From just three months. The research saw the risk of developing an allergy halved in those given them at the younger age rather than the current guideline of six months. With me is gideon lack, professor of paediatric allergy at Kings College london and author of this study. Thanks forjoining us. Took me through what the study has found. The initial study published in 2015 showed a reduction in Food Allergies in general, particularly in peanut and egg, what i should say is that pa rents and egg, what i should say is that parents found it very difficult to introduce those foods early on. At three months old usually you wouldnt give children, you would be told not to give children anything, and at three months with a take anything from you 7 and at three months with a take anything from you . That has been the current advice. But traditionally people have been winning much earlier, and our analysis we published earlier showed that when these foods are introduced effectively this really does reduce Food Allergies by at least 50 , particularly peanut and egg. We also identify the obstacles that prevent this, and there are a number of factors associated with difficulties, and we need to target this and help families introduce foods early. Some of these are for example, the perception of reactions, parents feel the child is having a reaction, which in fact most of the time is unrelated to the food, the food is taken out of the dietand food, the food is taken out of the diet and food allergy becomes a self fulfilling prophecy. The fear of the food causing a reaction chords to not eating the food which leads to allergy. So early introduction of foods we have found is very important. And it can reduce the Disease Burden by more than 50 . So why do you think there are more and more children these days, particularly in the west, who suffer from these Food Allergies . particularly in the west, who suffer from these Food Allergies . I think the reasons are numerous and complex, but i think one of the strongest reasons is the insistence on delayed weaning and not giving babies any solids before six months of age, which i realise is counter to current thinking and advice, but oui to current thinking and advice, but our previous studies, most recent studies, do show particularly with 999 studies, do show particularly with egg if you get in very early at around three or four months of age, you have a much better chance of preventing egg allergy. Peanut needs to be introduced very early as well to be introduced very early as well to prevent peanut allergy. If you wait till after six months of age, as far as egg allergy goes, you have missed the boat, and if you wait beyond eight or nine months of age for peanut you have missed the boat for peanut you have missed the boat for a lot of children. So are you saying the advice should be changed . That would be a massive process to go through. The advice of not giving any solid foods or weaning before six months of age has not been evidence based. We now have evidence to the contrary suggesting, not only suggesting but demonstrating, that early introduction would prevent peanut allergy. We have now shown in a number of studies that if babies consume sufficient amounts of peanut, we could reduce peanut allergy pay more than 80 . There are 18,000 babies a year in the uk who will develop peanut allergy, we could stop the majority of this. Pa rt could stop the majority of this. Part of the advice as you wait six months because there baby can sit up straight and high chair, is able to swallow, how do you give a three month old baby who perhaps is barely holding its head up, peanuts and egg . Babies can drink milk and liquids, the swallowing mechanisms are there. Some babies will have feeding difficulties and you cant push foods down before the baby is ready. But the truth is the vast majority of babies between three and four months of age can start to tolerate pure aid foods. We are not advocating giving whole peanuts to a baby advocating giving whole peanuts to a ba by of advocating giving whole peanuts to a baby of course, but peanut butter, mixed with breast milk or water, or pure aid foods or vegetables, that is easily tolerated and we demonstrated it in several studies. It does require support in families where this is proving difficult. If maternal quality of life is reduced, if the mother is having difficulties, if the baby is having feeding difficulties, they do need extra help. So good to have you on the programme, thank you so much. You are watching bbc news. Good afternoon its 1. 30pm and heres your latest sports news. Jose mourinho will return to old trafford as an opposing manager for the First Time Since he was sacked by the club. Mourinho, whos the new boss of tottenham, says he has no ill will towards the club as Manchester United host spurs in one of Six Premier League games tonight. Manchester united for me now is in my, is in my book of experiences, its in my history, history book. A bit like mr mandela was saying some time, you never lose, you win or you learn. And at united i won and i learnt. Rugby australia and their former player israel folau have come to a settlement in his case for unfair dismissal. Folau, whos a christian, started legal action after his International Contract was torn up in may for posting comments on social media that said hell awaits drunks, homosexuals, adulterers. Shaimaa khalil reports. A social media comment that cost one of australias biggest rugby stars his career and started a national debate. 