Tv. So, we will live on forever and ever after 3 a. M. When you cant sleep. [laughter] i will get a text from my father the following morning saying you are on television again. Im just curious a show of hands i like to ask how many of you are visiting for the first time this evening to the museum wax wonderful. Welcome to all of you. You are surrounded by many of our members, members of our founding members of the museum and society into this is a wonderful fellowship of people who are great supporters of the museum. We are pleased to partner with trust and you will see them up on the screen. I know Tim Gillespie but i know all i can see out there is darkness but lets think them for making the revolution possible. [applause] it is a pleasure to be welcoming doctor Vincent Browne this evening. As it is sometimes the case but not often w that often we are ay welcoming a good friend to the museum here this evening. Vince is one of the group of scholars have consulted in the E Development of the extraditions for the museum here so long before the shuffle was in the ground into the steel beam in philadelphia. Some of these turned into some of the great personal stories in the core exhibition. The Charles Warren professor of American History and professor of africanAmerican History at Harvard University hes the author of the garden that won the James Raleigh prius and award. If you have an opportunity to go online, dont do it now on your phone but hes a developer of slave revolt and jamaica 1760, 61 and it is a narrative you can go online and even may be speaking about this during the talk this evening, but its a great online resource and hopefully will begin to be used by educators and classrooms. Hes received a guggenheim fellowships, his documentary in the heart of blackness was broadcast nationally on pbs. It was chosen as the best documentary at the hollywood black Film Festival so i definitely check that out. Now 2017 for those of us are herthatare here on april 19 whee open a museum of the American Revolution, then the vincent brn was one of our keynote speakers that we read the transcript but continued to inspire us and view more recently might have seen him interviewed on the cbs sunday morning peace and all of these are available on the museums website, search for the museum of the American Revolution, or amrev. Org to find out that information. We have to introduce Vincent Brown and thought you ought to get the same treatment. We are going to warmly welcome Vincent Brown. It can motivate people. Loyalty to a cause. Ideals into the cartridge to carry them out. We appreciate the efforts of common women, men and children of all sorts. There are losses and victories and the determination to turn them into lessons that history of the revolution is and should be a living history as it was in the dreams this kind of history is messy and contradictory, constant and ironic as often as it is heroic it also has the virtue of being closer to the truth. So, im grateful, deeply grateful to the curator of this exhibit for having the courage to tell the truth. To show us the story of National Origin but a multifaceted account of how one might have experienced the time of such turmoil. [applause] i did not expect this. [laughter] now i can lay back and relax. I appreciate that. Thank you for the wonderful introduction. Also thank you for all of the fantastic work that you do here at the museum and for inviting me to speak this evening. I also want to thank anna for arranging my appearance here, brian david for hosting, holding down, and thanks to all of you for coming out tonight. I very much appreciate you and your interest in history and especially your interest in history that you dont know and that you would like to explore. I appreciate that. Its kind of a homecoming for me because one of the curators here was a graduate student of ours at Harvard University and he is doing amazing work. I am so proud of him and it is kind of nice to be here to help. [applause] im extremely honored to have laura in the audience tonight. [applause] with the American Revolution history in the country but also especially at harvard and diversity where she was instrumental in high hearing and i am so grateful, not sure why you didnt find still grateful, so its great to see you. Thanks for coming. I am so honored to be with you here and im hoping maybe we can all catch a bit of the spirit of the revolution together before it is too late. In 1776, great britains most important american colony was on the verge of insurrection. Colonists proceeded that they were conspiring against the rights of the subject. They feared a plot against the english liturgies and the long enjoyed. Those dwelt upon the topic of american rebellion. As these jamaican colonists debated whether they com come lw an opportunity. Ththe island was at a critical juncture with the british entry into yet another imperial war. Colonists exaggerated accounts of developers in the caribbean and calculated that there were 30 slaves to every white person ready to join they said the attempt of any enemy and a general massacre. On july 3, the troops prepared for a rendezvous scheduled to be part of the island for north america by the end of the month. Throughout the parish, people gathered frequently in houses, grounds and open fields to hold very serious conversations but stopped suddenly upon the approach of anyone they did not trust. They were strategized and now or never if they thought was the time to make themselves masters of the country. The moment seemed like a successful uprising because americabut thisamerican revoluto be. As it so often happened with the slavslave rebellion, the plot ws betrayed and the conspiracy unraveled. When the british and jamaica considered the gravity of 1776 rather than looking ahead to the loss of the colonies, they look to the past back to the insurrection 1760 which had been the most dangerous threat to the entire debate. They reflected on the differences between 1760 and 1776, mostly in terms of the nature of warfare with their own slaves. 