Is your unfiltered view of government. So you can make up your own mind. Brought to you as a Public Service by your cable or satellite provider. To becer next, a book exclusive, our cities to visits bozeman montana to learn more about its unique history and literary life. For eight years now, we have traveled to u. S. Cities, bringing the books in to our viewers. You can watch more at our visits on cspan. Org cities tour. Ivan doig is on montana author of 16 memoirs and novels. He was raised here in montana, spent his adult life in seattle but continued to come back to montana and wrote many books that are beloved, like this house in the sky, English Creek, dancing at the rascal fare, many others that are highly, highly regarded by people around the world. The collection is big. And i would like to introduce the dean of the library, kenny are ledge, who was instrumental in getting this collection. Sure. Away and are my associate and i traveled out to visit with carol doig at her invitation. We talked about what we could do a sheet decided to deposit the collection with us. We came back and write a proposal. And a key feature of our proposal was that we said we would digitize the entire collection in less than a year. So because it is digitize, the entire thing is available on the internet for anyone in the world to view. Primarily we have documents. We have a lot of sound recordings, lot photographs. Diary entries. Obviously many booker manuscripts. For some books we have as many as seven book manuscript versions. A lot of evidence of the writers process, medical records. We will talk about all of that. One thing that stayed steady all of his writing life was that he loved manual typewriters. We have many, many photographs of him in the archive at a different model of manual typewriter. Not electric. I have a couple of them hear from that are in the archive, that were gifted to us. What is a desk model. You know, it is a standard royal typewriter. That we know he used in stationary settings. We also have one of his portable typewriters. This is my favorite. It tells a lot about ivan doig himself in my opinion. Look at this and thank, if you owned this you might actually throw it out. But what it tells us is that ivan was incredibly frugal. He used everything, this is his bungee cord, by the way. He used everything until it fell apart essentially. Cover ve an already cover on a 1950s portable olivetti typewriter. Is held together with duct tape, it has a correcting tape still in it. We have photos of him using typewriters like this if not this exact one when he is out of the road during his research. He made Many Research trips into montana from his home in seattle, as he was writing his books. For him, was incredibly important to get every thing right. He would go out and listen to people talking and observe things and come back to his room , or the winnebago he might have rented, and write out, type out what his notes were for the day. It tells us so much about his devotion for getting things right, his devotion for writing. And the feeling he had that words come from the hands. He writes about this. In one place he writes about his love of a manual typewriter. Interviews the people and they come to his home, he has to hide his manual typewriter because the interviewer often becomes fixated, and wants to characterize him as a luddite. So if a manual typewriters in the room, it has to beep away, because that should not be the focus. He did write on computers, but he loved these. It has to be put away. He also at a constant habit of thinking of writing. And thinking of jotting things down as he was out in the world. His pocketa box of notebooks. Imagine hell pocket protectors that you might have, and think a biggie gets person you can think of. You can imagine ivan Walking Around with one of these and a pen or pencil. Were omnipresent. Friends would say, you better be careful what you say read ivan because you may end up in one of his notebooks. From there you might end up in one of his books, they would say. Right next to this we have some of his notecards. Is one of my favorite boxes of notecards. This is, the divisions within it speaks volumes on tan olango, cussing, jokes, bars and brothels, drinking. Any think why was he so focused on that ech hes using some of these for a novel entitled the bartenders tail. A novel around a novel around the bar in montana. And characters in it. You have of noting things like, he went out of there like a skunked dog. Or i havent learned so much since my third year in second grade. What ivan would do is find the geezers table at any cafe in rural montana eared citizen close as he could, and take notes about how the real people talked, spoke with each other, what were their sayings. He would write them down and they would be part of the real dialogue of his characters in his next book. So this is these cards of which there are thousands within the archive. They reflect that kind of attention to detail. It, so were kind of looking at a progression we have the notebooks. We have notecards. Of course there were other manuscripts and versions, handwritten and typed. For each of these books we have sometimes as many as seven manuscript versions. There would come a point with some of them were ivan would put together, but we call a clamshell menu script. This is for the book English Creek. Enlist creek is the first of his montana trilogy. It is probably his first popular English Creek is the first of his montana trilogy, probably his first popular novel. Within this you have a trove of information about how the writer worked. You have notes, changes, things of course that means keep this as i say to the publisher. Engaged in the multiple iterations of each book, because he was very concerned that it be right. In the 2000, he began to have serious medical issues that were very concerning. One of the things we want to have very plain in the archive is