Their spirit continues today as america leads humanity into a new chapter of Space Exploration and scientific discovery. By combining the efforts of the u. S. Government with the leaders in private industry, we will reach new heights that until recently we could have only dreamt of. As chair of the National Space council, the Vice President is leading policy development to sustain u. S. Leadership in space and open doors to u. S. Private sector growth. The four president ial policy directives are sparking efforts to put americans back on the moon, unleash commercial use of of space, strengthen u. S. Space awareness, space Traffic Management, and stand up u. S. Space force within the department of defense. This administration is streamlining to better leverage u. S. Commercial space industry. And it is partnering with the commercial sector to ensure that American Companies remain World Leaders in space technology. Of particular note is artemis. Achieving the horizon goal of sending humans to mars. Nasas progress on the moon to mars mission is both breathtaking and inspiring. The Space Council and nasa are working nonstop to develop the technology that will return humans to the moon by 2024, establish a sustainable lunar presence, then continue the journey to mars and beyond. In addition to nasa, all components of the u. S. Government are contributing to this achievement, with agencies such as the department of energy and department of commerce driving cuttingedge research and development of space power and space commercialization. Through the artemis mission, the United States, along with its International Land commercial partners, will accomplish a historic achievement for all of humanity. Here to tell us more about the mission is the deputy administrator of nasa. Please join me in welcoming him. [applause] good afternoon. I am excited to be here. Cant see one of you, though. Neither am i. I want to start out with a story about myself. It was i was six years old, and i might walk right off the stage. I was six years old, i had a brother, and i found myself in [no audio] and i remember getting outside of my parents ford station wagon. It was so old it had a hinge on the back window. I remember my brother taking my hand and walking me up to this rambler. We knocked on the door, and this man answered the door and was like, what is going on . I remember looking back at my parents in the car. He let us pet the cat [laughter] [no audio] my brother got his autograph. That was the first time that i met john glenn. And like glenns first orbit, if we are not exploring, we are not finding new science and technologies. If that is not the case, then we are not leading. We have entered a transformational era in space. Our ancestors witnessed the industrial revolution. Many of you in this room have witnessed the digital and internet revolutions. Today we are in the space revolution. Per president trumps space policy directive one, the nasa administrator has set five goals. Im not doing this right so far. The first is the transition to commercial and International Operations in low earth orbit. That will support nasa and the needs of an emerging commercial economy. The second is to put in place capabilities that facilitate Lunar Service operations and Missions Beyond the moon. The third is to foster scientific discovery and pinpoint the resources through a series of robotic missions. We want to have astronauts go forward to the surface of the moon for a sustained presence and demonstrate on the moon the capabilities required for Human Missions to mars, and beyond. The strategy now exists. It starts with the artemis program. Artemis was apollos twin sister. She was also the goddess of the moon. The last time we left the moon, we left flags and footprints. This time we are going to prepare to explore other worlds. We intend to enable discovery, enable economic growth, and continue our American Global leadership. The primary goal of artemis is a mars concept of operations. Why mars . Within the last 16 months, with the help of curiosity which you see right there we found complex organic compounds on mars. These are the Building Blocks of life. I am not saying there is life on mars, all right . We do know there is 12 kilometers underneath the surface, we know there is water. We have observed methane cycles. They could be from, they could be geological but they could also be biological. Curiosity is what we call a precursor mission. If you think of apollo, there were 23 precursor missions before we landed on the moon. The results we are getting on mars today are determining the areas of both the greatest potential for life and also for planetary resources. I will get into why in a few minutes. Another mission we had was opportunity. It ended last year. It was supposed to be a 90 day mission. It lasted 15 years. We are working on a new mission called mars 2020. This mission is going to have its own helicopter deployed from the rover. When you think about the amount of distance a broker can do in a martian day, this helicopter will be able to cover that same distance three times it will be able to do three times as much as a rover well, as far as distance goes. No other country has successfully landed on mars. We have done it nine times. I have to admit there are some expensive craters on mars. It took a while for us to figure it out. This is not easy. What i want to get around at is, our primary objective is an end to end demonstration of systems, technologies, operations, and Human Performance to get humans to mars and beyond. A major part of this will be to identify Natural Resources the moon. This is a picture of what we call the volatiles investigating polar exploration rover, which is a mouthful. We call it viper. Volatiles are substances that evaporate. We are really having viper provide surface level detail on where and how, where and how much water ice there is on the moon. It is really about finding the best spot to harvest water ice, and it is really for life support. You are thinking about oxygen, water, hydrogen for propellant, we hope to find that on the moon and be able to use it, but we also want to prove it out on the moon, because we expect we will be able to find it on mars. We are looking for Breakthrough Technologies to be able to do this. To give you an example of what we are trying to do on the space station regarding Breakthrough Technologies, we are trying to massproduce retinal implants in in microgravity is that it is a lot easier to do. We are trying to create human tissue and organs with three printing. If we succeed in those areas, they can result in greater economic opportunities. We need to explore the utility and economics of using each owner resource for deep Space Exploration. The reserves on the moon must be compared to those on earth. Which are what we call under the tyranny of the rocket equation. The rocket equation limits rocket payloads. As a payload weight increases, so does the amount of propellant that is needed. It is the same on the moon. If we can my water ice and possibly platinum metals, it is possible with Artificial Intelligence and three printing that we could manufacture hardware on the moon and launch from there, where the gravity well is 1 6 that of earth. It is possible we can launch more payload or use less propellant, or both on the moon. If we can prove it is economically viable, you can do it again and again. What im saying is, you need to safely land humans on the moon, land hardware there, establish a presence, and then keep going. It could be the moon will be the jumping off point to much more than mars. This is one reason by what a presence on the moon is desired. Or we can use different planets for different resources. It could be similar to coal mining in the west virginia, or harvesting timber in the pacific northwest, and finding oil in texas. We have a program called the commercial Lunar Payload Services program. We are trying to use that as much as possible. It is a new way of exploring with private enterprise. The Program Allows providers to compete on cost and innovation. The cost of deep space access will go down. Let me be clear the moon is our proving ground. Mars is our destination. We have got to learn to work and stay for long periods of time at both places. And we have to replicate these efforts on other planets. So our systems architecture will continue to be adjusted as we learn or science. It is not by accident that so many countries want to land on the moon. When i say that i am talking about the peoples republic of china, india, and israel, to name a few. The space economy right now is at about 400 billion. Goldman sachs has said we could have a 1 trillion space economy in the next two decades. Let me say it again this is a transformational era. This is the space launch system rocket. This will send our orion spacecraft, with as many as four astronauts, what we call the gateway in orbit that will be in orbit at the moon. The core stage, which is the yellow part, is already built. As you can see, we have attached the four engines. The solid rocket boosters that will be alongside of the core stage are already ready. This is the largest rocket that has ever been built. I love this picture. This is what we call the superguppie. Orion is inside of it. We just transferred this space capsule to ohio last week for thermal vacuum and electromagnetic testing. Due to its size and weight, it is difficult to transport it so we had to use this special aircraft. Here is another picture of it. This is the orion capsule. The Service Module is below it. If you are around for apollo, you know what that is. That was built by the European Space agency. That is what will go to the gateway. The gateway is a maneuverable command module providing power, communications, docking, avionics, and life support. The gateway will be the transfer point for our astronauts to go to a human landing system, which will descend to the moons surface. Let me show you a quick video that is going to put this all together for you on what we are talking about. 