1776 customarily arks the moment in the origin of the United States of america when the declaration of independence announced the separation of the 13 colonies from great britain. When referring to the origin of the nation though, the date obscures the broad context of times. It deflected attention from the fact that britain hope to 26 colonies in america, not just the 13 that broke away. Southern and midatlantic and new england. 70 percent of the wealth and. One british america but when you break it down you can see wealth increase as you move south, that is they depended upon in slave labor. In astonishing disparity drop and 90 percent of the population three white people were stupendously rich boasting 17 times the wealth of those in the 13 colonies. But yet the average private wealth of a free white colonist in generic one jamaica was 50 times greater of a settler in new england. Military deployments distributed to protect that wealth. Often nearly as many as to the whole of the north American Continent and to have greater influence from the north american peers this is to explain what Thomas Hutchinson needed as soon as he wanted from british policymakers from the 17 seventies. Before that American Revolution that we now know as tachys revolt the crisis in slave revolt of overwhelming concern take advantage of britain sevenyear war the uprising began april 7th , 1760 continuing into the next year. Over the course of 18 months they managed to kill 61 and destroy tens of thousands of properties for over 500 black men and women were killed in battle, executed or driven to suicide. Another 500 were transported from the island for less. To consider the extended secrecy of the plan the multitude of the conspirators of those of the places at once this revolt was more formidable than any of the west indies burqa according to two slaveowners of an african man named tacky organized executed by people from the gold coast stretching between the two rivers had that reputation for military prowess their displacement and forced migration and rebellion show how the slave trade masks the warfare of the 18th century Atlantic World. The slave trade spread throughout the americas somewhere leaders were soldiers and found themselves scattered by trade winds and currents and replanted into unfamiliar territories to rebuild their social lives. Inevitably some of them were in war against their bondage those that found themselves caught up in that war cast across the ocean and set down in alien land were brutalized renewed conflicts promised to liberate them or to serve their masters blades looking at the prospect of a better life this process of adaptation familiar to students of cultural change but of african religion and expression and identity with the africanamerican and atlantic history and a similar approach shows how the turmoil life of Plantation Society generates a response that travels and sprouted across the americas and back to europe that is what happened when they broke out in a series of revolts in the 17th and 18th century india, st. John, antigua and jamaica the archipelago of insurrections from north american the jamaican insurrection of 60 and 61 followed by further uprising 65 and 66 the most consequential. For what observers could glean it was clear there were many soldiers in africa full cadre arriving in military training and discipline with these tactics that were learned and as they suggest that could be seen as extension is an african war. This perspective reveals the complex networks of migration trans Regional Power that gave the political history of 18 centurys most distinctive contours. Warfare is the first step to envision slavery that shows how those practice one practices travel and take root and grow in disparate environments. Even as a slave trade force people to negotiate their affiliations, the africans across the atlantic scattered the seeds of military conflict throughout the americas. The story shows how it was reconstituted not as a direct continuation but the outsource of experience. British slave owners valued cora montys highly for Agricultural Labor but at the same time the rebellious disposition to promote disturbances. They were dangerous people to keep in bondage and part because i found the gold coast to be a good source of workers they witness the transformation of major empires which vied for each other fueled by arms sales from european traders they produced great quantities for those on the coast they also produced a turbulent environment in which military campaigns involved with europeans on african rivals multiple alliances negotiations and treachery this context was highly suspect those from the gold coast or any single ethnic group in africa and those who were according to the best research on the subject the subject of co nationals forming what contemporaries called the nation in the americas. This was a phenomenon a category comprising people who could understand the language recognizably and similar strategies there was no direct antecedent where shared languages were not enough to supersede getting their name from an important coastal town the cora monty nation was a social glue and religious institution functioning as a Mutual Aid Society and a place to enjoy entertainment. For social communion in the environment with militarism and brutality was a common experience for people to plan and organize and stage revolts when they did to one so they drew upon their previous experiences. However cora monty was cross cut by others they spoke more than one language and came from many different regions and kingdoms just as important once in jamaica they served different roles so no amount of cultural similarity could dissolve those negotiations even with their compatriots as a made friends and foes with politics of belonging to make that debate as much as the identity itself in the faith of continual assaults to distinguish themselves by the political commitment and among the cora montys the worst abuses and how to destroy it altogether even as they recall their prior experience. In the turbulent world of warfare more than how to form loyal unit alliances and coalitions they had won this wisdom on the gold coast where they learned the particulars in order to make war on their masters. Of the military veteran of the seven years war famously