the medical journey he went through in the last 15 or so years of his life. Where he was suffering with multiple myeloma during some of that time. Parts of the archive layout for us how he felt during this time, what he thought of it, what it did to his, his way thinking about the world, his writing. And his widow, carol doig, is very interested in having people able to access his medical records, which is something that is normally not a love in an archived normally not allowed in an archive for legal reasons. We have permission to have these items, and at the public have access to them digitally as well as physically and special collections. Outfinal four books come and he is under what is in effect a death sentence multiple myeloma. Tale isnders published in 2012, sweet bender and 2013, in his last book comes out posthumously in 2015. All these are works of fishing fiction. Very imaginative works. We can only imagine what it must have been like to be on these very invasive drugs and procedures and yet do this amazing work. As a man who was pathologically diligent all his life, that ability to work through anything served and well in the last years of his life as he was suffering. We have evidence and some of the notecards he was working on. He has cards that make sort of poetic sentences. He talks about being a human pell model at one point. At onen pill bottle point. He talks about decks, turns my brain, decks was short for one of the drugs he was on. We have a very articulate man talking about the effects of certain drugs on his body. Which i think is incredibly helpful in some ways. How he feels. How he feels taking certain drugs. And what it does to his voice, what it does to his brain, his body. His ability to coordinate his own movements. , i am point he is writing a writer of fiction and an activity that takes all of the mental acuity i have got. Treatment threepart or any part of it permanently alter my intellectual ability, or my ability to concentrate. Talking about the process that he is going to be going through as they treat this very invasive cancer. He dies in april, 2015. So we know that he is very near the end this point. But he is still working away. Still doing the writers job. Ivan doig is an incredibly beloved author in montana. When we do public events, people show up in large numbers. Even when we go out of state to washington, for instance we did an alumni event in spokane. A large number of peoples but desh showed up because of so many of them have read his work. Number of a large people showed up. Ivan gives voice. He grew up in humble conditions in a sheepherder family. He knows what the rancher life is like. He knows what it is like to live and roll areas. And he writes about that. And that is very appealing in rural areas. That is very appealing. He also describes people and landscapes very effectively. I think that is a big part of his appeal. Of place. Riter theres a lot of interest now and that kind of writing. A lot of interest from young writers to older people who knew the life that he is actually writing about. I was very happy to see at our events that it is the community that comes. He has left less of an academic following and much more of a common person, common reader following. When you look out in the audience of an event, you see regular people, not academics necessarily, though some are there. That is refreshing to me, to see that wherever i go in the community, talk about his work, to discuss his work, people will say, my family knew ivan doigs mother or knew his grandmother. Or i was his doctor. So it is wonderful touchstone to have this in the community. Announcer our visit to bozeman continues, with the story of entrepreneur, pioneer and cattle rancher nelson story. When i first moved to bozeman, there were still many things name story, story three street, story motors, story disturbed her, story hill. But there was not a lot written on him. There was a historian he said to me bozeman business name. He said it ought to be named story or story belt. Or story town. I think bozeman has a better ring to it than any of those other options. So it remained bozeman. Curious about nelson story, since his name was plastered all over the place here. I wanted to find out more about him. There is not been a fulllength biography ever written about him. So over the years i put together. Nelson story was one of the more capitalistsestern in the history of the American West. If you take a step back and try and name others, you come up with Leland Stanford in california, and im sure that name rings a bell. You would have John Creighton from nebraska. John english from northern colorado. All of those people were very good at, they started for the most part in goldmining. Inn after making headway goldmining, invested in railroads, mercantilism, et cetera, cattle ranches. So their wealth and their prominence in their respective areas catapulted. It is the same thing with nelson story. You can name any industry that was important in the American West, cattle, ranching, real. State, flour milling, banking and he had a hand in it. He was one of those who came to this territory, and made a good chunk of money, roughly 30,000 in gold. Over in alder gulch. It was typical. Who had noople success in california, who came back from california, they branched out in the rockies to try there . Thats kind of what happens at bannock, gold was found. Later at the southeast, at alder gulch, where Virginia City is, more gold was found. That was one of the predominant gold strikes. Story was one of those who heard about and viewed this valley and came to realize this was a very Fertile Valley for agriculture. Toot of people on their way the gold fields who had come up to bozeman trail, made it through on the bozeman trail, over the bozeman pass and into this valley, they may have originally intended to go to the gold fields, Virginia City, bannock, maybe Last Chance