Taft our musical first lady. You opened the book by making the case that of the 20th century first lady, shes the most obscure, but you say she deserves better from history. Tell me quickly why she deserves better than being obscure . Mr. Gould well, because she did some things that were, as youve mentioned in your opening, about that were very constructive, i mean, the cherry trees, bringing the Classical Music musicians to the white house, and, generally, trying to make washington the Cultural Center of the nation. That was her ambition. Now, it didnt work out because of medical reasons. But she had an agenda that would have made her rank with Eleanor Roosevelt or Lady Bird Johnson in terms of transforming washington had things gone the other way. Ms. Swain she also seemed to have an agenda to get her husband to the white house. Mr. Gould yes, the story is that she decided when she visited the white house in the hayeS Administration, hey, i want to do that as well. Its somewhat overdrawn. There are a lot of women who thought theyd like to have their husbands become president s. And sometimes, she is portrayed as a cross between Mommie Dearest and lady macbeth, which isnt really the case. She was a much more constructive influence and a nicer lady than history has treated her. Ms. Swain helen taft has a very interesting story and we bet many of you in the audience will be hearing it for the first time tonight. Wed very much like to involve you in our conversation and you can do that in a lot of ways. You can send us a comment on facebook. We already have a robust discussion starting there with questions coming in about nellie, helen taft. And you can also send us a tweet using the hashtag at firstladies. And we have phone lines, of course, which you will put on the screen and well get to your calls in a few minutes as the program progress. First we need to tell you a little bit more about her early biography. I want to hear this story. How did she get to the white house at age 16 as a guest of the president . Mr. Gould well, her father and the herrons in cincinnati were friends with president and Lucy Rutherford b. Hayes and lucy hayes and they went to the white house. She went only once, but she had not yet made her debut, so he couldnt participate in social activities, but she was there. And president hayes said it was wonderful to have it, the herrons there. And in the taft family lore, she was supposed to have said, you know, im going to come back. Its not clear that thats really what she said, but shes like many people, she says i want to marry a man who may become president. Ms. Swain but she came from a political family. Mr. Gould yes. Her her father was a friend of Benjamin Harrison and had been involved in ohio politics on her mothers side. There had been a congressman in their background. And she was quite the intellectual. I mean, she was reading darwin and goethe and other things in school and she had the ability to play the piano, which she studied quite seriously. I wish there were recordings, but there does not seem to be. And so she had a salon in cincinnati, which was a very culturally rich city in those days as it is i mean, im not planning to now, but it was sort of they had seven hills, so they thought of themselves as sort of the rome of the middle west. Ms. Swain well, if she was from a political family and how this ambition, no matter how much a product of being just 16 and enthralled with it of getting to the white house, how did she choose will taft as her mate . Mr. Gould well, they they knew of each other, it was a small community. It was really after he had gone to yale and come back to be in the Cincinnati Law School that their lives began to intersect and they began to court. She was in her mid20s, which was late for marrying in those days, and he was almost 29 by the time he gets married. But they started going out to some of the beer halls and other things of cincinnati and gradually fell in love. He was much more smitten with her originally than she was with him. But he proposed, she rejected him, which was the standard thing in those days. The woman never accepted the proposal right off. Mr. Gould so they had a rather lengthy courtship by our standards, where sometimes it lasts all weekend. But in those days, she made him wait a while, but then they got married in june of 1886. Ms. Swain you mentioned her education, and we should give a little to her alma matter. Where did she go to college . Mr. Gould she didnt she studied a little bit at the university of cincinnati, but she really almost was selfeducated, took some courses, but did not ever get a degree. She didnt have a degree like her husband did. Ms. Swain how well, how common was it for women to go to beer halls in those days . Mr. Gould it was not the done thing, though in cincinnati, with its German Community and tradition of the, you know, turn verein and stuff like that, it was where young people went. And young people in the 80s had the same 1880s had the same impulses they have today. So thats where people went. They did not date quite the way they would later in the 20th century. Ms. Swain now, William Howard taft was not intending a career in politics when he proposed to nellie taft, nellie heron. Mr. Gould he wanted he wanted to be a lawyer and he wanted to get to the Supreme Court. So he would later say, like, any good politician, he had his bull turned upward when offices were falling into his lap. But he definitely, i think, wanted to be chief justice of the United States almost from the time he learned about the law. Ms. Swain and for those of you who dont know the history, William Howard taft made good on his wish. Hes the only president who also served in the role of chief justice of the United States. And well learn more about his later part of the career his career after the white house, as our program progresses. Well, if he didnt really poses the soul of a politician, how instrumental was was helen in moving him in that direction . Mr. Gould well, at the initial stages, she had relatively little influence, but i think that because he becomes a state judge, then he becomes solicitor general of the United States and is appointed to the court of appeals in ohio, so she watched him do that. But i think the big turning point came in early 1900 when president mckinley called him and said come to washington, and he offers him the chance to go to the philippines and establish a civilian government in the philippines. And she says, take it. He says, do you want to do this, and she said, by all means. She said this would give my husband the sphere of power and influence that he wouldnt have had any other way. And i think that was the decisive moment in their lives when hes in his mid40s, moving toward being in politics in a new way. Ms. Swain we have two quotes, one from each of the tafts, but give you some sense of how interested the two of them were in politics, and you can say tell how much this really reflects, really, their overall attitudes. From helen taft, she writes of her husband, mr. Taft was all but impervious to any friendly advice, which being followed, would have tended to enhance his own political advantage. And we have a 1906 quote from William Howard taft, and he says, politics, when i am in it, makes me sick. Mr. Gould some of that was for public consumption. Yes, i think he pursued a political career with more zest than we sometimes realize. And what nellie, as everyone knew her, was saying is that he had a way of getting people to push him in a direction that he wanted to go. And so i think she is acknowledging that he moved her as much as she moved him. Ms. Swain lew gould referenced his career and he mentioned the two that were in the law. In addition to that, lets take a look at the political positions that William Howard taft held over his lifetime. In 1890 to in 1892, he served as solicitor general, as mr. Gould told us. He was, as we learned, governor general of the philippines and an important part in that countrys development and our relationship with it, in 1901 to 1904. In 1904 was the secretary of war, today called the secretary of defense. Then his term as president , 1909 to 1913. And then later on, in 1921 to 1930, his lifes wish, become chief justice of the United States. Ms. Swain of those early positions, secretary of war, governor general of the philippines, which was most helpful in setting his cap toward his experience in the white house . Mr. Gould i think the governor general of the philippines made him a national figure. And then, when he goes into Theodore Roosevelts cabinet, he presents himself to roosevelt as the logical choice in 1908. Once roosevelt had said im not going to run in 1908, then as roosevelt looked over the cabinet to see who might be his successor, elihu root was probably too old. So there was will taft from ohio, a state that really mattered to republicans in those years, and he became sort of the logic of the situation. Ms. Swain very briefly, why did the United States have the ability to appoint a governor general of the philippines . Mr. Gould as a result of the spanishamerican war and the treaty of paris in december of 1898, spain ceded the philippines to the United States and they became a possession and would remain so until 1946. Ms. Swain one of the hallmarks of this program is, weve been taking you to Historic Sites that are associated with the first ladies and their lives. Throughout this program, we will be taking you to the William Howard Taft National Historic Site in cincinnati. You see a picture of it there. It is available for you to visit as well. And we hope, those of you who are getting interested in this series will visit some of these places were showing you. Up next, youre going to meet the superintendent of the site, henderson mr. Henderson she loved to travel and William Howard taft got a chance to be the chairman of the philippine commission. She jumped at the chance, encouraged him to take the job. And they took the family and went to the philippines, where William Howard taft was later governor general of the philippines. So she had a chance to travel around the world. She also got the chance to introduce her children to this travel. She learned different languages. Banquets were a big thing. In fact, before she and the children got their William Howard taft cabled, about some of the banquets he was really invited to, and mrs. Taft like to have dinners and incorporate the military people, the philippines people, and these are some programs from the different banquets that were there. The filipino people loved William Howard taft and his family. They treated them just like just like equals. Mrs. Taft invited them to dinners. They attended a lot of the celebrations there at the luneta, where she like to see the bands play. And so entertainment was a big part of the things that she did over there while she was in the philippines. About to go into the collections storage area where we keep some of our more valuable artifacts, as well