50 years ago we pioneered. The trail we blazed. Showed us all that was possible. Today our calling to explore is even greater. To go farther we must be able to sustain missions of greater distance and duration. You must use the resources we find at our destinations. We must overcome radiation, isolation, cavity, and extreme environments like never before. These are the challenges we face to push the boundaries of humanity. We are going to the moon to stay by 2024, and this is how. Starts with the ability to get larger, heavier payloads off planets. We designed an entirely new rocket. Sls will be the most powerful rocket ever developed. This system is capable of being the catalyst for deep Space Missions. We need a capsule that can support humans from large through space and return safely back to earth. For this, we built orion. Using data from orbiters that continue to reveal the moons resources, we are developing a new approach to landing and operating on the moon. Using our commercial partners to deliver instruments and robotics to the surface, we are paving the way for Human Missions. Our charges to go quickly and stay. To press our efforts forward with a fervor that will see us return to the moon in a manner that is wholly different than 50 years ago. We want lunar lenders that are reusable. The simplest way to do so are to give them a platform around the moon from which to transition. An orbiting platform to host experiments and be a waypoint. We call this outpost gateway. It will balance between the earth and moons gravity. In 2009 learned the moon contains millions of tons of water ice. The moon is uniquely suited to prepare us and propel us to mars and beyond. This is what we are building. This we can replicate throughout the solar system. This is the next chapter of human Space Exploration. Bikes humans are the we go to the moon and onto mars to see knowledge and understanding and to share it to all. We go knowing our efforts will create opportunities. We are destined to explore and see with our own eyes. We turn towards the moon not as a conclusion but as preparation. As a checkpoint toward all that lies beyond. Our greatest adventures remain ahead of us. We are going. We are going. We are going. We are going. We are going. To say the least, it is exciting at nasa right now. With the president and the Vice President s leadership, we are going to land the first one on the moon first woman on the moon. Homer called artemis the torch bringer and these words remain true today. William shatner just said, the most fragile element is the human system. He said that, we are still dealing with issues like radiation. Working he has been tremendous rem job. Like towhat it was sleep in space. He said, jimmy, we want to have that pillow and blanket tucked up next to like we all do. He said you are floating. He said, i found some water satchels and i tried to wedge myself in between a bulkhead and a water satchel just to feel that pressure. He said, what i also wanted to get a protection of the water from radiation. It is a constant concern for astronauts. It is not just radiation. We have lead flow issues within the human body that we are addressing. We have got bone and muscle loss issues. We have got to make sure, if you have watched the movie the martian, having Sustainable Food available to you, is a serious challenge. You have a crop failure and you dont have food, youre going to starve to death. There is also the psychosocial challenges of living in a confined space. What im trying to say is, we have still got a few things to figure out. We are in the early steps of a journey that leads american astronauts into deep space. At the same time we are leading the scientific and engineering communities to new discoveries. Today, science goes handinhand with human exploration. And we have got new leadership in the human Leadership Mission directorate. We are going to be working much closer together with the Science Mission directorate. We go to the moon not as a destination, but as shatner said, as preparation. At the same time, we are launching new missions to study our solar system. This is the james webb telescope. Which is trying to peer beyond our solar system. I have had the honor to work with Jim Bridenstine. To try to lead this agency for over a year now. I continue to see the talents and the disciplines that represent americas capabilities. They are in this room today. Space exploration is no longer exclusive. This is a picture of the first allfemale spacewalk. There were an estimated 5. 8 billion Media Connections around this event. In apollo the astronauts were mostly test pilots. Today we have got a diverse astronaut corps. Christina cook is an electrical engineer. The other is jessica meir. She has got a doctorate in marine biology. If you have the time, look up jessica on youtube. Youre going to see her doing research under the ice in antarctica. As well as doing research on geese that fly at high altitudes and how they can perform at such high levels without oxygen. What im trying to say is, we want inclusion. And we wanted at the industry and International Level too. Who leads the space revolution is critical to who dominates the world in the future. As beacons of light, like artemis, weve got to Work Together so that all three nations can follow that light and share in the benefits that will follow. Space compels us as a society to bring the United States and the world together. We join with other countries of the free world to go to the moon. This time it is a proving ground to prepare to go to mars and beyond. Not because we do what no one else can, not because we want to advantage ourselves over other countries. We do it to better the human condition of all people. We do it to build a better life for our children and our grandchildren. Not just for americans. For all people on this earth. We do it because exploration is a fundamental trait of our species. It is our shared destiny. This is why we go. It is a challenge we have again accepted. That we will accomplish. We go together, and i hope you will come with us. Thank you very much. [applause] and now caroline harris, Vice President economic developer of the u. S. Chamber of commerce. Good afternoon. As weve heard throughout the day the anticipated growth of the u. S. Space sector is unquestionably tied to the evolving Regulatory Regime which will either propel or inhibit investment and innovation. Fortunately, the department of how mars understands these intricate market forces. From the highest level the departments leading the way to implement key initiatives including approving commercial access to space Traffic Management and ensuring the safety of operations in lowearth orbit. As the Commerce Department explores new ways over the coming year to spur growth, the chamber is a good to continue our partnership with them. We are truly grateful for director of commerce leadership and his present you today. I give you director of the office of space commerce for the u. S. Department of commerce, kevin oconnell. [applause] thank you, caroline, very much for that very nice welcome. And a short welcome, which is always important. Also thanks to the chamber for making this space summit an annual event that im delighted to be with you today and as i begin let me pass on warmest greetings from my boss, secretary wilbur ross who was unable to join us today. The secretary remains a top enthusiast at the department on space and space commerce issues. The secretary did ask me to mention, of course, that launching the space economy is one of the highest priorities of the department of commerce and as been mentioned already a top priority of the administration. The space economy continues to grow. In july the Space Foundation reported the global space economy grew to 415 billion exceeding 400 billion for the very first time. Our major Financial Institutions project the global space industry could be worth between 1 trillion and 3 trillion by 2040. Part of that value will come from proving or creating new services to enhance our lives on earth while another part of a come from establishment of the lunar economy. Development like satellite servicing, resource mining and spacebased manufacturing could increase those numbers dramatically. My remarks today are about how to ensure the u. S. Remains the center of the future space economy. Lets look at some of the factors that make us the center of the space economy today. That will point us to the key Building Blocks for the future. Today the United States has a bold and renewed vision of Space Exploration and space commerce, and a vision for how to protect of action in space for ourselves and our allies. We also have an extraordinary culture of innovation and Strong Capital markets to back that they should. We see examples of space entrepreneurship of all kinds in the office of space commerce. At a space started meeting that we held in commerce in october, chad anderson, ceo of space angels, reported the amount of nongovernment Equity Investment in commercial Space Companies reached 5 billion during the first nine months of 2019. Thats an an increase of 49 over the same. Over the same time in 2018, and were on track to surpass 2017 as the largest you on record for private sector investment. Even as private sector activities grow, we are seeing an important shift in u. S. Government investments in the commercial space market. In other words, Government Agencies are becoming more sophisticated in harnessing commercial space activities. Nasa administrator Jim Bridenstine talks about the agency changing role as a customer of the commercial space sector and debit administrator morehard just over some example of that directly. Last week in houston i had the pleasure of a lengthy discussion with the outreach director of the National Centers about trends we were seeing in space commerce and the commercialization space. The u. S. Air force awarded over 22 million to 30 companies during november pitch day in san francisco, et cetera, et cetera, et cetera. These are just some examples of how government is starting to play a different role in the commercial space markets. Today Government Agencies that invest relatively small amounts of money in Space Companies for capabilities that the government needs or potentially needs. That investment provides critical operating funds to the company but also allows firms to turn to the Capital Markets for additional investment based on the potential commercial value of a given service or capability. We see companies trying to innovate on existing commercial Space Business models or create entirely new ones. The rate of innovation is blisteringly fast. The future space economy, this is very important, future space economy will draw upon as wide a range of talent than ever. Teachers, applications developers, artists, is a specialist and others will bolster the deep technical talent that will be required to get to and with sustainably in live sustainably in space. We often have folks come to us at the Commerce Department and say, we have a cadre of technical talent and my recommendation is, draw the circle larger because we will need many, many more skills to hit the trillion dollar space economy. America is the hub of technological and business innovation. This is one of our nations greatest ranks. Our challenge is to ensure that u. S. Companies remain on the cutting edge of the global space industry. It is crucial to our security, our prosperity and our quality of life. To do this the u. S. Government needs to provide the support and advocacy that the commercial space industry needs. Foreign commercial competition is increasing. Countries like china are working to gain the political, economic and security edge that space provides. And many other countries also see the extraordinary economic potential of space. Foreign governments are promising tax incentives and limited regulation to entice you Space Companies to establish headquarters overseas. They are also providing significant funding to the domestic commercial space industries. In the United States, our strength lies in the ability of our independent commercial sector. However, we in government are responsible for fostering an economic environment that is conducive to innovation and expansion. As some of you have addressed earlier today, one of those ingredients is effective but light touch regulation. We are trying to make it easier for legitimate space activities to be conducted and for entrepreneurs to be given the best possible chance at creating new Space Capabilities without sacrificing safety or security. We should not forget that space policy directive two contains a presumptive of approval for commercial space activities. And where approval cannot be granted, the burden of proof is on u. S. Government agencies to explain why. Today, im delighted to report that the departments will on rule on commercial Remote Sensing has been sent to omb for an agency consideration. And redrafting the rule noaa took into account many, many industry comments. The rule recognizes the speed at which new technologies are entering the market, including overseas. It also recognizes the everchanging Business Models and where value is created in the volume of diverse imagery data being sent back to earth. Our goal of course is to ensure that the u. S. Industry continues to lead the global commercial Remote Sensing market. At