Gulch up where helena is. But once they got a view of this valley and realized the agricultural potential, they decided to file their claim 460 for 150d just stay one under six acres for 1 60 acres and just a hair. Just stay here. For mercantileas store and a cattle herd. That was the main impetus. Virginia city, a pretty tough place to live. He and his wife ellen were starting a family. So was not the ideal location to live in. So they came over here to bozeman. From there, the first thing he texas, he went down to used some of that money, and bought a herd of longhorns. Longhorns hadthe , during theulated civil war, because so many men from texas were serving in what they call the war of northern aggression. Sue had all this cattle in texas. And you can get ahead of longhorn for five dollars to 10. That same longhorn if you could get it to up one to one of the western forts might be worth about 20 to 30 per head. If you got it to the chicago meat market, 40 ahead. So you can understand why there , such a an interest bevy of activity in that part of the country after the civil war. Why you had all those cattle drives and so on. Nelson story was determined to bring cattle herds all the way up here to montana. He brought them from fort worth, texas. Texast up cut up through through oklahoma, what was then the indian territory. Faced a roadblock by kansas j koppers kansas j hawkers in southeast kansas who are worried about longhorns spreading a fever to their herds. But story was able to circumvent ,hem and go around via wichita then cut back up to Fort Leavenworth. From Fort Leavenworth he had on the oregon trail to follow it up to fort laramie rate then from fort laramie, he would bring them up to bozeman trail. Time, this was during red clouds were along the bozeman trail. Which goes through close to the bighorn basin in wyoming. The sioux, cheyenne, and arapaho were resisting any and all wagon trains. Any and all cattle trains come in up the bozeman trail. Nelson story before he could proceed on the bozeman trail, he had to have at least 30 armed men in his group. He had 1000 head of cattle. He had a lot of wagons as well, loaded with groceries. Because he also wanted to start a mercantile store. So we had enough men, armed with remington repeater rifles. They headed up the bozeman trail. They had several scrapes with some sioux warriors. , as theyple of his men made their way up through wyoming, a couple of his men were killed. Wayhe did make it all the to the yellowstone river, established a cattle ranch over there. He arrived early december, 1866. That was his first step in building what you could certainly argue was an empire. After the cattle drive, he has a street. N built on main partnering with another businessman here in town, a fellow by the name of leander black. They had a mercantile operation, typical hardware type operation of the American West. They sold just about everything in the store. Only a couple hundred people in the area at the most. But the thing where they really garnered a lot of success is on the others of the bozeman pass, was land that the United States government had designated for the crow nation. And the reservation headquarters was established over by presentday livingston. The government would have to buy, to feed the crows, would have to buy flour, beef, and all other kinds of supplies. And they would buy it from local merchants. Well, story headache corner on the market given story had a corner on the market given the cattle herd. He would sell goods to uncle sam, and that really helped him to pad his wealth. Unfortunately, and through the years, it was typical of many of those contractors who furnish goods to the reservations. They were cheating the government. They were cheating the indian tribes, as well. Of the goodsn some they were supposed to deliver. With may have gotten away getting paid for a full amount so many head of cattle when he didnt liver that many heads. He also was pretty good, he would sell them flour, and with the cooperation of the indian agent, he would get the flower back out of the warehouse and sell it back over here, excuse me, in effect, he was getting paid twice for the same goods. He did the same thing with horses. He would sell horses to the government for i dont know, 5, 12 ahead, Something Like that. Theythe government decided didnt need that many horses and he would buy them back for 2, 3 a head. So he took advantage of the system, the reservation system, one of the ugliest chapters of the American West. He took advantage of that like so many others did. And that really helped him to increase his wealth even more. So, the proximity to the Crow Reservation at that time in the late 1860s early 1870s, plus the growth of the agricultural community, those two things, he was in the drivers seat as far as accumulating wealth. Describe what he was like. Interesting character. When he was a young man, he was from mix county ohio, came in the 1850s. Mother, his father, a couple of brothers who died young. Its possible for that reason he was never really a serious churchgoer. But he was also a very generous individual. He would help any friend who was down on their luck. He was willing to help them. Streak he was well read. The understood economics very well. To talksjoy listening from christian scholars. Study the poet pope and write down verses, but the real big drawback was his temper. He had an awful temper. On more than one occasion, he would, in a confrontation with somebody, he would lose his temper and it would come to a fistfight. End up notd necessarily a gunfight, but if you got on his bedside, chances chances are you remained on his bad side. And his temper spilled over to his immediate family. Verbal abuse, physical abuse. Its a sad sidebar. Occasion,fe, even on was physically abused. Nelsons story, one day his two sons, two of his sons, nelson junior and thomas byron story. Story told them to go out. He