defined itself as the perpetual part of for it was not conventional between the state armies recognized by the state but rather mastery was by itself to met with resentment against the cruelty of slaveholders. Are you not of the insurrection cracks it was not a rhetorical question since the early days of jamaica thereafter considering the enslaved as irreconcilable and an enemy rebellion was the anxiety even more terrible they had been in jamaica in 1772 reeling from the uprising from the previous decade and then to go through their counterattack so where the enslaved characterize their bondage as a permanent state of low intensity war talking regularly how they would wage the war. Warfare migrants veteran warfare with the expansion to transform europe and africa and the americas as they interacted across the Atlantic Ocean european conflicts extending from capitalist agriculture african battles these clashes amounted to a slave wall and war against slaves precipitating that fighting slaves again slaveholders. And then with the other wars with the allocations and enemy combatants it with those concepts the extension of war of the african continent it was a race war between black and white and a struggle among black people what were the terms for effective control as local territory and the establishment of their own political legacy . And one of the hardest fought battle of the seven years war. And those into the interactions of the 17 sixties charting their course to get new stories of territory and movement and a new cartography with africa and america. As an example the principal leaders also known by his african name had a new type of campaign the elite official on the gold coast engaging, with political rivals captured and enslaved fighting naval battles against the french the driver on the sugar plantation before the uprising of the british to call the race war. As they engage in these struggles the everyday violence of enslavement to the scale of geopolitics. This interlocking power of migration and power to connected that constituent elements to integrate that was far from the plantations beyond the relations between masters and slaves to observe racial violence those who fight in europe and north america and those who crisscrossed those who were swept up both sides of the Atlantic Ocean tracking movements of profiteers and ordinary fighters exposed in the shape of the archipelago of World History from below. Now, i will let you read hopefully yourselves. [laughter] sorry you cannot read the text you can get a general sense just how complicated the revolt was even with the first few months and those that underappreciated to give you a sense of why i think its so important and then to model so to anticipate the American Revolution it can be considered of what historians call the age of revolution and yet despite the fact to influence two of those moments the realization of British Imperial government and to abolish the Transatlantic Slave Trade. In the aftermath of the revolt jamaicas house is new poll taxes and commercial duties and those for all america the jamaica stamp act was made explicitly to address the cost of the revolt that is replaced at too great a burden of the wealthiest columnist one colonists. And the 1760 tax of a far larger reform effort and as the policymakers north America Africa and the caribbean has a threat to their most vital colony. And then to reach out the board of trade with that jamaican interaction. That might contain the antagonist. And those that would take shape and since the conclusion of the previous war of 1748 to increase dramatically in the first half of the century and the complexity and then to be spurred into the reform effort. And elected officials and with those troops and resources this coincides with a dramatic shift to a fundamentally restricted philosophy to amplify the widespread conviction the colonies had too many privileges for co news of the slave for the most profitable colony strength and the policymakers resolve them and held by a shift in attitude. And those slaveholders of the benefit so as not if not for the forces the lives and properties would become afraid of their slaves and with the imposition of new taxes however somebody in north america that would encourage them to remain subject to imperial command to help finance urban security. They did not like imperial reform after the seven years war serving as a model policymakers preferred wrath of new legislation for the american colonies these policies and spared the one is by the backlash if the jamaican insurrection helped to shape material conflicts may also offer a rationale for the reform and to enhance the security of the independence of the slave trade to ameliorate the enslaved ironically the work of the historians on the impact of the budding discourse and this threat especially to the coromantee insurgents promoted the idea it would be more retractable that they could avoid to scatter them with better conditions for child rearing of christianity and can be more secure in their possession raising up nativeborn populations and then to lead to a kinder and gentler less menacing slavery. And then to argue enhance the security of the British Empire and then to nurture the slave trade movement. And with those first responding to the 1712 uprising in new york city the Pennsylvania Assembly not only of the island as the reason for their action. That was a ten year moratorium since they cannot do without them. Other colonies tried again the virginia legislators was 17671769 in 1772 and to have that increase but also the number with the total expulsion of this. And with those concerns to allow all of these. The restrictions were more successful in pennsylvania. In 1761 the news of the slave for appeared in the pennsylvania gazette as a colonies assembly noted the mischievous consequence of putting slaves into this province with those that prohibit the trade entirely in 1761 the colony passed a law to increase duties on slaves and extend the enforcement into perpetuity. 