0n his career and started a national debate. On his instagram account, israel folau said hell awaited drunks, adulterers and homosexuals, prompting Rugby Australia to sack him. He then sued the organisation and argued that the termination of his contract was a case of religious discrimination. Today in a joint statement both parties announced they have reached a settlement but have not revealed how much he is being paid. Israel folau said he did not intend to hurt or harm the game of rugby, and acknowledges and apologises for any hurt or harm caused. Rugby australia apologised for any hurt or harm caused to his family. The former wallabies star later posted this video. We have been vindicated and can now move on with our lives to focus on our faith and ourfamily. We would like to thank god for his guidance and strength. A conservative christian who is seen by many as a role model, he had been widely supported by christian lobby groups but fiercely condemned by rights activists for his anti gay and anti transgender comments. Israel folaus case sparked a debate that has gone way beyond the rugby patch and his Rugby Australia fallout. At the heart of it are two Core Principles at stake, what are six religious expression and what is discrimination . He and his supporters say he shouldnt be punished for his religious beliefs, but his comments were offensive to so many people who say targeting and discriminating against the Lgbt Q Community should not be communicated. Should not be tolerated. The debate will continue in australia about where religious freedom stops and hate speech and homophobia starts. The british and irish lions are expected to play in front of a record crowd of almost 90,000 at soccer city in soweto when they face world champions south africa in the first test of the 2021 tour. Warren gatland says he is absolutely thrilled with the opening location, which staged the 2010 football world cup final. However, despite gatlands pleas, the lions will suffer from a lack of preparation time, with the first match taking place just a week after the 2021 english premiership final. And staying with rubgy, the former scotland captain john barclay has announced his retirement from the international game. The edinburgh forward earned 76 caps and played in three world cups. His final appearance was against russia injapan this year. The 2014 olympic silver medallist Gus Kenworthy has announced hes switching his allegiance from the usa to compete for Great Britain ahead of the 2022 winter olympics. Kenworthy, who was born in britain, has denied claims hes only switching now because he might not make the American Team in three years time. He will continue to be based in the us and says he has no doubt in his mind that he could still represent america. Ill have more for you in the next hour. A Study Suggests Global Carbon dioxide emissions have risen slightly this year, despite a drop in the use of coal. The report, issued at the Climate Change conference in madrid, says the overall rise in Carbon Dioxide levels will 0. 6 this year, down from 2. 1 in 2018. But experts are warning that the drop in coal is offset by the strong growth in natural gas and oil consumption. Our environment correspondent matt mcgrath is at the conference in madrid and has been speaking to Climate Change scientists about the findings. Theres a lot of complex factors that go into the Global Climate estimations of emissions every year, whether its a warm winter or a cold winter that influences how much coal and gas is burned. And monsoon in india influences how much electricity is made the from hydropower and coal. And the number of cars that people buy all around the world, whether theyre suvs or otherwise, that all influences the global emissions of Carbon Dioxide. The figures vary from year to year, to try make sense of them, im joined by drjoeri rogelj from the Grantham Institute of Imperial College in london. Dr rogelj, thank you forjoining us. Youre welcome. Is there something we should be concerned about on a year to year basis, theyre up one year, down another, whats the underlying trend here . The underlying trend is still really worrying and that is that the emissions are still not going down. Every Year Emissions are still slightly creeping up, and with every tonne of c02 that we put into the atmosphere, we add to warming, we add to ocean acidification, and with that, we also add to the extreme events, the flooding, the heatwaves that people are experiencing around the world. One of the things that is in the report is the sense that coal has declined use quite substantially, despite the efforts of President Trump and the us, it is down by 10 and europe as well. But oil and natural gas are replacing it. Is natural gas a good replacement . Does it make sense for countries to do that . Natural gas is only a replacement in the sense it emits a slight bit less of Carbon Dioxide for the energy that it produces. But in the end, because every tonne of c02 continues to contribute to warming, we need to get to zero emissions. So even gas is a temporary plaster on this problem and we really need to phase out all emissions of all fossil fuels. The countries came to this convention in paris in 2015, they signed up to do great things, making Renewable Energy more successful. How is that going versus what we see from these figures today . We see that Renewable Energies are definitely picking up but they are not picking up nearly as fast as necessary to really