the department of commerce we are Firm Believers that the rate of regulatory change must accelerate until they can match the rate of technological change. This is hard. Were working to identify other industries where regulation keeps pace with fast moving technologies and Business Models. Another way to ensure u. S. Leadership in the future space economy is through improving Space Situational Awareness and other efforts designed to ensure space safety and sustainability. The space debris challenge can seem daunting, even as our understanding of the space environment improves. But the whole of government approach and the ability to harness commercial innovation as directed in space policy directive three offers the best chance to quickly mitigate the space debris challenge, even as new commercial Space Missions come to market. Already the Strong Partnership between commerce and the department of defense is paving the way to transition civil and commercial conjunction notifications as well as other space safety data. We are already engaged in a wide range of activities with dod, nasa, and other federal agencies as well as industry to explore how government and commercial assets can work synergistically to modernize and enrich the current ssa system. American leadership in this area is also strengthened by cooperation with our allies. In october secretary ross sign a signed a memorandum of understanding with the French Space Agency to explore collaboration in the area of ssa. New commercial Remote Sensing regulations and improved commercial ssa are just the first steps toward ensuring u. S. Industry leadership. At commerce we see the future of space as overwhelmingly commercial. So we have to enable it to happen. Broad authorities are needed for new and innovative Space Capabilities that do not fall into traditional Regulatory Regimes. Regulations must be kept light touch, of course. As a government, we need to anticipate commercial space innovation. We need to find ways to look deep into the market to see the kinds of entrepreneurship and the kinds of missions that entrepreneurs are working on as they tried to bring them closer to market, and actually map them as a come forward. My office, the office of space commerce, helps leverage and shape the cube of those of the entire department of commerce on behalf of the u. S. Space industry. Here are just a few examples of the departments activities. Since january 2017 Commerce Economic Development Administration has invested over 26 million in 21 projects across the United States that support space and Aerospace Industries and promote regional growth and jobs. Our Minority Business Development agency has also worked diligently to expand the expand minority participation in space commerce. Our Advocacy Center currently has cases covering the sector, including lawn services, satellites, ground stations, and support equipment. These cases have an approximate value of 3. 58 billion. Finally, the bureau of Economic Analysis is working with us to define the size and the breath of the commercial space industry and then more accurately measure it. Recent analyses focus on the more complex issue of Economic Impact. As everyone in this room knows, space affects our daily lives in so many different ways and we must continue to explain the importance of that impact as we talk to people that actually dont have a full appreciation of it. Rice and sia for example assess a 5 trillion impact of space across a wide range of Services Including finance, weather, and the internet. A missed sponsored study by rbi rti earlier this year projected gps is Economic Impact across 10 economic sectors is over 1. 4 trillion since commercialization. These are real numbers. Our ability to measure these impacts more rigorously will provide important signals to investors and entrepreneurs alike. Every one of our 50 states can and should have a role in the trillion dollar space economy. America remains the Global Leader in commercial space technology. We are taking steps now to ensure our space industry continues to have the tools and the environment that it needs to succeed and grow. Theres a lot of work ahead for all of us. This is an exciting time for commercial space and like all of you, as secretary ross and i look forward to seeing how far and how fast the us industry can grow and in the process change our lives on earth and to further explore the heavens and on that note ill say thank you very much. [applause] and now lisa callahan, Vice President and general manager commercial civil space, lockheed martin. Marylin dittmar, president and ceo coalition for deep Space Exploration. John shannon, Vice President and Program Manager space launch system at the boeing company. Marshall smith, director human and doctor ellen stofan, john and adrian morris, director National Aerospace museum. Thank you all for being here today. So to all of you , one of our decades of shuttle flights and living on the interNational Space station done to build our skills , our understanding and knowledge that will give us a leg up for what we need to do on artemis . Weve really been learning how to live in space. Weve been in space for quite a number of years but the last 19 years we have been on the iss continuously assembling, learning how to build structures also importantly dealing with medical issues and learning how to understand how the human body reacts to space, because were going to go on to mars and other deep space destinations and thats going to be key to understand how to do that lets that has set us apart. I would say deputy administrator more said it best that we still have a lot to learn. One of the most important things that besides the medical is how to keep the crew safe, but really how to develop systems that are going to last for a time. If you think about the space station being continuously crewed for almost 20 years, weve made a lot of discoveries and how to keep those systems, to keep astronauts working properly. The moon is 3 1 2, four days away. A mission to the moon maybe three weeks along a mission to were talking 3 years, 7 and a half months transit time. No ability to get additional systems or spare parts to the vehicle. You have to develop those systems and make sure that you are supporting astronaut crews appropriately for those long periods of time and thats the best thing the Shuttle Program is learning now. Building the system i think a culture of problemsolving has developed over the last many decades of human spaceflight. There is an old ops person, certainly, john is true. Okay, ill file this back to you. Im an old ops person and theres a way to think through how to do problems, the kind of things likely to create problems for you in space fall into several boxes and over time weve learned about those boxes. What the parameters are and once thats identified when a problem does emerge even if its something youve never seen before, we have a rich culture to draw on at this point to think how we solve those problems, what questions we ask and what are the resources we need and thats going to be increasingly important as we get into more and more distant locations where frankly reaching out to Mission Control is going is not going to be a simple thing anymore. I would agree with everything the other panelists have said. The one area i would add is the interNational Space station has helped with collaboration and collaboration in general, the space station came together with multiple nations, 18 different nations that have onboard working together. I think as we look to where we want to go in the future whether thats around the moon or on to mars, its not any one company, not any one nation will do it by themselves. Its going to take collaboration and weve learned how to Work Together and are doing that in other parts as well. I think we cant underestimate each of the things you guys have brought up because sometimes theres a Public Perception of we went to the moon in 1969, what have we done since then . And to all of us who are deeply enmeshed in the industry we have seen the progress of getting ready for artemis and going on to mars. Thats what weve been doing. Adding to what we just covered, we now have another factor thats advancing our capabilities that will open opportunities with artemis. Im talking about the boom in commercial space, in large, and crew, cargo transport. What benefits does that bring to the human exploration ecosystem . And what are the challenges in integrating that into artemis and other programs . I think if you look at apollo we had to start from scratch. There was nothing in terms of technology and infrastructure that we had. We are so much further along today in terms of looking at artemis and what we have for capabilities that exist today and all the work weve been doing their and how that laid out for the future but since apollo weve been exploring a folder system, we understand what the ramifications going deeper into space and what thats going to take from a technology perspective. John talked about how far away it is and the impact on humans so i think we have all of that we have learned from that weekend we can springboard Going Forward into the future but having said that, there will be challenges as we move forward in terms of just the coordination and collaboration across that area where moving into an area where we looking to move the economic boundary into space and some of the same issues that we have here on this planet when we Start Talking about economies and conflicts and things, were likely to see as we start to push further into the space frontier area. So one of the things thats changed since apollo and its a huge opportunity for artemis and everything we do after that is the transactional cost associated with developing systems and operating those systems are significantly lower than they used to be largely because of the advent of the it revolution. Not just that but thats had a huge effect and one of the effects of thads it enabled the transfer of technology into businesses. That was one of the original goals of the program which some people lose track of but that idea is to establish those technologies and then essentially enable their transfer into the private sector and were seeing that now in full flower. So, it is interesting because in those days the apollo days we had these Huge National labs and we dont have the phillips and the westinghouse that we used to have. What we have is a thriving sector made up of established and emerging companies have been able to take that technology and begin to do their own risk on it. So its going to be interesting to see how that emerges but if we are serious about going out there, were going to need every bit of it. That is true. I see that it adds a level of sustainability. That was the problem after apollo is you could continue doing what you were doing but we arent really going to branch out a lot from that. Now you have a lot of Different Companies that are trying different ways of doing it, trying different Business Models, different approaches. When shuttle retired in 2011, we had the commercial cargo, which i thought was a really successful program. We were right on the cusp of commercial crew and you see that theres different ways of doing those things but what it does really is it takes the burden of resupply, of crew transport off the governments back and allows private industry to bring their own solutions, their own ways to make an affordable sustainable program, to allow those companies to branch out into different areas and allows the government and to concentrate not what i would call milk runs, it allows us to concentrate on the important things like developing the Space Exploration architecture