Witness. Hello, welcome to witness. I am here at the British Library to guide you through another five extraordinary moments from the recent passed. We will meet the man who discovered whales on and the daughter of one of the most prolific land and sea record breakers of the 20th century, and the chemist who went to live in the city built the sciences. But first, in january 1958, the city built the sciences. But first, injanuaryi958, Godtfred Kirk christiansen patented the lego brick which took the world by storm. Lego was special at the bricks were designed in such a way that they could be stacked linked with each other in countless combinations. Godtfred kirk christiansens then ten year old son regularly helped his father to test out the new toys in the family workshop. The village carpenter invented them after turning his hand to toy when they was not enough work for him. It developed into a huge danish export. My grandfather was a very happy person. He made a lot of different kinds of wooden toys. To him, it was really making quality toys that were good for children, that was why he came up with the name, lego. Lego means play well in danish. After the second world war, where so many houses had been torn down and so on, there was this feeling for people to build up. I think the idea of the bricks was for people to build houses. My father and my grandfather we re houses. My father and my grandfather were both quite fascinated in the opportunities of making something out of plastic. It was more considered are as a novel idea. You had abilities to build many other things that you could not do with wood. In 1958, things that you could not do with wood. In1958, iwas things that you could not do with wood. In 1958, i was ten years old and that was the year when my father patented the lego brick. The original bricks were just hollow and they could Stay Together if you put them on top of each other, but they could not. In many ways. By having the two, now you could put them together like this. They were so proud of having created the system. When i came home from school, i often went to a workshop. We had a few designers already from the early 60s. Few designers already from the early 605. I few designers already from the early 60s. I think i, in a positive way, i will be criticised quite a lot what they did, and tried to suggest other things for them to build. I never practised lessons for the school, basically. So i probably spent three, four hours a day at least, andi three, four hours a day at least, and i was used very much as a model for the boxes. The local photographer came and took pictures of me and my sisters for the boxes. A little plastic world is finished and open to the public, they call at legoland. My father thought that probably if he was optimistic the about 250,000 guest a year. We are having about 1. 9 million guest to the legoland every year. The idea was to create a smaller figure that could fit into cars and houses and so could fit into cars and houses and so 011. Could fit into cars and houses and so on. The first mini figure was just a static figure with no arms and no lag, and i pushed for that it has to be a figure that is more likely also. And always with the yellow, happy face will. Was always a lwa ys yellow, happy face will. Was always always very sensible, then it did not conflict with any colours of races and so on. Yellow was. The concept, the lego brick is timeless, physical play is always something that will be there, and i think especially play where it stimulates the childs imagination. Children have this natural urge to learn and to try out new things. If something works, it is fine. If it doesnt work, they will try again. There are some skill sets we actually think should be carried on into lifelong. Imean, we should be carried on into lifelong. I mean, we are growing older all the time but we dont need to grow up. We can still be childish inside and decide when to be serious and went to have fun. When. Decide when to be serious and went to have fun. When. The man whose father invented and patented the lego brick. In january 1970 father invented and patented the lego brick. Injanuary1970 two, 13 people were shot dead by british troops during the a civil rights march in northern ireland. The events that they marked the turning point in the conflict between catholic nationalist and protestant unionist and changed many peoples lies forever. This womans father was among the many people killed. Man. Those few hours of shooting and killing a marked my life in a very particular way. Normally, killing a marked my life in a very particularway. Normally, idont speak about it, i dont think about it, because it is very, very painful. Events of that day became known as. My father was Patrick Joseph dougherty, he was 31 years of age and he was shot dead. I was nine yea rs old age and he was shot dead. I was nine years old at the time. The marchers numbered between 15 and 20,000, it was a massive display of solidarity, expressing the almost total alienation of the people of this pa rt of alienation of the people of this part of derry. Our family was from the catholic nationalist community. My the catholic nationalist community. My parents went to the match on the day of bloody sunday because many young men from oui day of bloody sunday because many young men from our community had been imprisoned without trial. 0ur preference was to be part of a United Ireland without any rule for britain in the affairs of ireland. The unionist or problem Protestant Community in the north of ireland wished to remain part of the united kingdom. Protestant community. The protests came about because catholics or nationalist were second class evans citizens. It was when the protestors came to the top of the street, that violence erupted. Finally, members of the First Battalion regiment went pouring into. My memories of the day was playing in the street and a boy who would have been a friend of mine came up and started paying with us mine came up and started paying with us and after a while, he just happened to say that your father has been shot. Within about 20 minutes, there were 13 people dead. I think my father was trying to get to a place of safety behind a wall, and as he was heading towards the wall, he was shot in the back. And he died right away. He was totally imam is, and when he was killed, he was posing no threat to anyone. Unarmed. I remember being told that your father has been shot dead by the british army, and i will always remember her. Her being very brave. In the aftermath of bloody sunday, i think a whole generation of people were politicised. So at 