offset or to really change the dynamics of the fossil fuel sector and fossil fuel emissions are still going up. Where coal has declined, natural gas has taken over and that is really worrying. Are there things that people can do themselves in these figures . I know it sounds very remote from any peoples lives, but there are questions about car ownership, about things that people can decide that do have a real impact on what goes into the atmosphere. There are quite a few things that you as an individual can do. One of them is actually speak to the power and talk to your policymakers, talk to your Decision Maker and say that you care about it. Simply in your day to day life, you can limit the amount of energy you use, you can leave the car at home and take the bike. You can change your diet to low carbon ways. You can decide to take the train instead of the aeroplane if you travel nearby. There are so many other ways. At the Grantham Institute at imperial, we have nine ways that individuals can actually. We have a list of nine things that individuals can do to change. Are there things in this . Is there an optimism here that we are slightly turning the oil tanker around, almost literally in some respects . Are we actually making that change, even though the emissions have gone up slightly . I think we shouldnt be overexcited with what we see right now. There are few countries where things are going in the right direction and some other countries where the destination has been set but the data of this year really shows that the Steering Wheel hasnt been turned yet and the world is not yet heading in the right direction. Thank you, dr rogelj. That influences what will go on here over the next three weeks in these negotiations. Transport spending in london is almost two and a half times more per person than across the north of england. Analysis of treasury figures show that last year £903 were spent in london for every resident, while the north had just £376 per head of spending. Our correspondent spencer stokes has been to meet rail commuters in west yorkshire. Cant get on. Can you get on . No, its full. Its disgusting cos if this train has to brake suddenly, you know, its dangerous. It wont even close the doors. Its a short commute from dewsbury to leeds in west yorkshire. But some days passengers cant even squeeze onto the train. The next trains meant to be here in the next 20 seconds but its delayed by ten, 15 minutes. Again, youre not going to get into leeds before nine oclock. When the next service does arrive, its full of anxious commuters, worried they wont be in work on time. As a consultant at the local hospital, all the cancellations and delays really impact on my working week to the point where sometimes its really quite embarrassing how late we arrive. Ive considered changing myjob, resigning because of the commute. Its every week. Yeah, it is every week, would everyone agree . Yeah. Ive had someone actually faint on me in the morning and someone actually fainted on my work colleague as well going back in the evening. It just. I cant really handle it. 0vercrowded and cancelled trains combined with expensive fares and out of date Rolling Stock have become routine for rail commuters across the north. But the treasurys own figures show that transport spending in london is almost two and a half times more per person than in the north of england. Its an issue the left leaning institute for Public Policy research has campaigned on for many years. We see pledges being made, but we need to see that those promises translate into action. And that investment that is needed in the north to improve its transport infrastructure has to materialise. The state of the railways has moved up the political agenda in recent years, especially in the north, where passengers have tried to escape road congestion, only to find that trains are just as full. Spencer stokes, bbc news. The headlines on bbc news Boris Johnson says britains commitment to nato remains rock solid but urges unity amid concerns of divisions. Facing impeachment proceedings back home the Panel Investigating President Trump says evidence against him is overwhelming. Research reveals a slight rise in carbon emissions, despite a fall in the use of coal. Four years ago the british film institute, with the help of National Lottery funding, launched its britain on film project putting some 10,000 local films from across the uk online and free to access. Now the bfi has compiled the top ten most viewed films by region, depicting britain over the last 120 years. My colleaguejoanna gosling spoke to the comedian paul merton who has been involved with this project. This whole thing, the britain on film on the bfi player has been sponsored by the National Lottery, which is 25 years old this year. So, yes, essentially you can tap in your postal code and the chances are you will see something from your area that may be as short a time ago as the 80s or may be going back even to the sort of 1900s. Out of the top ten films here that have been the most viewed films in the last four years, my favourite one is tram ride through nottingham, which has had half a million viewers, from 1902. And it is the most fascinating. Moving through the middle of a sort of nottingham and just seeing no motor cars, all horse drawn vehicles, the fashions, everybody is wearing a hat, the huge skirts. It is extraordinary. History comes alive when you see this kind of footage. And obviously it is from the days when Something