as things that arent on display. And as wed come in, we see a philippines chest. Mrs. Taft collected a lot of philippines items, furniture, chairs, bed, these types of things. And this is a storage chest that they bought while they were over there and it was one of the kneader items that they were able to pick up while they were there. What i have here is some photographs from some ladies in the philippines. They took some formal photographs here and they wrote inscriptions and gave them to mrs. Taft. My dear mrs. Taft, best wishes from adela paterno, december 22, 1903, manila, philippines. And it just goes to illustrate the admiration that the philippine people had for the tafts family, especially mrs. Taft, as she worked to make them feel integrated in the greater society, make them feel equal to the other people, invited them to the parties, put on musicals and those types of things, helped with their education. And so, they really loved the tafts. And to this day, we still get people coming from the philippines that had that connection with the taft family and the things that they did while they were there. Ms. Swain and joining us on the set is jane hampton cook, a first lady scholar, whose books include american phoenix and the faith of americas first ladies. Jane cook, how important was that in time in the philippines to the development of helen taft and her role as first lady . Ms. Cook well, it was very important to her development. And when she returned to the United States, she met a military wife in the army who had known her in the philippines, and she said, you know, in the philippines, you were a queen and here, you are a nobody. And i do not think helen ever thought of herself as a nobody. But when she was in the philippines, she she wasnt a queen in a royal sense, but in a in an american sense that she invited people to her table, the philippine women, american women and really brought this those two cultures together, and she served her husband very well by doing those things. Ms. Swain there were still colonial powers around the world, how unusual was it for i mean, in the piece we heard she treated the philippines equal, we were in there country. So, today, we say why wouldnt she treat them as equal . So how unusual was this outreach . Mr. Gould well, the army in the philippines, what they called drew the color line, which meant that they didnt socialize with the filipinos. So for taft to and nellie to shake hands with the filipinos, to dance with them was seen as quite radical. And there were elements in the military that were not thrilled with what taft was doing. He wouldnt have been able to do this in the United States, ironically, at the same time. But in the philippines, that accounts in part for his enduring popularity. Though, the filipinos, i think, wanted us out as soon as possible in the way of most colonial people. Ms. Swain on twitter, president ial ponderings wants to know more about what helen taft thought about the philippine people and the culture when she lived there. And how did it shape her view about diverse populations as a whole . Ms. Cook well, it extended i think the view that she had in her heart and i think it was something that she, by reaching out to them, and she could see the benefit of bringing their cultures together. And it was something that she was using her executive social skills, her executive management skills. But she would go out horseback riding. She would they taft ordered a band for the filipino people and they said theyd go to the luneta and then which is this big open space and have concerts. And so this was really something that meant a lot to her. And you can see when she wears the filipino formal gowns, shes really embracing this culture. Mr. Gould she wanted the luneta to be an example for washington and she started in the spring of 99 before the stroke. Ms. Swain im not familiar with the term. Whats a luneta . Mr. Gould its a it was a space in manila where on sundays, the aristocracy would gather, with carriages and they would go around and have band concerts. It was kind of the social setting for high society in the philippines. And she wanted that this to be a place where washington would do that. And the first couple of times, it was very popular. After the stroke, when she couldnt personally manage it, it faded away. But it was one of those false starts that characterized her career. Ms. Swain those of you who have been watching us along the way know that our goal this year is to teach you more, help you learn about each of americas first ladies. Were going to devote time in this series throughout this year to the 20thcentury ladies. Ms. Swain earlier in the year, we did the first ladies beginning with Martha Washington. And our goal is to present the biography of them to help you understand more about their president S Administration and also about our country and how it changed and how the role of women changed. So theres lots to talk about. And well give you the telephone number so you can join in the conversation. If you live in the eastern and central time zones, its 2025853880. If you live in the mountain or pacific time zones, 2025853881, and we will love having your calls and your questions. They have been a real hallmark of this program as it proceeds. Also, weve developed a website for this series, firstladies cspan. Org. And each week, theres one special item attached to the first lady that we dont talk about during the program. Today, if you go to the to the site, youll learn more about a chair that she really cherished that she acquired while she was in the philippines. So we hope youll have time to check that out. Well, back from the philippines, talk to me about a very important relationship, maybe the most important other than William Howard tafts with nellie, and that is the relationship with Theodore Roosevelt. How did that flourish . Mr. Gould taft and will taft and t. R. Get to know each other in the early 1890s. What is significant is, almost from the beginning, there is not the same rapport between edith and nellie. In fact, nellie would say later, i never liked Edith Roosevelt, and there was a competition between them that pulsed through the 1890s. And when they were in cincinnati, it was not so much, but when they got back to washington, i wish i knew more about what exactly happened, but they seem to have been two women who just struck odds when they started out. And so you had these two men who were very close, but their intimate families, not so much. And so there was not a strong underpinning of the t. R. , will taft relationship once the two women got in closer proximity. It had something to do with cincinnati versus new york, with Edith Roosevelt being from an aristocratic family or at one time aristocratic family and helen taft being from cincinnati and wanting to be upwardly mobile. Ms. Swain we learned during Edith Roosevelt program that mrs. Roosevelt had regular salon sessions with all the cabinet wives, which were required attendance. What was the effect of those on helen taft and her own thinking about how she might approach the job of first lady . Ms. Cook well, edith did have these weekly meetings, they met in the White House Library from 11 to 12 once a week. Helen did attend. But i think she thought that they were a little too gossipy or the topics of conversation just bored her. It wasnt something that she really enjoyed. And she made it known to the press before she became first lady that she would not be continuing them because they had not been successful. And that was, you know, quite a slam to edith to say that publicly. She could have been a little more genteel on how she transitioned, but thats the way it was. Mr. Gould they supervised some of the women in the washington community. If you had a dalliance with somebody who wasnt your husband, you heard from the white house, you know, you better stop. And so there was a certain amount of nitpicking and gossiping that helen taft, who liked to have a beer, smoke a cigarette, play some bridge, was not as hoitytoity as Edith Roosevelt. And that was another source of tension. Ms. Swain so the roosevelts, wanted their mores to be on social washington. Mr. Gould oh yes, whereas helen taft wanted to set a cultural standard of sophistication, but not sort of a busybody about it, but Edith Roosevelt, who was somewhat priggish wanted to pull the higher moral standard. Ms. Swain so calls, were going to begin with kip watching us on atlanta. Hi, kip, youre on. Kip well, hello, and good evening. I had a question to mr. Gould. In your research about mrs. Taft, i wanted to know specifically if youre familiar with the miniseries, backstairs at the white house that was that aired on nbc in 1979. And it and it starred the late julie harris that passed away recently as helen taft. And i want to ask mr. Gould if youre familiar with because that was really my first awareness of mrs. Taft. And was that an accurate depiction of her. And i thank you. Mr. Gould i think the backstairs at the white house was generally genuinely accurate, but it had some fictional elements in it and i dont think most historians regard it as something you should take to the bank and be very reliable. And of course, it was dramatized for television purposes. So its a useful source, but i would use it with caution. Ms. Swain so Theodore Roosevelt asked William Howard taft to be his secretary of war. They had an opportunity then to see the world. How did that affect them . Mr. Gould well, taft and nellie both loved to travel. When taft was president , he just was on the road constantly. In fact, it was something a political liability. But he became a troubleshooter diplomatically for t. R. In fact, when t. R. Would go off hunting, he would say ive left taft sitting on the lid in washington, and the image of, obviously, taft holding every all the troubles down. But he and mrs. Taft traveled a lot. A story that illustrates her ambiguity about this was when she was traveling and very nearly missed the train and she said to the stationmaster, youve got to help me out. I am mrs. William howard taft, no response. Im the wife of the secretary of war, no response. Im traveling with alice roosevelt, instantaneously, the stationmaster got her baggage and got her on the train. Ms. Swain there had to be a friction between the two. Mr. Gould yes. And the family the taft family teased her about that, that you were at the mercy of alice roosevelt. Ms. Swain how common would it have been for senior Public Officials to see that much of the world . Was there a lot of traveling going on at that period time . Ms. Cook well, at this point, with with trains and all the the steamships, yes, it was more common. But secretary of war was his position, but he often called secretary of peace in the newspapers, because he was going and he was putting down conflicts in cuba and he was really, really more of a peacemaker than he was focusing so much on defense. And theres a really great story about his time as secretary of war