16, joined the in derry, an Illegal Organisation which was heavily armed and which was established to overthrow british northern ireland. Ira. Me overthrow british northern ireland. Ira. Mejoining up was an act of revenge. In 1981, itook ira. Mejoining up was an act of revenge. In 1981, i took part in a bombing raid in a premises in Derry City Centre and shortly afterwards, i was arrested and imprisoned. It was not until almost a0 years later that the British Government finally accepted their responsibility for what happened on bloody sunday. There is no doubt, there is nothing equivocal, there are no ambiguities, what happened on bloody sunday was both unjustified and unjustifiable. It was wrong. For us, that was an absolutely Outstanding Achievement because we had heard the whole of the role of bloody sunday at on its head, and we had rewritten history of. He still lives close to where the events of bloody sunday took place. In january 1967, the events of bloody sunday took place. Injanuary1967, the record breaking driver Donald Campbell died in record breaking driver Donald Campbelldied ina record breaking driver Donald Campbell died in a fatal speedboat crash on Coniston Water in the north of england. He crashed trying to beat his own water speed record. 0ur next witness is Donald Campbells daughter, global regina. Gina. The sake of my dad was Donald Campbell and the sake of my dad was Donald Campbelland in the sake of my dad was Donald Campbell and in the a05, 50s the sake of my dad was Donald Campbell and in the a05, 505 and 605, my father and my grandfather we re 605, my father and my grandfather were both the most prolific land and water speed record breakers of the euro. They were pie and ears. When you had thought that a car could then do maximum 50 miles an hour, suddenly someone pushes that the over 100 and then to 200, then to 300. I think it is a rollercoaster, you break a record and everyone comes gushing up and said fantastic, you have broken the record. What is your going be . It is like the mouse in the wheel, you keep wanting to move forward. It was my dads job, it is what he did. So, i was not really aware of the magnitude of his achievements and the dangers. I only knew him in a childs eye. I wish i had known him obviously a little bit longer because i think he was a fascinating with tremendous drive and personality. So, iwas working ina and personality. So, iwas working in a hotel, i was summoned to a phone call early in the morning in january, the fourth of january, 1967. You know that feeling in your stomach disappears somewhere down to your knees or your feet, i knew with some providing that this was not good news. Donald campbell, the man nearly the speed, is dead. 0n the cold still waters of lake coniston, 45 year old Donald Campbell was making a record. No one can fail to mourn the loss of this brave man. That iconic foot each of the bluebird, just very gracefully taking off from the lake and going several 100 feet up in the air before doing this enormous backward slip. Flip. And so nearly threw 360, but then crashing into the depths of lake coniston and my father obviously being killed insta ntly. Father obviously being killed instantly. I remember going to geneva airport the following day and sitting in the departure lounge on my own, and i could see the newssta nd my own, and i could see the newsstand over there, that had british newspapers, and there was pictures of bluebird sort of up in the airlike pictures of bluebird sort of up in the air like this and campbell dead, and you look at them. But it seemed so and you look at them. But it seemed so real, i could not associate those pictures and that moment with my father. He got his wish, he died a hero. He somehow, in those few moments, immortalised himself. In talking on his comms all the way through what was going on. And, i am going, iam through what was going on. And, i am going, i am going, through what was going on. And, i am going, iam going, i through what was going on. And, i am going, i am going, i am going. I am gone. Gina campbell, remembering the legendary father, donald. Remember, you can watch witness every month on the bbc news channel, or you can catch up on all of our films, along with over a thousand radio programmes on our online archive. Just go to the bbc website. In 1967, an american biologist began listening to sounds from the ocean that he found both spectacular and beautiful. They were the sounds of wales. He released an album called songs of the humpback whale in 1970. Roger payne spoke to us about the sounds that spark the imagination of the world. The first time i ever went swimming with a whale that was singing, it was an incredible experience. It is completely shattering. It feels like when you get close to one that something has put a tens on your chest and is shaking you until your teeth rattle. I was wondering if i could stand it. I wondered if it might kill me somehow. Newsreel where she goes. The harpoon grenade is fired. Back in the 19505 and 605, nobody, as far asi in the 19505 and 605, nobody, as far as i could tell, you much of anything about whales. There was no whale watching industry, no safe the wales movement. Usually the first shop means death to the whale. In the older moby dick days harpoons we re the older moby dick days harpoons were hand held. The modern way is far more humane. A few people knew that whales were being over hunted and frankly whales were going extinct. It was just a big moneymaking proposition. The entire whaling industry is worth £100 million a year. Russia and japan are the two big whaling nations and some of it goes to those countries for food. It was back in 1967 about but i met food. It was back in 1967 about but imeta food. It was back in 1967 about but i met a film who became a great friend and he played a sounds to me of humpback whales. It was the most beautiful thing i had ever heard from nature. You might get a sound for example that goes. Mimmicks whale sounds. I was out in san diego one time visiting a friend of mine and i played him whale sounds and he was fascinated by them and i said, ive a lwa ys fascinated by them and i said, ive always wanted to make a record of these and he said, we will make it and so we sat down and made a record and we then wrote a booklet that went with it and talked all about whales and their plight and what was going on and so forth. Whales and their plight and what was going on and so forthlj whales and their plight and what was going on and so forth. I think it remains the most successful Natural History recording ever made. Then, whole bunches of people in several countries began making