had a ranch north of town where he would build a flour mill. Story told him to go out to the ranch. Theres a meal i want you to get mule i want you to get. So they got the mule. Theyre coming back into town. Bud,n jr. , known as thomas byron, as they approached decidesstory home, bud just for the heck of it to see if he can lasso the mule. And he does. He was going to hang onto the road and ride up and get the lasso off the meal. Unfortunately, he dropped the rope and the mule trotted to the family yard, where nelson was. He said i thought i told you not to rope that mule. Up,bud started to say shut and the first one of you that says another word, im going to knock you off your damn horse. So he said we can rope that mule just as well as you can. Before he finished his sentence, his dad picked up a brick, threw it at him. Byron ducked. His dad indowntown, close pursuit. What are the contributions hes made to bozeman that folks outside of bozeman might recognize . Or maybe its just specific to bozeman itself. Storythe 1880s, nelson constructed and opened a flour mill north of town, where eventually the Northern Pacific where road would come through railroad would come through. Some of the buildings are still standing. And that was a major employer for people, especially men in this town. Another thing, another aspect of nelson story is in the latent 1880s, late 1880s, when montana became a state, the legislature decided where the capital would be. The territorial capital was in hellman. But they opened it up to any town and they were going to put it to a vote to the electorate to see where they wanted the capital. Bozeman got into the campaign with several other cities, helena, viewed butte. They had the prettiest valley in the state. We had the finest picket fences of anywhere in the state. We had the prettiest girls in the healthiest babies of anywhere in the territory of montana. Those were some of the reasons they gave for bozeman being the state capital. Bozeman didnt get it. Sense, and it only made since they were the territorial capital, it only made sense helena would retain it. But the legislature was going to decide where to put the State College of agriculture. Land, story donated some allowed his building to be used for classes, and put up some money to help make sure bozeman got the state agricultural college, which is today, Montana State university. What did you learn that surprised you . The one thing i learned in researching nelson story and is thewas reminded of, old adage, nice guys finish last. He was industrious. He was ambitious. Hes worthy of acknowledgment. Hes not worthy of adulation. A verya very kind aside, Community Minded side. He would donate to help churches expand, to build city parks. But again, he had that main street to him mean streak to him. And in businesses, he could be really, really tough. Really rough so as really rough. So as i learned about him, it help to reinforce some of what i learned about the american capitals during the American West during what was known as the gilded age. The gilded age was not just confined to your rockefellers, carnegies, vanderbilts, or jp morgans. They also came out west, although it didnt get nearly the amount of publicity. I learned a lot about the reservation system and the corruption that went with the reservation system. That opened my eyes to a very, very sad chapter in american history. And that was the treatment of the native americans. The you know, quintessential cowboy, i guess you could call him, the quintessential westerner during our time in bozeman, montana, the cspan cities tour talked about local authors with the areas history. We learn about the railroad and the telegraph during the development in the western United States. In 1864an was founded as a gold rush town. The goldrush wasnt here. It was farther to the southwest. But all those gold miners, the last thing they wanted to do was pair their own food. So the gallatin valley was a rich and remains a rich agricultural valley. So, settlers moved here to raise beef and wheat to sell to the gold miners. So bozeman began as an agricultural town with guaranteed market, about 50 miles to the southwest. And also towards helena. Minderit was feeding and feedings people who worked with the miners. Transportation was slow. It was about horse pulled vehicles, stagecoaches, freight wagons. Or oxen pulled freight wagons. And the goods, whether it was Building Materials or consumer goods or fuel supplies, were very expensive to move or transport. If it couldnt be obtained locally, grown or acquired locally, some could be brought in at great distance at great cost. But for the most part, people had to rely on local sources for wood, food, live without certain consumer goods. Big musical instruments, a piano, they could get it. But it would be expensive and difficult. So, for the first two decades of bozemans existence from 18641883, there was no railroad. So people did rely on animal transportation. The mainline of the Northern Pacific was built through here, ran from st. Paul to tacoma, seattle. Several impacts. One, you could move much more quickly towards twin cities, minneapolis, st. Paul, glen dies in miles city. Helena, missoula, spokane, seattle. Not only people moving, but mail and express, consumer goods, maybe even luxuries that were manufactured in the east and had been very expensive to move to montana either by freight ragan freight wagon or steamboat. Now it could be brought in much quicker time and greatly reduced cost. And probably the railroad, people who wouldnt have moved here without the railroad, the wouldnt have wanted to spend two months on ace b boat steamboat or a covered wagon and handle animal. Now, they would consider moving here if it could be done in a week by train. So, you had more people moving into the territory of montana, and people, including people who were awaiting more transportation in fact, montana becomes a