and it would be difficult for a private company to do on its own but the government is equipped to do that while the industry is supporting that low earth orbit ecostructure. That is interesting. I think that is a message we need to get out more clearly because i will say its one of the most common questions i get asked is a lot of communication confusion between whats the role of the government and for those of us who are , how are those in the problem , we sort of our totally where you are and so one of the challenges i think for all is its not poor, its an. Its spheres, the government led the sphere of leo and now its going to commercialization and private industry is taking that over. The next sphere, lets get this system between here and the moon, government will lead the way that we see with the resources and all the applications that sphere will become commercialized as well and maybe we move that sphere out. I would agree. I think they have said almost everything i would have said. We started with apollo and started from scratch and didnt have an industry that we have now. Now we have Space Companies that know how to do this and they have capabilities, their they have standards, theyre successful and were not starting from that point so we can think about the harder things. Going to mars what would be very is going to be very hard. Going to the moon is going to be very hard, going back to the moon in a sustainable transient fashion instead of apollo which is a point solution like weve got to get there first and that was it, as soon as it was done the program was canceled and we just flew up the remaining systems. Thats not what were about here. We are about the other part about the sphere because weve done leo, were burning leota we want to go to the moon and create a commercial industry there and were not going to abandon the mood to go to mars, the moon to go to mars. We wanted to be a thriving industry as well and have a impact on the us as well as a Global Impact on our economy. As far as to go to the moon, go to mars and go to asteroids, i look at where are we 300 years from now . Look back at when the settlers were coming over to america from europe. And other locations. 300 years from now you can imagine where we are now, i cant imagine where we will be but thats what i want to see. I think its worth getting a it deeper into the why you miss artemis question. Back during apollo as lisa said we had to create everything from scratch. And build all the infrastructure here. We all know it still amazes me when you go down to Kennedy Space center how much infrastructure was actually built in order to allow apollo to happen so we did all of those hard things. We did all the hard things president kennedy had instructed. But theres still hard things left and for artemis, what do you think those hard things are . Those real challenges . Going to the moon and mars, i look at the moon as an analog , theres a lot of hard things left to do. Precision landing. We cant land on mars and have to walk five miles to get to our components that we have to put together. We have to land them right next to each other. We have to deal with management where were trying to harvest from either the moon or from mars, those types of things. Theres a number of areas we still have a lot of development to go and not just in the human systems. Living in closed systems, going on a mission for three years, dealing with reliability and having systems that will work in harsh environments and radiation so theres a lot of hard things that we havent even touched. We went to apollo, just to say we been to the moon. Weve been to the immune a few the moon a few times, in reality and for short duration. Were talking about living in that environment, theres a lot of hard stuff to go. I would say two things. Me being a little bit of a worrywart, we tend to talk about the moon that its going to be fairly easy, like we did it before. That last kilometer to the surface is hard. Ask the indian lunar lander team, its a really difficult thing to get a landing on the moon, much less mars. We have to make sure were doing all the things that we have learned over the last 50 years of spaceflight. To ensure that we have a robust system thats redundant, that that can get to the surface. And you cant really look past that. We have to make sure we get that step exactly right and its done well. The other thing, i think why the moon . I was raised in the shallow program and it did iss. A little bit spoiled there because when we were all on the when we were on the space station, we were an hour from earth. If we had a medical emergency, if we had some other big issue it was really in the hours. You might pick a landing site so it would be two or three hours but you were really close and you could get crews back if you needed to. The moon is a different level of risk acceptance. We saw apollo 13, its a long time to come back from the moon if you have a major problem area mars is a completely different kettle of fish. It is once you are, your trans mars injection, youre committed to almost three and a half years, not going to be able to get stuff. Theres a level of risk acceptance we had during the Shuttle Program because we have an easy return capability. The moon, its going to raise up our level of risk assessments because it is a fourday trip, and that will prepare us to go to mars because we will have a better understanding of risk acceptance and what types of things we can and cannot do in order to commit those crews to those kind of missions. Ive got a couple of answers and i will try to keep each one short. One thing is that when we are faced with obstacles, we tend to innovate. Is one of the things that is incredible about this species of hours ours. The idea of going back to the moon now to stay, what does that mean . Were still having discussions about where we live, how do we live, to create habitats on the service. We figure out whats going on with those latitudes . Theres going to be a ton of innovation in the simple steps. Of going back to the moon and then sustaining ourselves there for some period of time and were not even fully aware yet even though this is relatively nearterm what those innovations will be, but we know from history that they lead to leadership, they lead to new technical developments. They certainly contribute to United States leadership, which is something we dare not give up. The other answer is big, existential. Humans migrate. We sort have made it all around the planet over about 200,000 years depending was numbers you look at and where we start and the way weve done it is by building technology. Weve always built technology to enable us to migrate and enable us to live in different places. So, in this group and Aerospace Defense we focus on technology but the other thing weve done is weve changed ourselves. When we encounter new environments, human beings change, language developed at some point, art developed at some point. We dont know who were going to be yet so its going to be fascinating to watch this. Why . In part because its just what we do. I guess the thing that i think is really interesting is if were going to go to the moon and on to mars and do it in a sustainable way. I think about it as how spoiled we are on earth and theres certainly talent are on earth but with technology, capabilities, all of that infrastructure, we need to duplicate whether its a discipline in space or particularly going on to mars because youre not going to take a person from here on earth and put them in a place that is so archaic that they would never be able to survive. You are so far away that youve got to have infrastructure around medical facilities and you have to have supplies, logistics. You have to build all that in those areas that were going to be exploring and remain at because if its not there, you cant stay, you cant send humans there. We have to migrate technology as humans. Or people just wont go and it will not be sustainable. In terms of the human health which you both touched on, where do you think we stand in terms of rehabbing people out in that radiation environments for long periods of time . Are we ready for that . Are we learning . What days would you say were in . Anybody . Ill take a shot at, were certainly learning. The reasons were going to go forward and were going to taking measurements on the radiation environment and looking at how do we protect humans. Theres some active methodologies where working on. At nasa for example where you can create mimetic shield around you, it is very power intensive, but there are other innovations that might come around how do we deal with the power problem, how do we deal with other things . We can go do you also our latest information. Its not quite as bad as we thought it was, but its still something we need to protect against if we are going to be there for years at a time as we move forward, so we got more work to do. It is actually necessary done a good job. You are not in the same environment, but a radiation monitor on top of the mars lander which was really good, gave good information tells you its not quite as bad. The most important thing you can do is get to the surface and build a habitat that can protect you from the galactic cosmic radiation. Those kind of things to help. There is some people who think medically you can get past it through dna repair and stuff. That is a long way off. Your best answer right now is shielding and making sure your monitoring what kind of dosage the crew is getting the area getting. Thats something on gate where in the Learner Service can be doing research on because i think theres a lot of fascinating movement in that area. Because youre in that environment. You talked about innovation. This is where humans are very innovative. So were solving the problem for this, but then it gets translated by other people that translate into medical solutions that benefit. The same thing happened in apollo, tremendous numbers spun off and it will happen again when you try to solve the hard problems, and this is a hard problem. We find out stuff even now about people are different. Were not all the same. We have different genetics and difference tendencies towards different types of diseases. The bigger you build the group of people that have been in space, and youre doing the medical Research Required to understand how they are adapting to it. Scott kelly, youve got scott and mark and scott was in for a year and thats pretty cool. But thats maybe not quite a third the time doing a mars trip, but it is about a third that. So longer and longer duration, larger numbers of people, getting more people up in space understanding how the average person would adapt to space, thats the key to finding the countermeasures that youre talking about. I think the other part is thats partially why you incrementally get there. Right, that is part of why going back to the moon is so important is that we will learn a lot more about the environment there, what it takes, the effects its having on humans before we take that three year journey to mars. The other thing i will just point out is the robotic work that weve been doing in science and exploration of our solar system has been really critical to us really understanding what those environments are like. And i think about you know that juno orbiting jupiter and were literally rewriting the science books about what we thought jupiter was like. It will be a while before humans are going up jupiter, but its all why you can send the robotic first, you learn about environments. You put the right sensors and instruments on board that you can understand what is going to be like and then you can do the medical research and understand