when the emperors of japan gives helen a tapestry, and she really loves it, she really wants to keep it. But taft says, no, no, no, legally, we need to give it back to the smithsonian. She said, but im a private citizen, i should be able to keep it. Go and hes and so she takes it to roosevelt, she wants it that badly. And roosevelt says, sure, you can keep it, youre a private citizen. And that shows the difference between taft and roosevelt. Taft was very much by the law, very much wanted to honor the law, and roosevelt would push the envelope a little bit. So thats a good story to illustrate the difference between the two men. Mr. Gould that became a fundamental difference between them and the way that they view the presidency. Roosevelt said if it wasnt forbidden, we can do it. Then taft said, it has to be explicitly allowed before we can do it. The two views of the presidency were very vivid that they had that they had about this. Ms. Swain heres a real study in leadership, an executive leadership that we had there. Mr. Gould yes. Ms. Swain on facebook, holly hahn wants to know how did mrs. Taft got the nickname nellie. Mr. Gould thats a good question. I think it was in the they were she had a number of brothers and sisters, and it was just one of those family names. But that her husband refers to her as my dearest nellie, dear nellie. I dont think he ever called and since their daughter was also named helen, it was good that you have nellie instead of two helens. Ms. Swain and did she call him will or did she call him mr. Taft . Mr. Gould oh, she called him will, yes. Most people who knew taft well called him will, and he was not bill or big bill or Something Like that, just as almost nobody called t. R. Teddy who knew him well. Ms. Swain next is john in houston. Hi, john, whats your question . John hey, i love this show so much. I even know the president s in order too. I have two questions. One, of abigail of the more modern of the first ladies of the 20th century, who were the more noteworthy after, like, abigail and dolley, and mary lincoln were noteworthy. Were any of the first ladies in the 20th century noteworthy, too . And my second question is and my second question is, what what was nellies inspiration for the cherry tree . Thank you. Mr. Gould the first question is easy to answer. Eleanor roosevelt was by far the one with the and Lady Bird Johnson, but Eleanor Roosevelt became a delegate to the united nations. And so, in the postfirst lady career, she and Lady Bird Johnson. Though, there are others, but those would be two. Ms. Swain save the cherry tree question. Because were going to show some video of it for later on there. Mr. Gould that needs more attention. Ms. Swain next is a call from leroy, who is monticello, kentucky. Leroy hi, maam. Great program. Ive enjoyed this so much. Anyway, ive got a question for ms. Cook. Was the taft family, president taft and his wife, were they christian people, were they born again christians, did they know jesus and studied the bible . Ms. Swain what was their religion and how important was it to them . Ms. Cook well, she grew up in the episcopal church. He was a unitarian. And at that time, you know, that was the difference was mostly about the trinity or not the trinity, the trinity being god, the father; god, the son; god, the holy spirit, which was more traditional christianity. And unitarians didnt embrace the trinity. There was a story i read, though, of a minister in the more traditional tradition who went over to the white house and talked with taft and he came away feeling very confident in his traditional religious beliefs. And so, you know, it wasnt it was important to them. It wasnt something they werent evangelical in that tradition. But, definitely, it was something that was part of them. Mr. Gould well, taft was talked about to be president of yale in 1900 and decided not to do it. And he wrote his brother a sentence that if it had come out at the time, he would never have been president. He said he does not believe in the divinity of jesus christ. Now, it never became known. In the campaign of 1908, he was both attacked for being a unitarian and having been too friendly to the catholics in the philippines. And t. R. And taft were very cautious about that, how they handled the religious views in 1908. Ms. Swain michael is up next from washington, washington, d. C. All right, let me move on to calvin in summerville, georgia. Michael somerville, alabama. Ms. Swain i apologize, somerville, alabama. Go ahead. Michael i was going to ask you about the connection that mrs. Taft had with the other first ladies that came from ohio, especially lucy hayes. Mr. Gould well, we talked a little bit about that earlier. Tafts the herrons were very friendly with the hayes family and they did entertain her at the white house. She did spend some time. Later on, it became like mrs. Or ms. Herron was there, you know, almost every weekend. And that was way overdrawn. I think she only was there according to the hayes diary once. Ms. Swain so if Theodore Roosevelt makes the decision that hes not going to run for reelection and has the opportunity to anoint his successor within the Republican Party, how does it become William Howard taft . Mr. Gould its quite a complex issue, which ill try to nail down in a couple of sentences. He looks around, as i said earlier, elihu root is too old, though he will outlive both taft and roosevelt, hes also a corporate lawyer, which was not going to be the appeal that you wanted in 1908. So when he looked over the Republican Party, who was the most sympathetic available candidate, and here was will taft from ohio, secretary of war, well known because of the philippines, interested in the position. And so, roosevelt begins to convince himself that he and taft agree on more than in fact they agreed on. And so theres kind of a courtship where both invest each other with the qualities they want to have. Later on, they would find out that they had somewhat deluded themselves. But from 1906 to 1908, roosevelt becomes a staunch backer of taft. Ms. Swain well, we have many biographers who talk about helen tafts very serious lobbying of Theodore Roosevelt to select her husband and because of his known attitudes about politics and his desire for a Supreme Court role, maybe it indicated that he was a bit more hesitant. Heres a quote from helen taft, mr. Roosevelt thought he might to join with other republicans in supporting governor hughes for the presidency, because mr. Taft was such a poor politician. I reported this to mr. Taft and urged him to display a little more enthusiasm on his own account. So shes working both sides here, working Theodore Roosevelt and also working her husband who act the part more, act more interested. How influential was she in this decision . Ms. Cook she was very influential. And think about it, if your wife thinks that you can be president of the United States, thats a big boost that she has that confidence in you. She did meet with Theodore Roosevelt at least on two occasions to talk about this. Once, when he wanted to offer taft a position on the Supreme Court, he called her in and she said, oh no, he wants to remain as your secretary of war. Wink, wink, nod, nod, he wants to succeed you. And so, in the moment that youre talking about, roosevelt didnt see the passion enough in taft. And so he was trying to nudge taft, hey, there are other men who want this want this, if you want it, you need to be more aggressive. And taft did go out and he did some campaigning for congressional candidates in 1906 to prove that, yes, he could, you know, campaign. Ms. Swain did helen taft meet personally with Theodore Roosevelt to make the case . Mr. Gould yes, in the fall of 1906, she taft is out on the road and she does have a luncheon with the president , and he says come on over here and they go over over by one of the windows and chat for awhile, and she said and taft and t. R. Both believed that she had misinterpreted what he was trying to say, which was really you need to be more aggressive. But he was not threatening to support governor hughes. He did not like governor Charles Evans hughes, who would later become chief justice of new york. It was very unlikely he would ever have supported hughes. But helen was so sensitive to any variation on t. R. s part that she interpreted this kind of gentle warning as a threat that he might support the the soontobe governor of new york. Ms. Swain and what was the election like for the republicans that year . How did it all turn out . Mr. Gould they held on to the house and senate in 1906. They suffered some losses. It was the the republicans have been in then by almost, what, 10 years. But basically, taft came out of it as the frontrunner and would get a firstballot nomination in 1908. Ms. Swain and how much did he win by . Mr. Gould in the ms. Swain in 1908 . Mr. Gould in the general election . He beat William Jennings bryan, what was it, 361 to i forget right offhand. But it was a pretty decisive victory. It was not as big as roosevelt overall in parker in 1904, but it was big enough for all practical purposes. Bryan essentially carried the south and a few western states. And, taft, who is a better campaigner than anybody thought, did very well. Ms. Swain there are several parts of the story. As i was getting ready for it, i kept thinking, helen taft seemed to want this her whole life and things often didnt break very well for her. One of those was Inauguration Day, itself, which there was a blizzard in washington, d. C. Mr. Gould yes. Ms. Swain and that made the ceremony go indoors as opposed to outside. We remember that with Ronald Reagans first inaugural as well. We have a video next about the inauguration. And then well come back and talk more about that day. Mr. Henderson march 4th, 1909, mrs. Taft got to realize her dream that she became the first first lady to ride back from the capitol to the white house with her husband. These are some of the souvenirs from the inauguration. Theres a program a couple of programs from the inauguration ceremony here, a little dance card from the inaugural ball with a little pin there, you could write down who youre dancing with. And here is an invitation to the inaugural ball that would have gone out to to the different folks that the tafts wanted to come. And it usually would come along with ticket and the place for you to park. So we have quite a few of these things in our collection. This is a bible that was that was used for swearing in of William Howard taft when he was inaugurated in 1909. It was also used when he took the oath of office of chief justice of the United States. And nellie, of course, wouldve been right by her side during both of these ceremonies. And so this is a particularly interesting artifact that it represents, you know, the culmination of those two high points in his career. The inauguration was the realization of her biggest dream, to become first lady of the United States. She had pushed her husband through a lot of