Like that was a particularly precious, it was particularly precious to record it because film wasnt used like it is now. No. So you wonder whether something as mundane as that would even be filmed now. Well, yes. And in those days, in 1902, the idea would be mitchell and kenyon who were film makers that made a lot of these films all round the country, they would advertise this film in the nottingham area, come and see nottingham on the screen, and so you would go along hoping to see yourself or your next door neighbour or Something Like that. And it would have had interest at that time, but of course now, 110 years later, the social interest in it, the social history of it is amazing because it is not a costume drama, it is the real thing. And it is extraordinaryjust to see how we lived all those decades ago. So the most watched is sunshine in soho, from 1956 2. 5 million views to date. Shall we have a quick look at that . Yes, by all means. While shops may have classier products, there is always a great show of the more homely kind, such as these lovely ripe tomatoes. Shopping is at its height, and these stores are doing a thriving trade with their aubergines, sweet peppers and chicory. Who would like some morning gathered mushrooms . In and around the market streets you will find everything for a modest menu, and you need never go short of garlic. Oh, yeah, love that. Yes, yes. As you say, that has had over 2. 5 million views, that one. But they have 10,000 films which are free to view, and over 70 million views in the last four years, so it has become an extremely popular thing. But not Everybody Knows about it, so these ten films they have listed as the most popular films have been described as the ten most watched films youve never heard of. So lets watch a bit of christmas in belfast. Thats the second most watched just under 2 million. Yes, this is fascinating, this one. Morning. Theres a bit of the change in the weather, isnt it . Thank you very much. Its a very surrealjuxtaposition of images, which of course in those days was very commonplace in belfast. Now we can look at it with a sort of distant eye old ladies handbags being searched but of course that is what life was like on a day to day basis then. Absolutely fascinating. We will go a bit lower into this and look at day in liverpool. Yes. A quarter of a million views. Yes. This was a documentary made in 1929, just as the documentary Film Movement was beginning to sort of grow and documentaries were becoming a form of film making. And the views of liverpool in those days, everybody is wearing a hat, as you see, some of those views will still exist, some have long gone, but it is an incredible. It is a half hour film, this one. Its an incredible snapshot of life on public transport, buildings that are no longer there, trams, all that kind of thing. It is more than nostalgia, i think it is deeply interesting because we are able to see stuff that would normallyjust be in history books but we are seeing real people Walking Around and living that life at that time, just on the edge of the great depression, which of course those people at the time wouldnt know about. And weve got one more to look at, portsmouths charlotte Street Market in 1977. Yes, so this is one of the more recent ones. When i saw this, the thing that amused me, i dont know if its going to come up on screen, but you see a man chopping up cauliflowers and smoking a cigarette at the same time. There he is. Oh, yeah. Hes got a cigarette in his mouth. So health and safety. Then, these days you wouldnt do that because people wouldnt, you know, the health and safety aspect of it would make that kind of practice redundant. But, yeah, and apparently in that film youve got a shot of the infamous tricorn centre, which was once voted britains most hated building. Demolished in march 200a. So if you want to have a look at what britains most hated building looked like, have a look at that film. And the thing is, you can, as you say, you can put your postcode in and see your local area. Yeah, 10,000 films, completely free. I grew up in fulham, so they tapped in my postal code then and we saw footage of the Oxford Cambridge boat race from 1914. So, i mean, there is a good chance, wherever you live in the british isles, chances are there will be film of your area on this service. And, as you say, it is really about public service, putting this stuff out there. And this has all been funded by lottery money. National lottery has made it all possible, because it costs a great deal of money to do this, to digitise films is very expensive. But of course the point of an archive, the point of having films in an archive, it only makes sense if you can see the films. Theres no point in them just sitting on a shelf, so through the National Lotterys 25 years of funding theyve made all these films possible to view. The uks population of atlantic grey seals has reached record levels increasing from a few hundred last century to more than 120,000 today. This is the time of year when grey seals give birth to their pups and modern technology is being used to help conservationists keep count of the newborns. John maguire reports from northumberland. Its seal pup season and here on the farne islands, around two miles off the northumberland coast, everywhere you look there are grey seals with pups in their thousands. These two young pups here still with their white baby fur are only a few days old. You can still see the umbilical cord just on the front of