what is going to be like to sustain life there as well area. There as well. I think is a great point and you think about parker solar probe or some of our other probes that have been studying the sun, understanding more about solar flares. Mass projections. We need to know that to protect humans in space. Mary lynne and it will help on earth, the more we learn about space weather the more we will be better able to protect our systems there. Thats why i wouldnt be so quick to dismiss the biotechnology. I think were much more comfortable talking about how we evolve our physical technology to deal with that, but acknowledging there are huge medical ethics issues eventually potentially associated with this. In some ways the genie is out of the bottle, and i think thats one that i believe that issue is going to get surfaced again and again, and to lisas point, there are potentially pretty significant benefits to things we experience here on earth. I know weve already learned a lot about that in space in a way were doing Technology Based on something that we learned in space for about aging and double degradation and bone loss, etc. So it is there. Its a little bit below the surface. Ellen i think that issue of gravity is something we dont think about. We have microgravity and one g and really trying to understand is it linear, whats the relationship between mars gravity, moon gravity, the effects on human health, how does that scale of gravity we have no idea. The other thing i dont think we think about enough, and lisa touched on it, was really about our understanding about our universe and how that we learned things from going to the moon that we would never have learned on the surface of the earth and about our solar system. We would have never learned if we had stayed here. I have no idea what theres going to be. Were going to learn about our solar system and learn about how the systems were formed and what that means for particles, and that actually will cause transformations in basic science here on earth which will again spin off a tremendous number of things, so theres a huge number of reasons were doing this. Earlier today to talk about the gap, you dont want to have a gap of people being in space, thats for that reason. Bone studies, exercise studies, all those things, its just a basic research you have to do in order to have an exploration program. Right and again, i think that is where it goes back to we all talk about these issues but somehow i dont think we communicated those outward in a people to understand how critical these last 20 years, 30 years of research weve done on the iss, that we have done on the shuttle have gotten us to where we are. Though apollo put 400,000 americans to work. But also and this is something i think many of us in this room experience personally, it has inspired a generation of engineers and scientists. For artemis and what follows, we know there are workforce challenges in our field. What kind of challenge is this, and how do we start changing the face of aerospace to look more like the face of this country . Ok, so ill start. Im a product of the apollo generation. I was five years old and i dont really remember the landing, but i remember the later missions. I remember going to my ands house, bunny hopping around in their moon buggies, i thought it was a cool thing and looking up and seeing the moon and going there are people up there. That changed me and i didnt grow up saying im going to work for nasa, but i grew up interested in science and technology. And one of the things we hear and i think its true is the number of phds went up by a factor of three on and around apollo. That has a transformative its actually doing something i think is the biggest thing that really inspires people and inspired me. Theres other things that happened too. The United States poured a ton of money into education in the that will have a dramatic impact as well, and of course nasa is in the process of supporting. We have lots of programs where we are bringing young engineers in and young folks in that can come and develop their capabilities and technologies as we move, so i think those are all important. Kids love space and dinosaurs, and were not building dinosaurs. Hopefully we are not. [laughter] not yet. You know, so we ran into the workforce problem down the chute, and it was trying to rebuild that team of expert, Skilled Labor that can come in and do the things you need, especially for human spaceflight programs. Its special skills, so we partnered with Nunez Community college down there to set up a program at the college to train technicians that would specifically be used by our team down there to build a [indiscernible] the response to it was overwhelming. Everybody wanted to come in and do that and work, and i call them my kids, because i feel like theyre my kids. They come in and they do this fantastic job for us. So thats one small example and , and you can see that all over the country. I know other companies are doing the same kind of thing. But were having to rebuild that team that can build human spaceflight and can learn it from the old people, like mary lynne called me. We can kind of teach them before we exit the workforce, and we can help give them that information but getting out in the colleges for the industry partners, getting out to the universities and just talking to people and getting them excited about space, but also building a program where they can learn the skills and come to work for us and help us in the mission. Mary lynne, i know this is an issue you care quite a bit about. I do quite care. And i am going to be Debbie Downer for a couple of minutes, so forgive me. The alarm bells have been ringing in the United States since the publication of rising above the gathering storm, which was about investment in r d, which, by the way, was three decades ago, and it was about investment in r d and also investment in education. And if you look at whats happening in education, s. T. E. M. Education in the United States, americans are moderately improving over the last 20 years. Meanwhile, the rest of the globe not the rest, but others in the globe are shooting ahead so. For example, in 2016, u. S. Graduated 10 of the global total and baccalaureate in stem. S. T. E. M. Between india and china, they graduated 50 . Those people in the United States, the guys are going into s. T. E. M. Careers make more money. Those people in the United States who have s. T. E. M. Education make more money even if theyre not in s. T. E. M. Careers, but yet 15yearolds in the United States are below the international average. So if this trend continues, we have had the warnings for years and years. I was telling ellen before, i dont want to be sitting on another panel in another 10 years having this same conversation. American businesses are in tremendous addition for workforce, and i dont need to tell anybody in this room that this is an issue, and its not just in india, because some of the same skills are in the it area. This is a problem. I would love it. I think this is both a challenge to artemis, i believe it is a challenge to artemis. I also, its an opportunity thats supported by artemis, getting people out there back into space and seeing them live and work in space and understand what it takes to get there and the kinds of skills required to do that, and seeing everybody both on the ground and in space contributing to sort of help that happen if we play our cards right and use this as an inspiration, not just looking back but looking forward, i think this is something we need to become more serious about. How are we going to address that . What can we do in aerospace . What can business do and how do we Work Together to do it . So thats just a challenge all issue to the room. I agree and i would pick up something mary lynne said. Its not just aerospace and a and d that needs this talent anymore. That was more the case back in the apollo days. Every industry i know of has technical skills, so not only are we graduating less, but were being those people that are graduating are going split across multiple disciplines in multiple areas than they perhaps have been before. Ill try to pick everybody back up again. The opportunity i think is artemis. Having a National Mandate to go back to the moon and to get folks, the first woman to land on the moon by 2024, i think that is huge. When i think about the apollo days, i wasnt here when kennedy said, we want to go to the moon in the next decade, but think about what that did for the country. Riled everybody up and everybody focused on that big hairy, audacious goal. To be able to do that again , i think, inspires the next generation and the generation beyond that to want to go into math and science, want to be a part of where were going with that. We have more new entrance into the space industry than ever before. Theres trillions of dollars projected in the future for space. The amount of investment going into space right now is really exciting, so i think its the right time and its the right opportunity to kind of out that big, hairy, audacious goal to pull all of our resources and all of our Energy Together and try to achieve that. And i think it really will inspire the next generation and are fortunate in human expiration that is an inspiration for the next generation. And when i think about the younger generations that are coming into our workforce, that thing i think thats important is to tell the story of why were doing and how it helps us here on earth as well, because thats what those generations really care about. They want to make sure that theyre leaving a Sustainable Planet behind, and so to be able to stories of what were going to learn, the innovations that we are going to make in space and how thats going to benefit us back on earth is critically important to be sharing. One more quickly and then i will let people talk. You are not going to bring us down again . No, no. This old guy over here. Another thing we need to work on is diversity and inclusion. Thats another one that sort of you know a diverse work team has a business advantage as it brings a different point of view. It brings a different way of problem solving some cases. That the more diverse, the better assuming the people are welltrained and well educated, and we also know that we dont have equal access to that education, that capability yet. We are better than we were, certainly better than we were during apollo, but thats another area that we need to work on. And again, theres a huge opportunity there, because in order bring people along, if we can use artemis in this way. Ellen i think thats right, and i think the interesting thing is the research used to show that kids turned away from stem in middle school. That has been pushed back to earlier elementary school, so this issue of the pipeline and protecting it as a pipeline problem all the way through, how do you keep people in the workforce who are leaving it, i think is really critical. And back stage we were talking about, how do we create an aerospace stem ecosystem that i think is critical to making this work . I think you hit the key point is middle school, elementary school. I was a kid around carrying and Walking Around carrying my apollo rocket with me. Thats the kind of thing that gets into our childrens minds and what they want to do and how they want to engage. So i think the success is the most awesome thing we can do is have an impact on the generation. Yeah, exactly. Well, we learned a lot on the iss, its not the moon and the moon isnt mars. How do we learn enough on artemis to feel comfortable about making the next giant leap to mars, knowing that we cant know everything . Me again . Yeah, you