1773 pennsylvania doubled and then in 1780 they passed the abolition of slavery as much as these laws may have expressed increasing opposition and that was quite genuine also discouraging the arrival of insurgent africans. Most feared the presence of africans many others empathize with the Abolition Movement they often drew sympathetic responses from people and places that helped fewer number of slaves. Many british and north american were horrified of the brutality of the british co nationals to be circulated more widely with the growing popularity of christian martyrs which help to administer their nation is a moral community founded on persecution and religious virtues. For some this community extended the slaves however tenuous and becoming victims to sacrifice the slaveholders. Circulating during the revolt to argue enslavement is natures higher law authorized violence and i am quoting all the black men now on plantations by unjust force deprived of liberties and held in slavery as they have none to appeal to maybe pill that force with force to recover their liberty to destroy their oppressors and also in with others white as well as black to assist those miserable creatures as they can in the attempts to deliver themselves and to rescue them out of their hands out of the cool tyrants. Now if you others are willing to go this far. But the pamphlet the pennsylvania quaker who had the national slave trade abolition of the British Empire although avoiding the topic of slave revolt that higher law doctrine among his fellow quakers the opposition to war induce them to see the violence as the unconscionable evil that it was a constant source for with the orthodox line of reasoning through the 2h century they could not the slaveholder results but to condemn the tyranny a boston writer asserted they were used to the arbitrary and cruel government over slaves tasting the suites of their oppressing the fellow creatures and the rights of the british colony asserted and approved published the same year the right of american settlers from the intimidation to declare that by the law of nature as all men are white or black. Because to be pretentious to be oppressed by their brutality for the enslaved anti slavery rhetoric the Parliamentary Campaign against the jamaican slaveholder and with the American Revolution the literary raised a toast to the next insurrection at an oscar dinner party. By the end of the century stories again slaveholders and the gruesome executions help to promote the emerging anti slavery consciousness which ultimately enabled the campaign to turn the British Public against the slave trade and slavery in the 19th century. This all happened too late for the rebels themselves like most insurrections, tackys revolt ended badly they were captured and executed or banished from the island along with the commanders who had taken no part in the fighting. Looking back at the historians perspective that the outcome the balance of forces from the start they would not win the colonies from the british and the north americans would do two and a half decades later taking from the french. Those in jamaica did not know they had failed they thought they had success even with more and enslavement and also gearing for battle for foreign and domestic enemy beyond the reach of the slaveholders. They could even challenge the combined forces of the British Empire from popular memories. Tackys revolt represented a watershed in the atlantic History Program of regional political maps were drawn to the New Territories for cultivation and stimulate the slave trade with power or the slave has another record of this movement to have new solidarity to give meaning to categories to partition friends from foes and bystanders to redirect the priority since jamaica was the commercial military have the most profitable settlement in the oversea stronghold so yes it is ambiguous but tackys revolt help to stimulate the imperial reform effort of the jamaican revolt anticipated they also left people divided the coromantee had left their reputation on the Transatlantic Slave Trade while at the same time with the Association Even in the United States as late as the 19h century referring to the tacky among us. Then to explain what a registered in the imagination today. The coromantee war shaped the era and the prevailing narrative of the right of progress for the word freedom even though it was small and dirty wars to epitomize the relationship between labor and commerce and global power. By the more obvious consequences of the haitian revolution which seem to speak more directly to the history of liberty. The security of these events is also locked in to acknowledge slave revolt as an active for. Few things terrify the wealthy and powerful more than the prospect of revolt from the poor and weak of a world turned upside down. Dominant people and nation states had conventions to legitimize their victory and defeat to recognize violence as it is an unfortunate feature of political struggle. Between the powerful to dominate by daily habit there is no limit the limits they would go to maintain supremacy they would commit atrocities and massacres to be sure but also disavow them and refuse to admit their legitimate enemies and combatants and of the struggles of the less powerful people because the first draft of this history subsequent historiography is trained to escape their point of view. Samantha margins with a fresh perspective of the landscape , in the city of slavery the aspiration politics with the coming to be the post revolutionary era in atlantic history in the 19th century when the prospect of emancipation has come to be seen as a discrete effort with a sharp relief over the course of change although that era certainly did bring a transformation, emancipation is the master sign of freedom to buy the ultimate aims of strategy to the 19th century. So throughout those were followed in most cases by a slaveholders. That antagonism to govern the attention it persisted through the 19th and 20th century with that manifestations of the present the at the struggles against white power were continuous during and after slavery and to constantly thought which they develop their notions of belonging and fairness beyond the masters reach in the 17 sixties in jamaica can be narrated as heroism and defeat they were killed and executed and