different positions and even though there was a blizzard, there was a snowstorm, the ceremonies had to be pushed into the capitol building, this was one of the biggest days in her life, to be able to realize that dream of her husband becoming president of the United States. Ms. Swain so what are some of the stories youd like to tell the public about Inauguration Day with the tafts . Mr. Gould well, Theodore Roosevelt said, i knew it would be a cold day when i went out. And then he went off to the train station and went off to oyster bay, and then the tafts road back and the precedentbreaking moment when she went back to the white house. But it was the night before that was significant for the roosevelt and taft relationship. T. R. , quite on his own, had invited the tafts to spend the night. Mrs. Taft later said in her memoirs, i dont think either mrs. Roosevelt or i would have agreed to it if weve known about it in advance. And it was a very awkward evening. And taft, later, four years later, when he the subject came up of having the wilsons stay over, he said to his friend, mabel boardman, you were there for that funeral in 1909 and we do not want to do that again. So, already, there was a great deal of tension between the roosevelts and the tafts the day before he was inaugurated. Ms. Swain i want to put the picture of her in the car coming back from the inauguration back on the screen. One of our viewers on facebook says, i detect a smug look on her face in that picture. What do we know about her emotions . As she made this decision to get into the car, break with all precedent, former first ladies, and ride back after the inauguration. Ms. Cook she wrote later, i had a secret elation in doing something that no other woman had done. This was really her proudest moment, she later wrote, was riding in that car and being by her husbands side. This was she set a precedent, you know, first ladies who followed her have done that since. And it was definitely something she was excited about. She did have a little fashion emergency with her hat it caught on fire the night before. The feathers, she had to trim them down. And those were called mary widow hats. They were very they were named after a play and they were very popular back then, all the flowers and feathers, so. Mr. Gould it turned out that was really the high point of her time as first lady. It was almost all downhill after that, because two months later, she has this stroke and that life changes forever. Ms. Swain but she had a very busy two months and were going to learn about her approach to the white house. About her transition with Edith Roosevelt, that also contributed not just the stayover, but the management of the one Family Moving out and the other Family Moving in. I think you referred to that, the just the oil and water of these two women. What about that transition contributed to the friction between them that had political consequences . Mr. Gould well, there really was no mechanism for the transition in those days and there hadnt been a transition from one first lady to another in that way before for almost 20, 25 years. So they were making it up as they went along. But helen was eager to get started. And so, she talked about changing who the footmen would be at the white house door. She want edith had a gentleman who was white to greet people when they came to the white house. Helen wanted to have africanamericans in livery. Mrs. Roosevelt bridled at that. Nellie wanted to change the furniture. She had other changes that she wanted to make right away, lets get started. And edith, thinking that, hey, im going to be president , first lady until march 3 said, not so fast. And there began to be you know, in the taft family, they would say to the president elect, be your own king, you need to take over. And the roosevelt people who had put taft in because he would extend roosevelts ideas said, wait a minute, whats going on here, what about the cabinet, what about the appointments that are being made . And so the friendship began to erode. It really started to erode when taft wrote t. R. A letter saying, you and my brother charlie are responsible for making me president. And charles p. Taft was a newspaper owner and t. R. Just was infuriated by that statement. He talked about it for the next two or three years. So heres poor taft, he writes a thank you note and it starts the doom of his presidency. Ms. Swain and seth, in the parlance of today, says Edith Roosevelt and helen taft were not bffs, best friends forever, noted, duly noted, seth tells us. Lets go to horace in philadelphia, on the air right now. Hi, horace, go ahead please. Horace hey, thank you for taking my call. I have been watching this series since the very beginning. And i was anxious when we started back in september. I had a question i wanted to ask and i am a little embarrassed to ask it. But id like to know when you can tell us the resting places of these first ladies, where are they actually buried. In a strange sense, it helps us to realize that they once lived and theyre not just information on paper or in the books and old and old magazines. Id like to know their resting places when you can get to it. Ms. Swain sure. Well, well tell you right now because its another one of helen tafts and her husbands first. Where are they laid to rest . Ms. Cook Arlington National cemetery. She is the first first lady to be buried there. Ms. Swain and the only other is jacqueline kennedy, is that right . Mr. Gould yes. As secretary of war, i think thats how he qualified to be in arlington cemetery. And then she got to be there because so ms. Swain so we want to spend a little bit more time understanding the personality of and what she brought to the role of the white house, first lady at the white house. You mentioned earlier that she was very intellectual and that even though she didnt go to college, she was selfeducated. How important was this in shaping the role of first lady . Mr. Gould well, she as i said earlier, she wanted to make washington the truly, the Cultural Center of the United States. This made people in new york very uneasy. And there were some newspaper columns saying, what is she trying to do. But washington at that time did not have a symphony orchestra, didnt have opera. And she wanted to bring those musical things here. But she also wanted to have the city generally embody american values. And this was a very ambitious agenda, to transform washington into a city that would be sort of, like, under dolly madison, a focus for national and international attention. And that was partly what luneta was about, the making the beautification of the city with the cherry trees. It was all part of her vision of what washington could be. And so she hit the ground running as you said, and she also started going to see congress, visiting the Supreme Court, advising taft on the cabinet. She was going to be very active as first lady for two months. Ms. Swain personalitywise, one of the biographers said, i read, described her as outspoken, abrupt, and determined. Would you agree with those descriptions . Ms. Cook yes, i would. She could be quite blunt. But she you know, when she was this young teenager visiting the white house and saw, you know, the magic of it and had the idea that she could maybe one day be there, i think it was because she sense that she had the skills to do it. And you see her as a young woman creating these salon groups in cincinnati where she brings friends together and they have amateur theatrical performances and or book discussions. And you see her in the philippines using those executive skills. And so i think she was just determined to bring what she had, her skill set, and use it to bring people together socially in washington. Mr. Gould she she had been president of the cincinnati symphony too. So she had run an orchestra, hiring the conductors in the 1890s. So she had demonstrated that she had executive qualities. And she also when taft proposed somebody for the cabinet, she said to him, hes quite impossible, i cant imagine why you ever suggested him. And that was the end of that candidacy. Cspan. Or ms. Swain mark is was in minneapolis. Youre on, mark. Good evening. Mark yes, yes, hi. How are you doing . I like your series. I just have two questions. The first question is, can you tell us how can you tell us what helen tafts thoughts were towards segregation between blacks and whites in the south . And can you tell us what she felt about black men being able to vote and not her being able to vote during her time . Thank you very much. Ms. Swain thank you. Very timely questions because thats the next two things on my list. First of all, some people have suggested that she disdained racism, as evidenced in her time in the philippines. Would you id like to hear from both of you on this. Would you agree with that characterization that that she really was open in her attitude towards people of other races . Ms. Cook while she definitely seemed open, its hard for me to know precisely what she thought about segregation in the south. But she through her actions, brought africanamericans in as employees at the white house. And so i think thats best testimony that we have of her attitudes on race. Ms. Swain can i say but as servants . Mr. Gould yes, yes. Ms. Cook well, thats true. Thats true. But it you know, when you read her memoir, she uses the language of the day. She uses the term colored, but shes not using other language. And so its hard to fully she was a woman of her time period. And when it comes to the suffrage question for women, she wasnt sure that america was quite ready for women to vote, because they werent politically active, they werent publicminded enough. And so they werent like her. And she was very focused on politics, but she detected that a lot of women werent, and that was her position on suffrage. Ms. Swain in using the language of the day, in our last program on Edith Roosevelt, you we referenced your scholarship on the fact that Edith Roosevelt had some personal letter used really mr. Gould racist terms, terms, yes. Ms. Swain racist terms about africanamericans. Weve got a lot of nellie tafts writings. Did she use those same kinds of mr. Gould i did not find in her letters the same use of words like the tar brush or some of the other unfortunate things that Edith Roosevelt said. Both tafts observed segregation. They didnt go as far as Woodrow Wilson in instituting it in the government, but taft hoped to develop the Republican Party in the south by making it more lilywhite than it had been earlier. So i think helen taft was not a crusader for racial justice, but she was not a bigot either. She fell within that broad range of where American Society was, whereas Edith Roosevelt, well, i think further out on the edge. Ms. Cook well, and they also grew up postcivil war. They were both born during the civil war. And so they didnt live through it. And so they are these postwar baby boomer generation with some newer attitudes. Mr. Gould yes, ironically, edith