again, sorry. [laughter] well, like i said earlier, mars is very hard. It is the things i pull on earlier that we have to go deal with, dealing with how to live longterm. It is also international cooperation. We are not going to go to mars, for example, just by ourselves. Im sorry, i dont believe its going to be the case. It is so hard. Its going to take a lot of folks involved, so building on what we are doing in the iss and what we are doing on the moon using gateway and our lander systems as well as surface habitats, surface mobility, all the systems we want to build and design and test and use so that they are, so we understand how to operate in those environments and how we can live and work in those environments. I think those are all key points that we have got to keep hammering home. Those are key things we got to do. Yeah, i would say that is your selling point for gateway, thats why you really need gateway. Right. We could go do apollo or we do some lunar sorties, but gateway is not an iss, its a spaceship that is in deep space. And it is, youre able to prove technologies that you would need in order to keep crews alive and thriving for a trip to mars or wherever. And one of the early thoughts on gateway was you can take it to any of the lagrange points. You can remotely operate vehicles on the surface of the moon. And thats a great analog for what you might do at mars at first, right. You might go visit phobos, the most with a spacecraft that looks a lot like gateway, and you might remotely operate vehicles on the surface of mars before you are sending crews down and doing the really difficult edl, the entry dissenting landing peace for mars missions. So gateway, kind of a burning concept in that you can put crews on however long you need. You can move that vehicle around to different places to do different operations, but it also gives you that experience with how you work with crews, when the communication is a little bit slower, how crews remotely operate systems on their own. And so youre building up that ability, that risk acceptance, the systems required to really have an exploration program, and then you just add the lander piece onto it, so that you can go to the surface whenever you need to, and youve got a multi functional vehicle that works around the surface of the moon, it works around the surface of mars, works anywhere you want to go. I would push on people today to think about gateway, because thats where we test the mars. That was its original intent if you go back and look at the studies. Nasa has been studying how to go to mars as long as nasas been around. And almost half of the studies , if not more, all show Something Like gateway. Its not called gateway but its Something Like a gateway in and around the surface of the moon. Its very difficult to take all the mass and all the systems that you need to take straight from earth, straight to mars. We want to aggregate and assemble and do it well outside of earths gravity well, and then you do that as a place, as a jumping off point, as a spaceship that we can then take off and go to mars. These are all the first steps getting us to the next phase. One of the things that is really different in terms of how we think about designing systems , and architectures to allow to go do this, it goes back to the sustainability question, the idea that youre going to go out there to stay. The gateway affords flexibility. Right . You can use it in a number of ways. It is not a single point solution. It is not closed ended. It has the potential to evolve both in function and in actual physical characteristics. And its hard to get our heads around this a little bit because the station has done the same thing. People use things onboard stations for things they were never designed for. I can tell you, i helped assemble the thing. There are things going on in station that you go, whoa, baby, you never expected. Its the difference between im going to dig a hole. I build a shovel that allows me to take a hole and throw the shovel away, because all i needed to do for this mission was build a hole, but if im going to be building a settlement, and i know im going to be using this shovel for years, and the way im going to be thinking about how i build that shovel is different. It has got a different handle, it might be shaped different. That is how we are learning to think about this. We already know these things. We know them intellectually, we have a bunch of different examples, but if were serious about going there and going from there to there, were going to have to get away from the closed in solutions as much as we can get our hands to think about flexibility, and from an engineering point of view, its a little harder to do that. But thats one that we have to, i think were going to learn a tremendous amount about that. Lynne, you on the pathways report i was on the pathways report. Do you feel like we are on a pathway . [laughter] 246 pages of how hard it is to go to mars. I think that now we are. I do believe, one of the things we did in the pathways report if you havent read it, we werent allowed to lay out a pathway. So what we did was we built essentially decision rules that had to do with how you would make selections about pathways and what sorts of choices. But i must say, im on the committee and i dont think ill let the cat out of the bag, leaned heavily on this idea that you would use this interface in the moon as a learning opportunity area to teach you how to live in a sustained manner and then to go forward there to go to mars. You guys have bought so much about going to mars. And you have been to mars many times robotically. And its so much different in much different than doing things around the moon. Having said that, if we are really focused on where we want to go in the future, mars and beyond, and were building things for the moon that will take us to mars as opposed to building things for the moon just to get to the moon, theyre different. And mary lynne, i think, was hitting on some of that as well as the others, and so i think the challenge for us is not to how do i get to the moon fastest, but how do i get to ultimately where we want to go, which is to mars and beyond, and how do we do things around the moon that allow us to work that . Were still going to be able to communicate with the crew almost realtime. But should we . Because when we are at mars, thats impossible. I remember sitting at jpl, and when we landed inside and when it started, we were already on the ground successfully or not. So you dont have that luxury when you are around mars or beyond. And so i think we need to think really hard around the operations that we do at the moon and the technologies that we put at the moon and really use it as a proving ground and a testing ground when it is only three days back home. So that we are testing out the systems, and were testing out the systems, and were testing out how were going to operate when we have humans in space, where there is not realtime communications, where they have to solve their own problems, where they need their own Digital Assistants to help them with the issues theyre having, where they need to manufacture inspace abilities that they could take a long enough to pay along enough spare parts for everything that were doing. We can be doing that around the moon and that could be our challenge for the moon so that we can feel comfortable that we ready to send humans into space. You feel like artemis is on that path to stay focused on the longterm goals of mars . I think others have talked about the gateway, the gateway we probably already have that as a critical part of that because even around mars our concept has always been to have an orbiting platform around mars, which you can operate rovers and uavs and things before you actually put humans on the surface, so i think that infrastructure that we will use around sis lunar space with artemis is a similar infrastructure what would be required, and if were building those technologies you take them further into the future, almost most of what were doing and on artemis is transportable on to mars. So its not only going to help build the infrastructure for the moon but help us with the infrastructure we need for mars as well. So we have less than five minutes left, and i want to wrap up on an optimistic note, because i am incredibly optimistic about where we are and where were going. Everything we have done today has created surprise opportunities and benefits have increased our knowledge and made our lives better. While it is asking you to predict the unpredictable, get this from everybody on the benefits that aerospace and all of us will reap from artemis and beyond. Lisa, i am going to put you on the spot. Wow. So i think, i dont know what it is, but i think there will be several medical breakthroughs that will be required to send send humans into deep space to that will be something that will extend our lives on earth. I think thats probably the least of the unpredictable predictions, because i think were already seeing some of that in terms of what we are learning from iss and i can only imagine as we go further, the other area that i really be hopeful were going to find is in the area of energy. When i think about the challenges that we have here on earth, im hopeful that when we look, those challenges that exist on other planets as well. So if we can solve some of those Energy Challenges on other planets and then be able to bring that back to earth, i think it can help to keep the conflicts down on earth in terms of what we might see in the future, in terms of water or energy. Lynne . Ary im just going to second that. I already mentioned biotech. I dont think we have begun to see what we may see. I think its going to raise a lot of interesting issues that were going to have to deal with from a medical ethics point of view and a societal ethics point of view, and im not sure where all prepared to deal with those things, but i do think that we will see that, and just to echo what lisa said, historically bottlenecks in human migration and evolution, Building Societies have been in the areas of energy and power. There is nothing in space that doesnt touch power. It is either about collecting it, storing it, disseminating it, channeling it. Everything touches power and those have been bottlenecks in human history, and by the way of the technologies that are developed, these bottlenecks have proven to be lucrative over the years and so the same thing also with water, availability of water and making that water clean, recycling water, being able to create efficient, a spacesuit is efficient for the amount of time and its used. Same for space habitats, were going to learn about a lot about we can sort of affect our own habitation on earth. So i do think it is in medical and in those areas the bottlenecks we have faced throughout human history. The Clean Water Technology that you get out of having to recycle consumables for long periods, its clearly applicable to medical pieces that as we learn more about how the human body responds, it helps with aging issues, geriatric issues, thats all great but i have five kids. They all expect that we are doing Space Exploration in their lifetimes. I think you see that with that generation that there is an expectation this is what we do. Right . We are going to go do this, and in my mind, we put up the gateway. Were doing sorties to the lunar surface. That is just the beginning point. If we put up one around mars, we are doing sorties to the mars service, you can talk about titan. You can talk about other places, taking that same vehicle to interesting asteroids for Research Prospects and things like that. I just think jim said earlier, were on the front