organisations to save the whales and to save the wales movement was born and in many ways that was sort of the beginning of the conservation movement. The whales gave the whole idea of conservation wonderful exposure. Roger payne is founder and president ofa roger payne is founder and president of a whale conservation organisation. Finally, in 1957 a huge signs the city was built in the middle of the siberian forest. Dozens of Research Institutes were built and top scientists were enticed to come and work in the region. Victor barron was one of the First Research chemists to move the Academic City. A town of 25,000 inhabitants. A town where nearly eve ryo ne inhabitants. A town where nearly everyone is a scientist or hoping to become one. A new town called Academic City. Translation my First Impression was that of the world and, to be honest. Every thing was different here. The houses were right in the middle of the forest. It was so quiet and the air seemed so fresh. What used to be thought of as a wasteland has turned out to be the soviet unions greatest treasure house, a land unbelievably rich in minerals. Geologists thought there was no ore here. Now the whole place seems to be floating on it. Fields which could be as rich as the south african ones and gold and platinum too. I worked in Academic City since 1962. I was a Research Chemist at the institute of inorganic chemistry and from 1963 i taught my beloved subject, analytical chemistry at the university. Since the times of the tza r, university. Since the times of the tzar, people were exiled to siberia. That was the image of siberia, that wolves eight people there. Our salary was only 10 more than the others, the so called siberian supplement. But they did give us apartments. Separate apartments. At that time, in the ussr, there was an acute shortage of housing. They didnt attract us with money, they attracted us with available accommodation and interesting work. No other Research Laboratories are so equipped and no where else are the students are carefully selected all ruthlessly examined. This is whats called a colliding beam accelerator, the only one of its kind in the world, designed to hurl particles of matter and particles of antimatter. Our institute of Nuclear Physics is a globally recognised research centre. Scientists have collaborated on the construction of a large facility in switzerland, but many of the inventions and breakthroughs happened in secret Research Projects for the minister of defence. Excellent sports facilities were created. It had a great theatre and concert venue. Of course the creation of Academic City was a great achievement. The a new generation of scientist had been nurtured. Most workers here are graduates of university and what does russia live on today . Gas and oil. And who found those resources . 0ur siberian scientists. Oil. And who found those resources . Our siberian scientists. Victor varand, who still lives in Academic City. And thats all from this edition of witness, here at the British Library. We will be back next month to bring you more extraordinary moments of history and the remarkable people who witnessed them. For now, from me and the rest of the witness team, goodbye. Good morning. At long last the weekend is upon us, but, as the saying goes, red sky at night, shepherds delight, i would get in touch with trading standards. While some of you had a lovely sunset to finish friday, whats coming on saturday is far from delight. This is the cloud pushing in. Its a weather front moving in across cold air and thats bringing overnight some sleet and snow and an icy start for some into saturday morning. So temperatures at their lowest where it is driest overnight, to eastern parts of england and eastern scotland. Elsewhere, temperatures wont rise much through the day. The weather front in scotland, western england and wales to begin with. Outbreaks of rain quite widely. Sleet and snow mixed in, especially over the hills and even to lower levels further north. At lunchtime, not a huge amount changes. Parts of north east scotland and aberdeenshire may get some brightness, staying dry through the day. Sunshine and showers throughout the day in northern ireland. That could go on into western parts of scotland, with sunshine and showers throughout the day northern ireland, much of england and wales. The main exception is lincolnshire and east anglia, where you just about stay dry after morning brightness, but grey, gloomy, cold, damp and a little bit wintry in places for many, with temperatures at lunchtime only about 2 3 degrees. The greater chance of snow mixed in and thatll be over the hills. Through the afternoon, the patchy rain and drizzle, sleet and snow, gradually fizzles out. Most will stick with the cloud and that will be of course evidenced if youre going to and from cardiff for the start of the six nations. Maybe a little bit damp here. A bit drier in paris, but here it will be similarly cold. The weather front starts to lose a bit of oomph into sunday. We see more clear skies and there could be ice into sunday morning. This is the temperature profile across europe on sunday. The blue colours are the coldest conditions, towards the east. Thats significant because its an easterly wind which will develop especially for england and wales into sunday and to take us into next week. Pushing the weather front back westwards. That means brighter skies across much of england on sunday. Brightness also breaking through in scotland and northern ireland, where the winds will be lightest. But that south eastern quadrant of england is where well see showers coming in on the raw wind. There could be some snow inland. Nothing too significant at this stage. The big story for england and wales is how cold it will feel feeling close to freezing in many areas in that wind, which will still be with us in the south east on monday and there could be some potent snow showers to begin the day. Most, after a frosty start, have a dry and sunny day. Bye for now. Hello and welcome to bbc news, im kasia madera. After weeks of fevered speculation a republican memo has been released alleging political bias in the Us Justice Department and fbi. It was cleared by President Trump in spite of strong opposition from democrats and many in the Intelligence Community who say it misrepresents highly sensitive information. Nick bryant reports from washington. Ladies and gentlemen, Punxsutawney Phil its groundhog day in america, when thousands gathered to watch a rodent named Punxsutawney Phil make his annual prediction about how long the winter will last
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