state in 1889. What are the criteria of states . A minimum population, about 60,000. Until the railroad reached montana, montana didnt have that population. If theyroads did tied them into a National System of commerce. Bozeman had been a part of that system before. But as i remarked before, it was slow, either by steamboat to northern montana and wagons south, or wagons across the central plains. And it was inexpensive. So now with the railroad, a product could be made cheaply, inexpensively, somewhere back east, and sold here inexpensively because the transportation was had a low cost. And farmers and ranchers in instead ofld now, having a market that may have only been 4050 miles, because beyond that, the cost of transportation eliminated the potential profit. Now, farmers in the gallatin valley could ship grain to minneapolis and still make money because theres cost of shipping grain by railroad was low. It meant bozeman, could be true of any town, reached by railway, was much more tied into the commerce of the nation. Though the impact was towns grew rapidly. One of their hopes was, when the railroad was built westward across the dakota territory, was that line would come through their town. Because the presence of that rail line through that town would be, if not a guarantee, would greatly improve their chances for a future. For prosperity, for growth, for tying into this national network. A town that was bypassed because it was way up on a hill and the railroad was down in the valley, or it was one valley away from the railway line. And some of these mining towns were bypassed. Would find themselves losing population, maybe even facing, if not complete amendment, abandonment, not having the growth. Until about a couple decades ago, almost every railroad mainline and many branch lines had a telegraph pole line, pole line with anywhere from one or two or six cross arms. And there would be those insulators that people keep on their house, and then a wire. And each cross arm would have up to 10 of these wires. On a mainline, you might have 50 wires running along the track. Some of those were for railway operations, where trains would take siding to let another train go by. But most of the Western Union telegraph company had wires there. What it meant, in some cases, the telegraph reached before the railway. The first in montana came from the south, utah through southern idaho. Railroad brought these telegraph lines. What it meant was after the railway with the telegraph and you went to the train station, generally, and the agent who sold tickets was probably also a telegraphers, at least in small towns. And so you could be, what was 100 years ago, as close to instant communications as was available. You had the equivalent of the internet, in terms of rapid communication. Public transportation in the United States, especially outside of metropolitan urban corridors, whether new york or d. C. Or seattle to portland and eugene, oregon, is that probably around hundred years ago in the 19 teens, there was the densest network of public schedule transportation. Almost every railway line, branch, mainline, secondary exceptad daily or daily sunday passenger trains. So you could get from a town of 150 people in northeastern montana to bozeman or to missoula if youre going to college, for instance. That town of 150 people, now they have 50 people, there has not been scheduled Passenger Service for decades. So one thing is that america had, this wonderful system of public transportation. You could get from almost anywhere on a rail line, and there was a quarter million miles of railroad in the United States, to almost anywhere else. It might not have always been comfortable, especially the local train. There might have been six or seven layovers for long trips, but you could do it. People come to independent bookstores because they want a connection. Want the people touch that you only get one youve got other people who really love books and know about books and are there to talk about books and help you find exactly what it is that is going to make your world better. We are a country bookshelf in downtown bozeman, montana. Country bookshelf has been an Important Community space since 1957. The Literary Community in bozeman is really vibrant. There are so many writers of all stripes who live here, people who write fiction, nonfiction, poetry. There are a lot of aspiring writers and there is a Great Community around that. A lot of the authors that people associate with the bozeman area started coming here in the 1960s and 1970s. There was a whole writers enclave in the livingston area. Draws from thely class and the people who just dont want to go with the regular flow of what everyone else is doing. Montana authors are just an important part of our community. They come into the store, both for the standard business things of them doing readings, but they also come in as customers and friends. And we love being part of that community. David is a particular favorite of mine. He does amazing finance writing. Greats. One of the we still put his books in peoples hands every day. We feature local authors right in front of the store. Were always recommending them, especially to all the visitors who come from montana from all over the world. Thats one of the things that people really come here, knowing that there is a followed literary culture in montana, and they want to read montana literature. And were just lucky enough that not only of these authors are people whose work we admire, but they are people we admire and we get to share our friends with all the visitors and the new friends we make. We see our role as the country bookshelf in the Literary Community as being away of both fostering new talents, supporting our established authors, and really being a place where readers can have those connections and meet the people who are changing their lives with their words. Theres been an incredible