forced back into slavery and then to inspire future generations against the longest odds. However, with their courage and ingenuity with the landscape of force and instrumentation that the powerful never meant to show these counter maps show the geography of hope and possibility in the making and fugitive territories carved out as a political struggle difficult to maintain paradoxical on the alliances and in most cases yet to be one. Thank you. [applause] thats just there to provide symmetry. We do have a microphone we will bring around please make sure you have the microphone when you are speaking. Another point on your seats you have a survey we would love it if you give us some feedback on this Evenings Program or suggestions for future talks. Please leave that with a member of the staff in the back. Also there was a run on the bookstore. Actually we will have some signed bookplates available if you would like to have one of those to affix to book when you want to come back and pick up and the next speaker is may 19 this spring speaking about the book our sister republics shifting our gaze to the relationship of the Young American republic to latin American Revolutionaries. Professor, thank you so much for that excellent presentation excuse me for holding a glass of wine with my question. [laughter] but this was an electric presentation of the scene that i became familiar with which for those who were unfamiliar to speak of the lack of appreciation of the comprehensive af on efforts over the centuries to abolish slavery that were participated in by many many people that we dont appreciate that in our study of American History that this was such an international effort. But specifically for your wor work, you pinpointed a very interesting point. In america, quakers were at the forefront of the abolition every movement. Their efforts led mostly to discussion. They were nonviolent but yet the baptists in jamaica did a different thing and were led more by violent revolution and revolt in that effort seems to have prompted the response of the British Government to where the more peaceful approach did not do you have any comment as to that difference quick. I do have some thoughts. I would go back to the way we approach history which is sometimes when im looking forward to the first cause and things we really want to say this is what matters to find the thing that really matters it tries to pit those religious reformers beginning with the quakers with those dissenting evangelicals against the enslaved and the continuous efforts over centuries. I dont give stickers to people i like or dont like i try to figure out how those complex causes interrelate so how is at those religious reformers respond to the enslaved how does that help to stimulate their movements how is that predicted one predicament with religious performers on the one side to build the political connection and enslaved workers on the other refusing to do what the masters want them to do how does that compel them cracks atsign trying to do here. Part of the problems we assume we spent so much time idealizing not considering what the enslaved are doing themselves. That doesnt matter as much to me really try to get a complete sense of the predicament that may be slavery will not work so much longer because in 1831 and with the British Empire it is the largest of all in 1831. But they had already been conditioned of anti slavery reformers to say theres another way to do this to convince policymakers slavery was not the only game in town. So try to develop that comprehensive picture and who struggles matter is what im really after here. Does that make sense . First of all i am not an academic. But i am fascinated by your presentation in terms of what goes on in the world today. Learning from history is to provide perspective of what goes on today. The issue of looking to more dos ill docile or more manageable people the business interest can dominate, i am curious they were rational people looking at the world as a business person. And with that in mind the target of the gold coast to import slaves cracks it appears that the history to be unmanageable to be militaristic and not subject to being controlled, why would they go to the gold coast and try to bring in that group of people quick. There are all kinds of stereotypes especially with the people they enslave. Often they are based on the exaggeration of something vacancy. They are wrong ultimately of those nativeborn populations to be more dos ill of the 1831 rebellion it is all led by those who are nativeborn to the island but the problem of slavery is slavery itself but more specifically why the coromantee were brute laborers is they had a relationship with the gold coast and have been trading for some time so they knew how things operated with a network in place and so they were familiar with how things worked and that facilitated the trade. So they didnt necessarily have all the choices they wante wanted, they were responding as much to supply us to their own demand. Second there was a second kind of aberration to recognize these people to be familiar with the late 17th century become quite militaristic themselves. So they recognize something that they could admire and to put on or upon them it is crude and i apologize but its almost like the way people want to domesticate wild horses and that is the sense of the coromantee. This continues on with the british and those of the 19th century a characteristic martial race and they draft them into specialized military units. And the same thing with the zulu to valorize them as tough people they can admire in some way especially because they can mass educate. There is a lovehate relationship to desire fear in part precisely because they are such a challenge getting into psychology i dont want to go too far down the road but that plays out over the course of the 17th and 18th century. Could you please talk about the mechanics of the slave rebellion of slavery is well understood to be a constant state of war within the plantation and those to clear their masters. And with those occupations. Between the plantation those 400 people who kept it quiet to have a signal at such and such a time the