end of something really cool. And we are blessed to see this come in our lifetimes, the start and how were going to go do this. We have designed missions from nasa that are at least that high. And finally, we have a plan and we are through most of the hard to an initial pieces, to actually go execute this mission and have real sustainable exploration going on area. Thats great. The first things that come to my mind, how were doing it area for going to go to mars we need to shorten the time from three years and get down so were talking about advanced propulsion systems, nuclear lodging, nuclear thermal. Our system to live and survive the night on the moon. Were talking about Nuclear Systems there too. Small, compact, very sustainable systems, what would that do to 50 years down the road, you have small town being able to be self selfsustaining . Those are huge changes in our entire economy and culture as to how we move forward. I think those are big things. Medical is another big area that i just, i cant tell you today when that will be, where that will take us but will change the way were moving forward. Im still going to vote for that future astronaut who breaks open the rock and discovers evidence of past life on mars. How that will change. Thank you all so much, were out of time. Thank you all very much for participating today, thank you. [applause] please welcome michelle russo, chief Communications Officer at the u. S. Chamber of commerce. Michelle good afternoon. As the commercial space sector continues to evolve, dialogue and connectivity between uniform and Industry Leaders becomes even more essential. After all, American National and economic interests share the objective of ensuring stability and transparency of Space Operations for all participants. Back in 2017, then Major General David Thompson addressed the chamber on air force acquisition requirements. Today, he joined us having earned his third star. We could not be more pleased to welcome him back in this elevated capacity. Im honored to present Lieutenant General David Thompson, Vice Commander of u. S. Air force Space Command. [applause] david ok. I think, as always, the first thing i need to do is move this microphone up to orbital altitude. So michelle, thanks for that kind introduction. Ladies and gentlemen, it is great to be back addressing all of you, and in fact i remember a few elements of the remarks i gave here back two years ago now, talking about space acquisition. I dont on revisiting many of those today. I know you have had a whole agenda, and several folks who have already been here, who are much more eloquent and informed and knowledgeable on those topics. But i have been asked to come today and talk about the implications of losing space. Perhaps the implications of losing dominance, as some people said, and im excited to be here and talk about that today. In fact, any additional invitation went to my boss raymond, who, unfortunately have , has to live and work in the shadow of the Rocky Mountains in colorado every day, and i get to work here in the National Capital region. So he asked me to represent him, as not just in his current job as commander of air force Space Command but in his brandnew job as being the commander of u. S. Space command, he now has more than two fulltime jobs and more than double the number of bosses he had a few months ago. So your loss, his loss, and hes able to address you with my gain , because i am happy to be able to speak with you again. Many times ive been asked to talk about the implications of losing space, how important is Space Military operation, how important is space integrated in the economy, and ive tried in many ways on many different occasions to describe that, describe the impact, of what it might mean. Im going to try a little differently here today, first of all, because my expectation is that a lot of you really do understand it innately, but i want to give you some examples of what it has been directly or what it could mean based on examples from the past, examples from the present and potentially examples from the future. So id like to do that i wake up. I have three vignettes here today. The first vignette id like to talk about is what i call a story of two air raids. Being an airman, United States air force, although im a career space officer. I still have blue in my veins and will until the day i die. So i grew up dreaming of what it meant to be in the United States air force, i had dreams and aspirations monday of being a pilot, so i studied that over the years, and i would first like to talk about what space means. The first air raid id like to talk about is any air raid that occurred over the continent of europe 75 years ago. In late 1944, in fact in that timeframe, the United States and britain were in the middle of what was called the combined bomber offensive. And on any given day and any given night in that time, the americans during the day and the british during the night could put 1000 bombers over just about any target in northern and western europe. The United States army air forces, the venerable 8th air force did it mostly with the b17 bomber, and as i said, most of their raids consisted of about 1000 bombs. Depending on the range, the missions lasted anywhere from eight hours, ranged up to about 1000, perhaps 1200 miles. By then they were fortunate to have fighter escort, but depending on the desired effect, each one of those bombers would carry anywhere from 6 to 12 bombs of any given type. So in a raid, you were talking about 6000 to 12,000 bombs. Every single one of those bombs and every single one of those bombers were focused on a single aim point. 1000 bombers, 6000 to 12,000 bombs. One aim point. Those bombers navigated by dead reckoning. They use compasses and stopwatches. Occasionally they would have, they would be able to use landmarks and other things to check their course and check where they were going, but many times, it was simply done by dead reckoning, especially because at various points during the year, most of the continent was covered in clouds, and therefore the ground was not always visible. They did their aiming by sight. The famous bomb sight had some corrections for altitude, a few other things but basically it was a bombardiers job to find the target, sight the target, put a few of the inputs and corrections in the bomb sight, and then determine when the bombs were dropped. They would communicate by line of sight, radiofrequency, and in many cases, they didnt communicate much because of the need for operation security. And they had rudimentary ability to forecast the weather. Often times they would arrive over a target, and the target would be overcast, and they would have the option of proceeding to a second target , perhaps, dropping through the clouds if they felt they could or in some cases jettisoning their bombs over the north sea on the way back. As i said, they had a rudimentary ability to forecast the weather. Their navigation was done in a very rudimentary fashion. And the end of the war, the United States commissioned a survey of the effectiveness of the Strategic Bombing campaigns in europe and in japan after the war. While that campaign had tremendous strategic effect on the outcome of the war, they also found that on average, 1000 airplanes, 6000 to 12,000 bombs, on average, less than 30 of all the bombs dropped fell within 1000 yards of the aim point. Now, most of those bombs had an effective range of 100, 150 feet, so think about that. 12,000 bombs, all aimed at a single point, and only 30 percent, at best, landed at 1000 yards of the landing point. That is air raid number one. Fastforward to january 2019, and lets talk about air raid number two. B2s take off from missouri. Two b2s take off from missouri. Between them they have a loadout of 108 bombs. Those b2s navigate from space using gps. They are on their way to libya to strike targets that are terrorist Training Camps in libya. They navigate halfway around the world in a mission thats going to last approximately 40 hours. 13 times to the target and back. They are met in air, in time, in space by tankers that refuel them. If they miss one refueling point, they can continue to the target. If they miss a second one, they must divert, and the mission is over. They have the ability to navigate around any weather that they might see on route, because the weather is observed, forecast, predicted and reported from space. They aim their bombs by gps. They have developed the targets. They have developed the targets with information collected from overhead imagery. They communicate both with the tankers, with the air operations center, with homebased by satellite, and far more than half of the targets they have identified on that particular mission, the target parameters or the target itself is completely changed or updated in the course of the 20 plus hours they ingress to the target. The end effect of that mission was 85 bombs dropped out of the 108 that they carried on 85 different targets. Every single one of them, to the best we can measure, was a direct hit. And so, that is the story of many things. It is a story of airmanship and a story of technology development. It is a story of many things, but most of all, that is the story of the impact of space on airpower. I would say, in that case, if we lost space, if we could not see, if we could not hear, if we could not communicate, and we could not develop targets and could not navigate in any of that from space, that mission would simply have been impossible. If you find that hard to believe because i would tell you if we did not have space, airpower today would look more like that 1000 plane raid in 1935 than it did today. If you dont believe me, halfway between that, desert storm 1991, even as late as 1991, 90 of the munitions dropped from aircraft in that war were unguided in , and those missions looked an awful lot like the range of plane raids of world war ii. That is an impact vignette number one of what it means to lose Space Capabilities from National Security and airpower perspective. Vignette number two, how about from a civil perspective . April of 2019, new york city had a Wireless Network that they used to provide traffic light control, pass information to various points on the status of traffic and mass transit. They used it to provide City Services to the population to support the activities in the city. In some cases use that network to provide the support they needed to Emergency Services like police and fire. One day in april of this year, that network went down, and it took the city 10 days to restore that Wireless Network. It went down because in early april of this year, gps had a rollover event. Some of you remember the rollover event of the year 2000. We call it y2k. Gps, part of its control system and is a counter that counters s weeks. Comes up to 1024 weeks and once every 20 years or so, that counter rolls from 1024 back to zero. That happened in april, and the receivers that that new York City Wireless Network was using to synchronize its network were not compatible with the standard of all gps receivers. It failed to make the rollover connection appropriately. It lost the timing signal, and it took that network down. I will let you go back and read and decide in the accusations and fingerpointing that followed who was to blame, but i will say very simply and very clearly, it is clear that those responsible for operating that network failed to understand the reliance of that network on Space Capabilities. That is one story in the civil side. There are thousands across communication networks, transportation networks, that we rely on everyday for Civil Society, for Public Safety that rely on space. So the third vignette is raps a vignette about the future, i hope not, and perhaps you heard about it today. In june 2019, Rti International reported out on a study they did for the department of commerce, and it said a couple of things. The first thing was good news. They had studied gps and its effect on 10 sectors of the economy. They determined from the time gbs became operational in the late 1980s, it has contributed 1. 