and helen were born the same year, 1861. Ms. Swain before we get too far into the story, Jennifer Sherman wants to go back to that overnight stay before the inaugural, and asked was the roosevelttaft preinauguration overnight a preview of todays outgoing president hosting the incoming president for coffee on the day of . Mr. Gould not so much. If it was an initiative that t. R. Started, it flopped. The traditions of the transition would evolve in the 20th century and we cant, i think, look at t. R. And taft as any kind of helpful precedent for how one president it really was the case of they didnt even think through what the transition would be. It was just ill be president until noon on march 4th and then youll be president and ill go to oyster bay and youre on your own. Ms. Swain weve got a photograph earlier you referenced that she was more modern in her approach to things, like enjoying alcohol and playing cards. Weve got actually a photograph of her at the card table that were going to show people next. She smoked, she drank. Mr. Gould yes. Ms. Swain and she played cards. How much did that connect her with the public at large . Mr. Gould i dont think the public really knew much about that, that she played bridge for money and she would win 10 or so, which sounds pretty tame. But if you put it into todays currency, she was winning about 200 or 300 in purchasing power when she won 10. So if that had come out that she was playing cards, it would have been another political difficulty for her. Ms. Cook well, and someone once asked president taft what would what would helen like to drink and he said anything with alcohol in it. So that was, you know, that was just that was her. And thats a contrast to lucy hayes, who, you know, did not their family did not drink alcohol in the white house because of the temperance. And that was a nuanced way of reaching out to them. Mr. Gould lemonade lucy. Ms. Swain and did edith right. And did Edith Roosevelt drink alcohol . Mr. Gould she had alcohol. Her father had been an alcoholic and i and there was alcoholism runs all through the roosevelt family. The male roosevelts, fdr and t. R. Were really the only two who truly escaped the effects of alcoholism entirely. So Edith Roosevelt was not thrilled with the idea of champagne and other things that helen taft liked very much each day. Ms. Swain another reason for the rift between them. Mr. Gould yes, yes. Ms. Swain colleen is in barnesville, ohio. Hi, colleen. Whats your question for us . Colleen yes. My great uncle used to be personal secretary of president taft and my grandmother used to go with him and meet the president and mrs. Taft. And ms. Swain yes . Colleen and like they became really, really good friends. And president taft considered that my grandmother will be principal to be the first Belmont County person for the republic. Mr. Gould which of the of fred carpenter, Charles Norton and Charles Hilles was your relative . Colleen yes, Charles Dewey hilles was his personal secretary. Mr. Gould yes, Charles Hilles was the last of tafts secretaries and the most efficient. He helped him get the nomination in 1912. And his papers are at yale and theyre almost as big as the taft papers. Ms. Swain as soon as we get more into current times in the 20th century, well have more and more connections that people are able to make with their families. Thank you for your call. Julie is in ashburn, virginia. Hi, julie, whats your question. Julie hi, hello. Can you hear me . Ms. Swain we can. Thank you. Julie hi, i wanted to ask. Helen was such a vibrant first lady. I just wanted to know what her transition from being a first lady to be kind of a private figure in terms of being married to a Supreme Court justice. How did that work for her . Mr. Gould she had eight years of transition. They taft after he left the presidency became a professor of constitutional law at yale. And it was really quite nice for mrs. Taft because she could in those days, you could get on a train and go to new york 80 miles, go to the theater, have a nice meal, do some shopping, and get back in time for dinner at night, so she could see a matinee. So she enjoyed that part of it after the pressures of the of the white house. And then, of course, they went back to washington and the role of the chief justice was very much less social than had been the president s. So, somewhat, she took sort of took the veil in the 1920s. They also differed over prohibition. Taft, chief justice taft wanted it enforced and mrs. Taft, not so much. Ms. Swain well, one thing we should talk about of another record for William Howard taft is his size. He was a very large man. His highest weight was what . Mr. Gould about 350 pounds in the presidency and he had he had neglected his health. His teeth, he hadnt been to a dentist in a couple of decades. He had yes, that gives you in terms of the of his avoirdupois at that point. And theres there were many stories about his weight. In fact, chief Justice Melville weston fuller said, the president got up on the street car the other day and gave a seat to three women. Ms. Swain a lot of jokes going around at that time. Mr. Gould yes. Ms. Swain at that time when the press was really very much following the white house. Mr. Gould yes. Ms. Swain and there was a lot of opportunity for commentary and satire. How did mrs. Taft feel about his weight . Do we know . Mr. Gould theres one biographer that says this was the source of some marital tension. She of course from a health point of view wanted him to reduce his weight. But this was an area in which he he didnt take much dictation in the white house about the weight. I think your point about emotional stress operated. Theres a story of him at a Cabinet Meeting and they had a bowl of fruit and he just picked each one off until the bowl was completely empty. He didnt find the presidency very enjoyable and i think he ate to forget. Ms. Swain there are stories about the fact that the white house needed an extra large bathtub to accommodate the president. Is that true . Mr. Gould thats apocryphal. I mean, the idea that they had a big bathtub installed, theres a picture of three guys sitting in a bathtub for taft, but that they had to put it in and it happened on the inauguration is one of those stories. Ms. Swain theres the taft bathtub on display, so. Mr. Gould yes, yes, but it was not done in the way that they talked about. Ms. Cook well, and he he was a big baby. His i have a sevenweekold son and i was reading how his mother wrote when he was seven weeks old that should couldnt put nursery gowns on him that had belts because he was growing so fat. So he just it was his metabolism that that was just how he was. Mr. Gould but he was a very good dancer. Far better than t. R. Somebody said asked the how was roosevelt as a dancer, and the woman said, he didnt dance, he hopped. Whereas, taft was very light on his feet. Ms. Swain before we leave this section, one other important thing. What was her relationship like with the press, while were talking about news, media and its burgeoning coverage of the white house . Would you like to start . Ms. Cook she seemed she seemed to have a Good Relationship with the press. They interviewed her after his nomination and she said, i love public life, this is exactly the position, you know, that i think my husband should have, im enthusiastic about roosevelt, which she really wasnt, but she said to the press. They one of the reporters commented that she would be an intellectual, she had all these spheres, the intellectual, the cultural, and the domestic all in one package. And what a great opportunity for america to have helen in the white house with her husband. Mr. Gould the only time edith was quoted was when there was a performance of hansel and gretel, the opera in new york that she was a patron of. And she said, how much she loved fairytales. And otherwise, she didnt believe that a woman should be appear in the newspaper when you were born, when you were married, when you died. And that was and not be photographed. She had to be persuaded to have photographs, eventually, whereas, helen taft was quite willing to share her opinions on lots of issues with the press. She didnt give interviews. She didnt speak out on every issue that came up, but if they asked, and there she was with her husband throwing out the first ball at a baseball game at the Democratic Convention in 1912. She got out and about a lot more than Edith Roosevelt did. Ms. Swain the American Public was wildly enthusiastic about the Young Roosevelt family in the white house. What did the public think about the tafts, and particularly edith . Mr. Gould the taft well, that taft family was older when they came to the white house. Robert was already at yale, soon to be at Harvard Law School where he finished first in his class at yale and first in his class in Harvard Law School. Her daughter, helen, helen taft was at school in washington and then at bryn mawr. And charles p. Taft jr. Or not jr. But anyway, he was at the taft school that tafts brother ran in connecticut. So they were not as charming and exciting as the little quentin and archie, who with their ponies and taking the pony upstairs in the white house and all the pranks that they did. Ms. Swain we promised you more about the Cherry Blossoms. Lets learn more about how she brought the Cherry Blossoms to washington. Ms. Mcclellan when helen taft became first lady in 1909, one of the first things she did was to address having cherry trees planted around the tidal basin at potomac river. The tidal basin in the early 20th century was a mess. There was a speedway where people raced their carriages at a top of speed of 15 miles an hour. But there was really nothing to draw people or to make it a beautiful place for people to gather and enjoy nature. And helen taft wanted to change that. So she one of the first things she did when she became first lady was to ask for trees to be planted. It was they were requested from nurseries in pennsylvania. But the japanese heard about her interest and they decided to give 2,000 trees to the United States in her honor, from the city of tokyo to the city of washington as a gift honoring the american support of japan in russojapanese war. 2,000 trees arrived in january of 1910. Everyone was shocked because the trees that were sent were older and very tall and buginfested. So it was decided that they would have to be burned. In fact, president taft made the decision that they would have to be burned. The japanese were very accommodating and understanding and decided to send 3,000 trees, which arrived in 1912. And its those that we still have a few of around the tidal basin. This is the north section of the tidal basin within view of the washington monument, where many of the original trees had been planted. You can tell the older ones because theyre wider, they also have gnarly trunks, overarching branches, very typical of the yoshinos, which is the dominant variety of cherry tree around the tidal basin. This is