neighboring plantations. To be very interested of how it begins where the slave owners know this can happen and are doing everything they can to stop it. To Say Something much more general. So that means in some enslaved people they have the instruments. And that is a driver and as a driver on behalf of the overseer in the planter to use the authority granted to organize a rebellion that could be quickly lost. So that careful negotiation of that person of authority that you have to give special favors of the independent house access to the tools for hunting or sometimes even guns and with access to the special favors to align with you so these divisions help you would like to keep that population and to help you keep control of that. More directly they dont all have that at the end of the day and when they do not that many people are guarding once you have those that is the representation where they collected muskets to me the best parts of the rebellion to gather the weapons that they can and trying to gather other people into the revolt so they set these plantations alight so as they are told around the areas that the revolts will happen then they are told now is the time so that is how it works by the signals and by the fact they were organizing more properly to identify friends and foes over a long period of time when things go off it can happen quite quickly for why spend much more time in the mechanics but that should give you a general sense of how it works. Earlier in your presentation you had a slide 1661 through 1765 and the most frequent destinations you talk about the most various islands. How is it you have tens of thousands of people for hundreds of thousands of people how is it determined some went to jamaica how are those destinations determined . That depends on the mission and demand and what kind of Networks Connect to it kind of places. So the trade at the gold coast that is involved to some degree but the british and dutch and danish take greater numbers than other european slave trading powers. So those that come to the most profitable colonies. And those that demand so many workers because they price people from that particular region and so they wind up in greater numbers of people so if you have a region thats favored by emergent so those in the scale of the trade is determined so with that source of supply does that make sense . So how this plays out over time where i drew those numbers from that is a database that has a record of 40000 ships with the accurate estimate of departures across the atlantic for the entire four centuries of the trade. Could you speak to how you view this history over centuries and the reality of it today what is your view of all of this history and what we today learn to address those that exist over racial lines . With thats great question takes away from my work as a historian and to be engage with this kind of history with the troubles i see in society. I think a couple of things there are continuous patterns over a very long period of time. So the origin of the word slave is derived from the slavic people for a very long time before the constantinople and the movement of european traders across the mediterranean when they rely on enslaved africans so it is still with us the pattern is still there in our language i do think of that expectation so those features that came to intensify one intensify that social status and they can still came to signify so where the laws work radically differently you still find associations between those features in the social status and those expectations take different forms in the way society is organized that is the abstract way to say we are still contending with those patterns they were fighting even at its height and most extreme and during slavery that was as continuous as White Supremacy itself or racism itself and i want to emphasize that only those struggles which help to change things for the better so that is my engagement to understand to have historical origins and the struggles against those patterns are continuous. Just a quick final question so your engagement with landscape with the American Revolution and the kind of history of american slavery in liberty is woven into the neighborhood. As the transatlantic story has told how much of the landscape have you been able to travel to and how has that affected your perspective and your work . Thank you for the question. The driving idea behind this book we can re mask the way it looks some trying to integrate the math of the Atlantic World to see how things that happened in west africa so we dont just want to see that on a twodimensional map from 30000 feet but try to locate that in the particular landscape i am talking about to see the connection and what happens in a parish or a plantation and what might happen in london or boston or philadelphia. So did i spend time . Certainly in west africa i spent quite a bit of time in ghana on the gold coast to go many of the slave forts. Some of them now are like a tourist trap. They are impressive and you can look, but they dont have the feeling of the horror and the terror that i have envisioned. Only when there was a fort that was the most heavily trafficked fort on the gold coast. By the histor hiy investment of imagination and being in that place and at the same thing could have been in various places in jamaica as i thought about this history. But very much as the history of how it is that one connects different landscapes so that we control the story that looks quite different than the National History is that we generally know. Thank you for that. And can we think vince. [applause] if you would like a book signed where there is a chance to speak to he will be out in the hallway. Thank you for being here. American secession the looming threat of national breakups. You argue in this book that secession is closer than we think in todays america. What do you base that argument on . Guest i moved here from canada and i went through all this before and i remember this was something nobody talked about and been a few years later we were having a river in them, so we are in a very divided country
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