them. Amazing. Theyll be some of the pups that are born this season, perhaps as many as 2,700. Thats how many were born last year a record year for the islands. Its a frantic time for the seals as this is mating season, which means potential partners seeing off rivals. The islands are now closed to the public until the spring, but the rangers who look after this Conservation Area are flat out counting and marking the pups and theyve noticed the population is increasing. Weve seen this over the past ten years or so, the likelihood is this is the result of a lack of predators, abundant food as well, because the seals will eat pretty much anything in the sea, lots of different fish species. Despite this they are increasing. But there is a mortality rate of 50 of the pups. Only half of them will actually survive their first year. The fame islands are also renowned for their sea bird colonies. So what about a birds eye view of the grey seals to help the rangers conduct their account using state of the art surveying technology . Its assisting the rangers by doing a lot more islands in one day. So i can cover a lot more space in the time it takes them to do a foot count. Itll never replace the foot count, because my photography has given me numbers to give them, but not the different ages or the mortality rate of the seals. The pups spend just the first three weeks of their life with their mother, fattening themselves up. Eating just this rich, fatty milk, which is more than 50 fat. And that once the mother leaves thats it fending for themselves, learn to fish, learn to swim, learn how to be a seal, essentially. And these swimming lessons are vital. These days they have no natural predators, but there are threats to them from ocean plastics, debris, and the hostile north sea environment. But safe havens such as these and protected status are helping seals notjust to survive, but to thrive. Although clearly some days are better than others. John maguire, bbc news, in the farne islands. Now its time for a look at the weather with stav. Hello there. Its been another chilly start to much the country this morning, some sunshine around, some frost and also a little bit of mist and fog. Thats because weve still got the influence of High Pressure across england and wales, but weather fronts pushing into scotland, Northern Ireland bringing a very different story here. More cloud, outbreaks of rain, stronger winds too. Now this band of rain will push southwards and eastwards into Northern England and into wales into this afternoon, but it will be a weakening feature. Behind it, sunshine, blustery showers for the north west of scotland. Temperatures in double figures here, another chilly day to come for most of england, but at least largely dry with some sunshine, a bit of cloud across the south. That band of rain and mostly cloud sinks southwards and eastwards overnight. Many places will be dry and clear in the south and east so a touch of frost, blustery, windy, in fact, across scotland and Northern Ireland with lots of showers and it will be less cold here. And then it looks pretty different as we head on into thursday because weve got low pressure taking charge. Its going to bring strong winds across the whole country, but especially across Northern Ireland and scotland, where well see gales, outbreaks of persistent and heavy rain for western scotland but by the end of the day, we could be looking at around 70 to 80 millimetres of rain over the western slopes, maybe even more than that, so that could cause some minor flooding issues. It will, however, be very mild across northern and western areas. A few showers pushing into england and wales, but generally the south east should tend to stay dry with some sunshine. As we head through thursday night, it turns very wet across parts of wales as that weather front moves southwards. But with it, the very mild air arrives across england and wales, so double figure values to start friday morning, 9 to 11 across scotland and Northern Ireland. Quite an unsettled day on friday though. Well have a band of rain across southern areas, followed by further showers in the north and the west. A bit of sunshine coming through now and again, but it will be a blustery day. Very mild in the south, 11 to 13 celsius and something a little bit cooler returning to the north, seven to nine celsius there. Weve got a brief ridge of High Pressure as we head on into the first parts of the weekend. So theres some sunshine around on saturday, wet and windy weather sweeps through during saturday night and then for sunday, its a blustery day with sunshine and showers. It tends to stay relatively mild across england and wales this weekend, a bit cooler across the north and it looks pretty mixed. Hello, youre watching afternoon live. Im martine croxall. Today at 2pm the Prime Minister tells nato leaders peace cannot be taken for granted as he tries to bring unity to talks in watford after several disagreements yesterday. We are rock solid in our commitment to nato and the giant shield of solidarity that now protects 29 countries and nearly 1 solidarity that now protects 29 countries and nearly1 billion people. Meanwhile, after video emerged of leaders talking about donald trump behind his back, the us president hit back at canadian pm, justin trudeau. He is two faced and honestly he has a nice guy but the truth is i called him outand a nice guy but the truth is i called him out and i guess
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