where helen taft would have planted the first Cherry Blossom tree that came with the shipment of 1912. These Cherry Blossom trees wouldnt be here if it werent for helen taft. While many people were enchanted with all things japanese in the late 19th century, they love the architecture, the culture, the pictures, the plant material, and it was her due to her that the trees are here today. Ms. Swain permanently transforming the capital city in ways that people for generations now have enjoyed. What else do we need to know about this story . Mr. Gould well, taft was not projapanese in his foreign policy. He was tilted more toward the chinese. Taft t. R. Had been more projapanese, figuring there was no way to stop them in asia by intervening at the asian mainland. So this was i think a gesture by the japanese government to try to make nice with taft. But it did turn out to be one of the great beautification moves of the 20th century. Taft would say in the 20s to his daughter, your mothers work with the cherry trees are now coming to blossom and making the city better than it has ever been, because of her contribution. Been, because of her contribution. Ms. Swain taft had one term in the white house, but it was, nonetheless, a very busy and momentous time in American History. Here are a couple of the important things. Much of his presidency seemed to be a huge debate about tariffs. And the tariff act passed in 1909. The 16th amendment also came into being in the taft administration. And for those of you who dont know, thats the one that brought us the income tax. There was the great standard oil decision in 1911 and two more states admitted to the union, new mexico and arizona. Helen tafts role in all of that were going to talk about. But how long was it after the inauguration, youve referenced it a few times, that she had a stroke . Mr. Gould may 17th, 1909, they went out to take a cruise on the potomac in the president ial yacht and the one of the cabinet members noticed that there was said theres something wrong with mrs. Taft. And they realized that she had had some kind of seizure. And they turned around and took the president ial vessel back. And archie butt said as he looked at the president , he had this face of a stricken animal that he was in such pain seeing his wife with his seizure. And so it was a moment that transformed their the presidency and their lives. Ms. Swain we at the time, they didnt really know what a stroke was. They called it a nervous disorder that she was having. How impaired was she and for how long . Ms. Cook well, she lost she had some temporary paralysis in her limbs and that came back pretty quickly. But it was her voice, she could not articulate. She got to the point where she could speak fluently and could read something aloud, but you couldnt understand her fully because she just lost that articulation. And it took a long time for that to come back, and i dont know that she ever fully was the same. But the nerves, earlier that morning, she had her stroke, her son had surgery. Her youngest, charles had surgery, adenoids removed. And so she was a nervous wreck that particular day, very uptight and very worried about this operation. And then she had this obligation to go down to mount vernon on the boat. So she was that particular day quite tense to begin with. Mr. Gould evidently, charlies operation had a good deal of blood and stuff. So it was very and he was her favorite son, i mean, robert taft was, you know, just so bright that they didnt have to worry about him. But when she sent charlie off to prep school, she said, ill never have him again back in the same way as a mother and as a son. So to see him go through this was a terrible trauma for her. And the nice thing about what the president did is that there are stories of him sitting on a couch with helen saying, now, say thee, darling, say thee. Thats very good. Now, lets try to say thee again. So he was running a kind of rehab in the white house for his wife while he was also being president. Ms. Swain was he able to do his duties as fully as he should have . Mr. Gould i think he i think he carried forward the duties of the white house. But what is striking to me is the emotional stress that it must have been, because any moment she could have had another stroke that she would have in may 1911. But the concentration and the distraction of knowing that your wife is upstairs vocally impaired and suffering, i think, is an element of the taft presidency, that even in the book i wrote about the taft presidency, i dont think i gave it enough importance. Ms. Cook and it comes at a very critical time in his presidency when they are debating the tariff act and he loses her input to him on the political ramifications, if it goes this way or that way. And this was a highly stressful time for him and for her, obviously. Ms. Swain and he relied on her political advice. And so it was mr. Gould he really had no other close friend because t. R. Had been the close friend. But none of his brothers were very good at giving him advice, there was no structure in the white house, no chief of staff, no aides. There was just the secretary and clerks. And he had no friends out in the world that he could confide in. She was his most intimate advisor and in an afternoon shes gone, in terms of giving him advice. Ms. Swain and as we said, not a natural politician to boot. So he mr. Gould yes. Well, roosevelt had left him in a tough position. He delayed the tariff until it was dumped into tafts lap. So it wasnt exactly a profile in courage for t. R. Ms. Swain well, rock is in los angeles. Youre on the air. Rock hi there, hi there. I can always, i guess, tell more about a person by their likes to dislikes in theater or art and music, and knowing that she was a steergetting for a cultural change in washington and try to upgrade everything. Theres just one thing, some of the luminaries that she kind of favored or wanted to bring into the white house, either actors or writers or musicians, id like to get a better picture. Name drop, if you would, please. Ms. Swain thanks very much. In your book, our musical first lady, you actually, in the back list, the performers that she brought to washington. Mr. Gould she had charles coburn, who would later become a famous character actor in the 1950s. But he took shakespeare around and they had performance of shakespeare on the white house lawn. Edith roosevelt had done a little bit of that, but these were fullblown productions of shakespearean plays. And she had artists like olga sameroff, rich chrysler, efram zimbalist, sr. , the father of the guy in the fbi series in the 1960s and Fannie Bloomfield zeisler, the great female pianist. And so the whos who of Classical Music moved through the white house in those four years. It was as stunning a group of artists as would later become in the kennedys or later on in the 20th century. Ms. Swain did it have cultural and or political impact on society . Mr. Gould i think it was more cultural. I felt she didnt see this as sort of moving the poll numbers. It was what the first lady ought to do bring the finest music to the white house. And i think generally thats what cultural aspects of the white house do. Ms. Cook well, and she wanted washington to be the social representative city of the land. And, you know, like we have record, we have video and audio of and photographs of Jackie Kennedys concerts that she had, but we dont have that with helen taft. So weve got the visual tangible cherry trees, but we dont have the just the technology wasnt developed enough to have the film that we have now with audio to know what those in concerts were like in the white house. Mr. Gould president taft loved to listen to records. He and archie butt would play them into the night, and he enjoyed going to the musical performances. But one wishes we had 30 seconds of helen taft playing the piano would be id certainly listen. Ms. Swain archie butt, you referenced a few times, who is he . Mr. Gould hes the the president had a military aide in those days. Now, theres a much more larger panoply of people. But this was Archibald Willingham butt, butt, who was the military aide. And hes famous because he wrote his sister letters. And there are three volumes of his letters, one from the roosevelt years and two from the taft years. And he was a great gossip. He recorded everything that anybody said. Some of it may be right, some of it may be wrong. But its a source the historians have used for years. The archie butt, taft and roosevelt, the intimate letters of archie butt. Ms. Swain and his amazing story is how did he die. Mr. Gould he died on the titanic. Ms. Swain a great loss to the tafts mr. Gould it was it crushed taft, because he archie had started out pro t. R. And had moved over to taft. And he had created this certain kind of emotional dependence on archie. He wouldnt ask him for political advice, but he was with taft most of the time. And so when he went off to europe, he he didnt want to be around when taft and roosevelt had their battle. And so he went off and made his way back in april of 1912. And supposedly was quite heroic on the titanic, making sure women got into the lifeboats at the cost of his own life. Ms. Swain despite her illness, one of the highlights of the four years that the tafts were in the white house was the celebration of their 25th anniversary. Well learn more about it in this next video. Mr. Henderson mrs. Taft enjoyed being the first lady. Shortly after she came in the white house in may of 1909, she suffered a stroke and she wasnt able to attend to all of those things. So it was a little bit disappointing. But in june of 1911, they were able to celebrate their 25th wedding anniversary there. They had a big party there with the white house open, you know, thousands of guests came in. They had music and they received tons of silver, i mean, just embarrassing amount of silver. Some of it, expensive from, you know, all types of not just their friends, from corporations, from all types of people. And we have some of that silver here that they would have been presented. And it was from things very small and they would have little inscriptions on them. This just say the taft inscription here to some things that are lets see we have a very large silver tray that would have the dates of 1886 to 1911, or just as simple as having a t inscribed in a them. Some of the pieces were very large, which had the inscription. You can see 1886 to 1911. And William Howard taft and Helen Herron Taft here on the back. In addition to the to the gifts of silver, many many telegrams were sent to the taft family from all over the world. And this is the memento that and this is the memento that showcases all those telegrams. And they kept those and collected those. And some here are some from washington, d. C. , buffalo, new york. Lets see. Here we have here south orange, new jersey, pittsburgh, chicago. For instance, this one says permit me to join with your friends in the hope that todays great