resurgence in independent booksellers of physical books, of people of all ages who read. I think ever reading demographic is actually getting younger and younger, which is wonderful to see. You know, ebooks have become part of the conversation. Digital audiobooks have become part of the conversation. But were finding theres an ecosystem of readers where physical books and other mediums can coexist. One of the things that really separates independent bookstores from all the other ways you can buy a book, people know they can buy a book online, at the grocery store, many other places, but its that interaction with other human beings in a bookstore that really can make all the difference in both the experience, but also in what you end up buying, in what you end up finding exists that you didnt even know you wanted. People come and all the time not having any idea what they were looking for, and then they have a great conversation with someone who loves what they do and are really good at it, love books, love people, love talking about it, and they come away with fixed ideas for what to read next that would not have come from an algorithm. When people leave country bookshelf, i really hope that they leave with a sense of joy. That there was something delightful that happened to them that day. And because they went into a bookstore. And hopefully that was because of an interaction they had with a staff member, or it was a book they encountered they didnt even know they wanted that hopefully there was some little element of joy. Cspan cities tour is in bozeman, montana. We conclude our visit to the city with author and journalist, david korman, on his career in science journalism. Well, its a great place to live and therefore, its a great place to write. Most of my writing does not involve montana. Occasionally ive written about montana or the northern rocky mountains, maybe more than occasionally. But much of my writing involves going on a plane to africa or somewhere else, either researching a book or for national geographic. I spent a lot of time in the tropics, walking through jungles with biologists, and i love montana. I love bozeman as a place to come home to, where its cold and lonely and the air is dry and the mountains are steep and in the winter, theyre white. And i live in a wonderful house with a wonderful family and have a great office. And that makes it a great place to write. I started off as a novelist, started off as a fiction writer. I published my first seven books were novels. And then i drifted into nonfiction writing because i discovered i was more interested in it and probably better suited for. Now, most of my, all of my work is nonfiction, either for magazines or in books. And most of my work is about life sciences, about science generally, but in particular, ecology, evolutionary biology, in some cases, molecular biology, conservation, certain amount purely on the outdoors, history, and on travel. So, im a nonfiction writer for magazines and books who tangles those various elements together. Essentially, i taught myself biology in the course of doing the job. Papers, ton of journal talked to scientists, got more interested in evolutionary biology, darwin, the history of biology. And that became my journalistic beat. And eventually from doing the magazine work on Natural History and a little bit of biology, i started doing books, ambitious books, for the general public about complicated subjects in biology. To some extent, the topics pick me. I get interested in something and maybe i write a magazine piece about it. Maybe i write a feature story, 50006000 words for a magazine. And in some cases, i finish it and said this subject is much deeper than that and much more interesting than that. So, a magazine assignment has turned into a book project for may. That was true for the song of the dodo, about history of evolutionary biology and what we heard about evolution and extinction from the study of violence. Weve learned things that are applicable to the mainlines of the world. That began because i wrote one magazine piece about a situation on the island of guam, where an evasive tree snake is eating up all of the endemic birds in guam. I wrote that piece and in the course of researching it, i discovered there was this huge body of literature, huge body of Scientific Research and thinking about islands, about evolution and extinction on islands, a field called island biogeography. So, i wrote this book, eight years, 600 pages about island biogeography. My intended audience is your brother, the lawyer, and my sisterinlaw, the health care professional, and your grandmother, and everybody else in between. I write about science and in some cases, about complicated matters in biology. We are going to leave this, but you can find all of the coverage on cspan. Org. We take you now to New Hampshire where the mayor Pete Buttigieg is hosting a town hall at National Committee college. But i believe it is in our hands to change all of that, not just for the moment, but in the era thats ahead of us. I think were lucky and unlucky enough to be alive making decisions when the country reaches a fork in the road. And this is about a lot more than who is the president today, although lord knows were going to need a new president. [applause] mr. Buttigieg we have folks choosing between whether to buy prescription drugs or whether to buy groceries, and the president s focus is on whether to buy greenland, weve got a problem. [laughter] wasbuttigieg when he serious about buying greenland but joking about the medal of honor, weve got a problem. There is something deeply wrong in the white house, but i would argue that we would not have gotten to this moment if there were not something even deeper going on. In other words, i dont think a person like the current president can ever get within cheating distance of the oval office unless theres a deeper crisis that is destabilizing our