates want to come back. And they are willing to overcome any adverse reaction that there might be. But i think sense 2000, we basically have theres been some sort of redenlgts, i hope. That we could be acceptable to president ial candidates visiting when they come. This weekend on American History tv on cspan 3. Saturday at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on lectures in history. American university aaron bell talks about privacy laws and federal surveillance of civil rights leaders. Heres the head of the intel operations, william sullivan, shortly after the march on washington and writing the famous i have a dream speech. We must mark him as the most dangerous negro in the history. Sunday u at 4 30 p. M. Eastern, former members of congress and vietnam war veterans reflect on Lessons Learned and ignored during the war. We learned the limits of military power. During the vietnam war. We learned that as a society, as a culture, that you cant kill an idea with a bullet. American history tv. This weekend only on cspan 3. Monday night American History tv is in prime time with an Award Ceremony hosted by the u. S. Capital historical