happiness of you and your family when possible will be exceeded by the happiness of your 50th anniversary. So, you know, this one from chicago was looking forward to 25 more years. This was a recognition of all of the people that appreciated the president and mrs. Taft by the gifts, the telegrams. And it was just a strengthening affair for mrs. Taft as she moved through her years in the white house. Ms. Swain well, this tweet, really, is a nice way to come out of that, asking how did helens stroke impact the marriage of the tafts . So we have them celebrating their anniversary and you talked about how much he attended to her personally. What did it do that we know to the marriage . Mr. Gould well, i think its strengthened an already very powerful union that they that they had established, because he became president as caregiver and doted on her and worried about her and was constantly solicitous about her. So they were a very devoted couple to begin with. And i think this, alas and sadly, i mean, they would have passed on it if they could have, but it did bring them closer together. I mean, the letters that he wrote, he wrote to her every day when she was away and these were handwritten, six, seven, eightpage letters. Now, when you get to Woodrow Wilson who was writing letters for another reason, but here was taft at the end of a very busy day sitting down and writing 2,000 to 3,000 words to his wife. Thats devotion. Ms. Cook and she was away in massachusetts recovering at a seaside house. Mr. Gould yes. Well, she couldnt be in washington in the summer without air conditioning as it was in those days. Thats why the british made washington the hardship post. But he would dictate some letters and then she said please, handwrite them. And so he did that too. Ms. Swain jim is watching us in ipswich, massachusetts, speaking of being in massachusetts. Whats your question . Jim yes, good evening. Im just i live two towns over from willy tafts vacation ms. Swain in beverly. Jim in beverly, mass, what they call the gold coast. And my grandmother relived some stories when i was younger of seeing taft in downtown beverly and heading over to play golf at myopia country club in hamilton, and apparently had returned for a couple of summers while they were in the white house. So i just thought i would say i enjoy your show and pass that information along. Ms. Swain thank you very much. And we have a photograph of a place where that she would recuperate in the massachusetts coast in beverly, massachusetts. On her influence, even with her stroke, here is a comment from the chief usher, ike hoover at the white house observing her in action in washington. He wrote, it was no uncommon thing to see her taking part in political and official conferences. Speaker cannon, speaker of the house, consulting jointly with the president and mrs. Taft. She attended almost every important conferences in the white house proper. She would even walk in on private conferences unheralded and unannounced. Mr. Gould well its interesting and that was brought up in 1964, and her daughter wrote a letter to time magazine, saying, this is much overdrawn, my mother after the stroke couldnt do that anymore. Ike hoover is a very well known memoir in the white house, but historians regard him with deep skepticism. And he didnt like helen taft. I mean, he was no fan of hers. So take it for what he says. Ms. Swain so we our view from her own writings and other peoples observations of how deeply she was involved and consulting on policymaking is what teco what . Ms. Cook well, in reading her memoir, she downplays her role, but it seems to me that she had more of an advanced role than a lot of first ladies up to that point, but not nearly as advanced as weve come today. She was very washingtoncentric in her outlook as first lady. We talk about first lady influence, she was not going out and about around the country making stops in different parts of the country. She might have travelled with him had she not had that stroke. That might have been the influence that were missing on his presidency. Ms. Swain so in no sense there were copresident s . Ms. Cook no. No. Ms. Swain the last year when the rift becomes very great between Theodore Roosevelt and taft, and he decides that he might be mounting a challenge to him, how did that all play out for the party and for the two men . Mr. Gould well, it was a disaster for the Republican Party that still echoes in its sort of dna to this day. One reason, the republicans generally compose their differences more than the democrats is because there is this ancestral memory of the trauma they went through in 1912. Helen was convinced that t. R. Was going to run almost from the march 4th, 1909. Will saw it developing in a more measured way. But by 1911, it was clear that roosevelt was being pushed very hard to get into the race. So she kept saying i know hes going to do it, i know hes going to do it. And when he announced, she said i knew he was going to do it, and will said, my dear, i think you have been predicting it for so long that youre happy now that your prediction has come true. [laughter] so she was she didnt trust Theodore Roosevelt one minute in their whole relationship. Ms. Swain so, as you know, from history, Theodore Roosevelt split off and mounted an independent campaign with the bull moose party. And his decision to do that brought Woodrow Wilson into the white house. What were the last months of the taft presidency like . Mr. Gould well, taft took his defeat with unusual grace. He was not a bad loser. He said i have when the press said, you know, do you feel disappointed. He said, look, the American People gave me the gift of the presidency for four years, how many men have had that gift given to them. I would be an ingrate and a loser if i said that i was angry at this point. And he writes to one of his relatives or friends in cincinnati, you know, you have to put up with the vagaries of democracy, the American People have made their decision, i have to live by it. I cant be angry about it. And this he went out on a kind of wave of goodwill as somebody who showed the way democracy, small d, should operate. So he was disappointed, but he was not embittered. And i think that resounded to his credit over the long haul. Ms. Cook well, and that makes sense because what mattered most to taft was the law and the rule of law and the people had spoken. And so he could accept that much more easily probably than some people. Ms. Swain christine in boise, youre on the air. Hi, christine . Christine hi. I was wondering if you could tell us a little bit more about her three children and what became of their lives and families. Ms. Cook well, her oldest son, robert ran for the senate and was a successful senator, and so was his son. And then his son, robert, so tafts great grandson was the governor of ohio. Their daughter, helen went on to earn a phd. She married and had children. And then, their youngest son was the mayor of cincinnati. Mr. Cincinnati was his nickname. So they had their own legacy in politics. Mr. Gould robert taft becomes mr. Republican. And helen, the daughter, becomes the dean at bryn mawr and is a very influential educator. And as you say, charles taft had a career in cincinnati politics. He tried to move up to be governor, it didnt work out. He was probably the most liberal of the between him and robert taft, and helen was prosuffrage at the time when her mother wasnt. President taft eventually becomes prosuffrage because its the way of enforcing prohibition. In his view, he didnt like prohibition, but if the American People wanted it, he wanted it enforced. Ms. Swain we have a list of some of the firsts that nellie taft brought to the role of first lady. As we learned earlier on, she was the first to ride with the president in the inaugural parade, the first to attend a Supreme Court argument. I love this one, she was the first to attend a political convention, but not of her husbands party. She went to the Democratic Convention in 1912. Mr. Gould yes. The democrats met in baltimore, which made it sort of a road trip for her and she went with a couple of democratic women. Most of Washington Society went over to see the baltimore convention. And it was it lived up to its billing, unlike the dull routine political conventions of our time which is drained of all significance. Then that the one that nominated Woodrow Wilson went 46 ballots. It had drama, it lasted a week, and she went there. And William Jennings bryan was going to introduce a resolution attacking president taft and he withdrew it, because he said i dont want to embarrass the first lady by having her become political while shes sitting in the gallery. Ms. Cook and thats an only for her. I mean, the first she was the only first lady to attend the opposite Political Party division. Ms. Swain i cannot imagine that happening today, can you . Ms. Cook no. Ms. Swain among her firsts, again, she was the first to donate her inaugural gown to the smithsonian and started that practice, which is now the most popular exhibit in the smithsonian exhibition. She brought automobiles to the white house and, in fact, in a commercial venture, which we actually dont have time to tell that story, the first first lady to publish her memoirs and, as we said earlier, the first first lady along with her husband to be buried at arlington cemetery. One of the viewers tweeted to us that they have been following along in our book about first ladies. I want to take just a second to tell you about it. Were doing this series in partnership with the White House Historical association. And they have published a book called the first ladies, which contains a biography of each one of the first ladies. And we are making it available at cost, which is about 12. 