4 trillion in economic benefit to the society across just 10 of those specters. The vast majority that 1. 4 trillion has been realized since 2010. They also assessed that should some sort of largescale outage in gps services occur, it would cost the u. S. Economy 1 billion a day in lost revenue and adverse Economic Impacts in the first 30 days. For years, as we talked about gps, we have been using the statistics that say direct benefit of gps annually worldwide is about 85 billion, and indirect benefit is about triple that, and so if you take that and then you look at the analysis from rpi, it is absolutely reasonable to believe that a huge outage of Significant Impact the gps services would result in that kind of loss in economic benefit every single day. So, those are three vignettes that tell you about the value of space from a National Security perspective, from a civil and public perspective, and perhaps an economic benefit. So obviously, today if you think about it, those are based on the past, from an Economic Perspective or from a National Security perspective, as you think of the things coming online, as you think about things like automation and industry commercial sector, and in military sector and you think about Artificial Intelligence and its impact think about , think about autonomy and the Transportation System whether , whether selfdriving cars or trucks or drones delivering packages to houses and other things, and the rest of the economic sector, and how deeply embedded Space Capabilities are today, it is only going to grow in the future. And so while i would argue today gps is already about or has an Economic Impact on the third of 1 trillion in the Economic Impact every single year, it is very easy to see how quickly that number is going to grow and certainly will grow to the levels you all were talking about as you were part of this. So, it would not be appropriate for me to talk about all the indications of losing Space Capabilities, and then to describe what i could describe , which is the threats that are opposed to those capabilities, to those capabilities, threats threats in a National Security sense, when you think about the capabilities that russia and china are employing today. Threats in terms of bad actors , whether they are individuals or terrorist networks or other nations who are looking to threaten our capabilities economically from a supply chain, endpoint, intellectual property perspective, and perhaps even through cyber attack. It would not be appropriate to talk about all that and talk about all those implications and then say, thank you very much, i covered the topic today, and walk off the stage. It would not be appropriate as a speaker and certainly as one of your military professionals, would be inappropriate for me then not to turn around and say now let me talk a little bit about what we are doing to protect those capabilities and ensure that we dont realize the implications of losing space or losing our ability to use space. I will talk about it mostly from a National Security perspective, but many of the things i talk about here today apply not just to National Security strictest sense, but they also talk about delivery of capabilities for Civil Society and Public Safety and economic benefit as well. So i will walk through about in a few minutes i have left a few things we are doing about it. The first thing we are doing our about our space capability and ensuring they are available to soldiers, airmen, marines as they conduct their duties to our National Leaders as they make Strategic Decisions is recognizing the threats, the direct threats posed by potential adversaries today, and we are building in capabilities to protect and defend the Space Systems that we have today on orbit and we expect to have on orbit in the near future. A large majority of them have not been designed to operate in conflict, to operate under threat, but we are very adapting them to be able to be defended to provide capabilities to defend them, and to develop tactics, techniques and procedures under which to defend them. I would argue that in the last three budget cycles, we done a tremendous amount to invest in the domain awareness we need to understand what is happening in the space domain, as well as capabilities and training and other things to be able to adapt and defend and protect when they are under threat. Second thing we are doing is we are divining and beginning to field more robust and resilient architecture. Architectures that are by their nature more dependable, architectures that degrade gracefully, whether under attack or suffer failures that is unexpected or any other host of reasons. Systems and being very carefully about alternative methods that provide capabilities and backups in some cases alternative services and backups that are provided through space, in some cases provided to other domains other means. Finally, systems that, by their nature and clearly show to any potential adversary, any individual, anyone who would attempt to attack or degrade them, that it is not going to be worth the effort, because they are not going to succeed first , first of all, in attacking the domains or the architecture in the system successfully, but even if they succeed in a limited sense, we will still continue to provide capabilities and services we are expected to provide across the spectrum of conflict. Third thing we are doing, we are developing a warrior culture among our space cadre, and we are organizing for success to ensure they can operate effectively. In this group, i will not go in detail to some of the things we are doing from an advanced training perspective, exercise perspective, operational planning, wargaming, and all the things that we have done for decades for millennia and air, on the the land, and sea to ensure our soldiers, sailors and airmen are prepared to defend the nation, to fight the fight, to meet the objectives they are intended to meet, and there building those savings into the Training Program and exercise programs and the operational programs for our space operators. The fourth thing we are doing is strengthening partnerships and coalitions in the space domain. This is something that we have not done naturally in the space domain over the years. In the 20th century and the cold war, and in those days with the United States and soviet union, we were the only serious actors in space. We relied on nobody else. We depended on nobody else. We owned and operated most of our own Space Capabilities and built an insular culture that said this is the United States , and we will take care of our own business. We are rapidly moving to a new approach again that we practiced for decades and centuries in the air and on land and at sea and , and that is a coalition of the likeminded and a coalition that brings the capabilities that they need and we need to various scenarios and present complicated situations to any potential adversary. Those partnerships are just with allies. They are also with Civil Society we have shared a Great Partnership with nasa for decades. That is strengthening as well as strengthening our connections to the commercial industry. I will talk about that a little bit in the last few minutes. The final thing that we are doing, and probably most important to all of you, is we are now more seriously looking to leverage gamechanging technologies, gamechanging operational concepts and innovative ideas. That might be 21st century manufacturing techniques. That might be reusability and space system and proliferated low earth orbit constellations, and it could be a whole host and is in fact, a whole host of technologies and ideas, but first and foremost, it is a matter of understanding what is happening in commercial sector today, understanding the investments that are made, understanding the capabilities they intend to provide and determining how we can apply, adapt, apply, and partner with the commercial sector for the support of Civil Society, Public Safety, the commercial sector , but, in our case, especially nasas security. In talking about that, id like to leave you with one example, and that is actually the smart one. Most of the technology provided from or in this device was developed for defense purposes over decades, but it took the creativity, ingenuity, drive and , and innovative mind of the commercial market to give to put them together in a package like this. I firmly believe we are on the cusp of a similar explosion today, and we in the department of defense in space and we in the department of defense need to understand how the leverage , invest, and partner with various parts of the commercial sector to do it. In fact, our brandnew secretary is already saying and is already saying technology doesnt wait. We need to get on that train, in maintaining the relationships we have with longstanding industry partners, or we will be left behind. I think dr. Griffin earlier today told you already that he feels we are behind. I think he is right. But there is good news. The first is, we continue to be the best in the world in space. The second part of the good news is National Leadership inside the government, inside the defense sector, inside the commercial sector, and inside the civil sector recognize that we need to address the challenges and the threats we face in space. We have actually, through the last four years, made a series of investments that mean we are serious about the issue, and we are on the path we need to be on to ensure we dont realize the implications of losing space for National Security purposes, for civil purposes, or for economic purposes. Thanks, all, for your time again today. I appreciate having the opportunity to speak to you again. [applause] please welcome Christian Zur of the u. S. Chamber of commerce. Christian thank you, general thompson. Before we adjourn, i would like to offer a quick look ahead to some Upcoming Chamber initiatives. Early in the new year, we intend to convene a series of working groups. Initially these working groups focused on three discrete areas. Namely space launch and the National Airspace system. Two, advocating for robust Lunar Exploration and artemis in particular. And three, developing predictive analytical tools to better understand the Economic Activity of the commercial space sector. And we will welcome your involvement along the way, so keep an eye on your inbox for updates and information. Once again, i would like to thank our sponsors, boeing, northrum, rockets lab, one web, hawkeye 360, and dissent. Before you leave, please feel free to fill out the surveys under table as they help us in future programming. With that, the Second Annual space summit has come to a close. Thank you for coming. [applause] [captioning performed by the national captioning institute, which is responsible for its caption content and accuracy. Visit ncicap. Org] [captions Copyright National cable satellite corp. 2020] cspans washington journal, live every day with news and policy issues that impact you. Morning, thes National Resources Defense Council discusses efforts to combat environmental change. Then, officer adam wilson talks about the state of policecommunity relations. Watch cspans washington journal, live at 7 00 a. M. Eastern this morning. Join the discussion. 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