95 on our website. The one i referenced earlier, first, cspan. Org firstladies. And there is a way to buy this book. You can read along with it and learn a little bit more about each one of these first ladies as we work our way through the series. So if youre interested, thats a resource available to you. We have a video about the inaugural gowns. Lets watch that next. The smithsonian exley has very few pieces that belong to helen taft, but the peas we do have i think is the most significant pieces in the first ladies collection. We are going to open it up for you. First,aft was a woman of helen taft with a woman of combinations. This to me symbolizes all of that. This is helen tafts inaugural ground gown. The inauguration was very important to helen taft. Her husband coming into the white house and herself coming into the white house. It was a very ceremonious occasion for her. , notarked this occasion only her entry into the white house, but really edited as a marker for first ladies on the United States when she became the first first lady to donate her inaugural gown to the smithsonian institution. She happened to be the first lady when the founders of the first ladies collection, mrs. Hooves and mrs. James were putting the collection together. And they met helen taft at a lunch commemorating dolly madison. They asked her if she would be interested in this new collection they were putting together, this exhibit they were putting together on the first ladies. They were trying to acquire something from every first lady, every president ial administration. Mrs. Taft generously offered to lend and then finally donate her inaugural gown to the collection. Shes really the founding patron in many ways of the first ladies collection and she established the tradition that first ladies would donate their gown to the collection. Every first lady after mrs. Taft who had an inaugural ball had an inaugural gown has donated it to the smithsonian institution. Ms. Swain and im sure many of you watching tonight have been to washington have been through that exhibit over time. Well, the tafts leave washington. He has the problem that he cant really practice law because hes appointed so many of the judges. So he goes to teach at yale. Mr. Gould yes, on coming back to yale, he tells the yale daily news. Ms. Swain and then how did he become the chief justice of the United States . Mr. Gould he played things very carefully for eight years hoping that the republicans would come back in. He was very disappointed when wilson i think heartbroken was the case when wilson was reelected because he had come to hate wilson. But wilson and the democrats were repudiated in 1920 and harding becomes president on new years eve sorry, Christmas Eve of 1920, taft is in marion, ohio and goes to see the hardings and the harding says, would you like to be on the Supreme Court . Ill put you on that court. And taft said, well, i can only be chief justice. And harding, in effect, says, well, well work it out. Six months later, taft, chief Justice Edward Douglas White dies. Taft had said he was going to make way for a republican anyway. But white did the honorable thing and expired at the right time, and taft is appointed chief justice about july 1st, 1921. Ms. Swain im sorry, for how long . Mr. Gould he served until his death in early 1930. Ms. Swain and chief justice William Howard taft was responsible for giving the Supreme Court its own home. Until that time, it actually met in the capitol building. And he understood as president how to get that done. He never lived to see the court actually work in the Supreme Court building. But hes the one that really got that under way and gave the court its own place in washington, d. C. Brian steinberg asks, did helen taft well, we know the story like being first lady more than William Howard taft liked being president , but goes on to say what was her role after he became chief justice . What was her life like then . Mr. Gould shes pretty much very quiet because the wives of the justices did not have a public role. They didnt entertain. It really was very much cloistered in a way that is not the case today. Maybe we have chief justices speaking on all sorts of questions. And tafts view was that, he issued opinions, promoted the law, he helped to get the Supreme Court building. But that was about it for society as far as the Supreme Court was concerned. Ms. Cook well, and being first lady is what she had always wanted to do, so she didnt have a big ambition after that other than to just, you know, to live a quiet life. And so i think thats why, you know, we dont see that as much. Ms. Swain bill in tampa. Hi, bill, youre on. Bill hey, i was channel surfing and i came upon your program. Wonderful, congratulations. Ill be tuning in for all of the episodes. Ms. Swain thank you. You have a question . And ms. Cook, we love american phoenix. Keep that work going. Thank you. Ms. Swain thank you very much for the call. Appreciate it. She was a lucky lady healthwise. Even though she suffered two strokes, she outlived her husband and she lived until the ripe old age of 81. How did she spend most of those years . Mr. Gould i think, interacting with her children and grandchildren, they continue going to murray bay. We havent had the chance to talking about his love for murray bay in canada, where they had, first thing, sort of cabin and then it grew into a kind of a taft complex. He would have made it the summer white house in canada, but the president in those days, by tradition, could not leave the continental United States during their time in office. Somebody said if they could have annexed murray bay, tafts presidency would have been a lot happier. [laughter] ms. Swain can you imagine the political fallout of having a summer home in another country . Mr. Gould well, thats why they would have annexed. I mean, it would have become but, yeah, it just was impossible. But he loved murray bay so much, he just waited to get there to get away from the heat of washington. Ms. Cook well, and she was also this is not during the chief justice years, but right after the white house. She did write an autobiography with a ghostwriter. And that was a first to have it published. Louisa adams wrote an autobiography, but it was not published in her lifetime. Helens were published. Ms. Swain and published in 1914. Ms. Cook fourteen. Ms. Swain as you said, just a couple of years after she left the white house. As a matter of fact, if youre really interested in her life, we have hyperlinked her autobiography on our website. Its in a Public Domain now. And you can read it if youd like to have more of her detail. Again, its on that website. Trying to put lots of resources on there for those of you who are interested. Mr. Gould its more about the philippines than the white house. The white house is just about the last 15 percent. But its unique even though it was ghost written by a writer from a magazine and her daughter. She didnt think it was dignified to write it herself. Ms. Swain you brought a letter you found on the internet, as a matter of fact, of her and her postwhite house years. Why did you find this charming or interesting . Mr. Gould well, i enjoyed collecting the actual letters of people. And so this came up on ebay and i bid on it, i was lucky to get it. But shes writing about the transition taft had been on the National War Labor Board in world war i. That was coming to an end. They were moving back to new haven and she talks about, and then we can go in summer to murray bay, which she, both of them loved the place. Ms. Swain she was invited back to the white house by Eleanor Roosevelt in 1940. Ms. Cook yes, she was. And thats a quiet tradition that first ladies have. Helen invited Frances Cleveland back to the white house when she was first lady. She invited Frances Cleveland, and they were only three years apart in age. They got married the same year in 1886. And so, theres a little club of first ladies and to share and talk about their experiences and to invite a previous first lady back is a nice quiet tradition. Ms. Swain she died on may 22nd, 1943, and as we said earlier, is the first and only one of two first ladies buried at arlington cemetery. And you see some video there of Arlington National cemetery and the taft birth excuse the taft burial place. As we close out here in our final few seconds, i want to go right back to where we started. We have introduced people to helen taft. Why should she be remembered among the pantheon of first ladies . Mr. Gould i think because of the cherry trees, i think because of the musicians that she brought, because of her role in making taft president , because of her role in the split between t. R. And her husband. She was a consequential first lady in a cultural and political and marital sense. And i think she deserves much more from history than shes received. Ms. Swain and jane cook, what would you say . Ms. Cook i would say definitely all of the firsts that she did as first lady, but also that she made it ok for a woman to have an interest in politics. We can look back and see that she was ahead of her time, and to see the first ladies that came after her, more of them had that natural interest as well. Ms. Swain for our two first lady scholars, thank you very much for helping us understand more about one of americas most obscure 20th century first ladies. We hope weve told the audience a bit more about her life and interested them in learning more. Thanks for being with us. Mr. Gould thank you. [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2015] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] they were wives, and mothers. Some had children and grandchildren who became president and politicians. They dealt with the joys and trials of motherhood. The pleasure, and sometimes chaos, of raising small children. And the tragedy of loss. First ladies looks at the personal lives of every first lady in American History. Many of whom raised families in the white house. Lively stories of fascinating women and illuminating, entertaining, and inspiring read based on original interviews from cspans first ladies series. It is available as a hardcover or an ebook. On first ladies, we learn about allen and Edith Wilson Ellen and edith wilson. After a year and a half serving as first lady, ellen falls gravely ill and passes away. Marys marries. She also became the first first lady to travel to europe. At 8 00 p. M. Ight eastern on cspans original series, first ladies. Examining the public and private lives of the women who fill the position of first lady and their influence on the presidency. From Martha Washington to michelle obama, sundays at 8 00 p. M. Eastern on American History tv on cspan3. This sunday night, 20yearold College Student kirk has been visiting the graves of u. S. President s and Vice President s since he was nine and documenting his adventures on his website. He talks about those visits and his interest in American History. The one gravesite that everybody had trouble getting to is the rockefeller gravesite. Yes, the Vice President for ford. How did you do it . Aswe were able to get to it what my father describes as an act of god. My father walked farther down the perimeter and saw that this gigantic tree had fallen across the fence. He went in and saw Nelson Rockefellers grave and decided that you have to get me there fairly quickly after that. Sunday night at 8 00 eastern and pacific. Tvntly, American History was at the society for historians of American Foreign relations annual meeting. We spoke with professors, authors, and graduate to the about their research. This interview is about 20 minutes. Mr. Scully stephen hadley, a graduate of and a doctoral candidate. Lets talk about times like these good the press and the cia abroad. In researching this, what did you learn . Mr. Hadley well, what i really learned is that the cia and the press had a pretty at times contentious and very, very multivaried relationship between the two of them and it was really founded early on in the common understanding of the cold war struggle that the United States is facing this new threat after world war ii and the soviet union. And in the early days, there was a really strong sense that they had to work together