Are you unwell . Why arent you healthy . Im healthy, please . Well, if so, sit down. Thank you. Whats wrong with you . I tripped. Comrades, have you all written down the task . Eh, you, why are you . Since you came, write down your homework, but is it worth it . Youd better lie down, why did you come, why, dont you know, why do i even come here to see you, you know, i cant do this anymore. Stop playing schoolchildren for us, after all, we are adults, im tired of standing near the board, writing down these assignments, calling you by your patronymic, you tell me straight out what to tell you, just wait, but then, you see, im everything to you, ill do whatever you want, ill come back dead. If necessary , but thats what i am, a worker, a hard worker , well, there is one, thats how ill be, do you want to marry someone like that, you have a fever, ive had this temperature for a long time, youre a new leader, answer me, why are you silent, why are you in the corridor , heres the thing, look for yourself, please. What do you open the level there . Tatyana sergeevna , open the door, disdain it, it means youre afraid of getting dirty, as i understand it, you understand, whatever you want, youre drunk, and i ask you not to show up in class like that again, is it clear whats the matter . What happened, what happened here . Okay, we found out. Dont stop what have you done, what have you done, you fool . Okay, fedya, we found out. But you showed up, get out, what happened, get out so that your spirit is not here, its enough for the khalts to ask what im doing. Teacher, such a teacher has one learn how to beat off the boys , where the devil is taking you, your eyes have forgotten at home, okay, okay, lets drive by, you saw , hes also not sleeping, a thinker, whos an engineer , come on, look here, and im in strangers i dont look at the window, but you deviate from the rule , its curious, you didnt believe me in yourself, so now you will believe it, well , look, well, i understand, i fell in love with my tatyana, made the bed , i saw how simple everything was, and you suffered, yes, where are you . Kicked her out, completely shabby, but what about her now, dont worry, someone found her, a young specialist, who took her in. Or maybe ill still lie down on the floor, sasha, im a guest, please throw some matches, thank you, its not hard for you, no, good night, good night. Something interrupted my sleep, should i read something or what . O, bi quadratic equation. I once received a one for this equation. Yes, huge. I grabbed a unit, didnt study a damn thing, and there was no time, i also studied at night school, worked, studied, then i had to go for a walk, in a word, it was no easier than you, i missed you, i was late, i even wanted to quit, i would have quit if it werent for one girl, my flatmate, such a funny little girl, she almost forced me to study, sat over my soul, carried books, taught all my neighbors to walk on chains when i did my homework. yes, even with a key they locked me in, well, i had to, i got involved, graduated from school, went to college, and from then on the girl became proud, decided to become a teacher, and became , her name was tanya, sash, are you sleeping, or what . Well, sleep the most striking and extraordinary event of the season, a battle of generations, great champions of the past and current athletes, on equal terms, on the same ice, a unique competition, as a declaration of love for ones country, a russian challenge, a stronger tournament. You dont need to read 200 volumes about russia or attend one concert of the berezka ensemble. The spectators of everything, well, thats how they are, they dont walk, they float, its always a mystery, and this is your secret. The secret is not revealed, folk character dance in the form in which we teach is not taught anywhere in the world, sometimes you have to work like this, this is dancing for the viewer, this smiles, nadezhda finds out that the ring romance, primo birch and soliseevsky, and naturally, this is a scandal, this is a nightmare, this. We remember the skin, and of course, i said yes, birch, beauty in russian, the premiere you will be my wife , right now im getting goosebumps from the documentary, tomorrow on the first one. Comrade teacher, whose blindness, you leave us on foot without saying goodbye, ahahah. As you can see, why didnt they warn me, i promised you there and back, especially since i owe you a favor, come on, give me your library, grab some, come on, come on, please, sit down, kolya, hello, three of us are not allowed, once it was possible, have you forgotten how i brought you here . Well , its okay, ill take you back even better, with the breeze, ill fetch twos each. Thanks, it doesnt cost anything, keep your library. Happy housewarming, tanyusha well, you have your own room, there is a place to write letters, a place to receive guests, tanyusha and the view, okay, tanya, hey, what is it, tatyana sergeevna, comrade teacher, teacher, some kind . Teacher, when im just a girl for them, who is this for . Did i think that my men would cook steel, give birth, drink vodka, grow a mustache, no, brother , its not about the mustache, just tell me what happened, why do i need this room, why did they bring this to me, when im a stranger here, everyone is a stranger to me, everyone, but maybe not everyone, well, tell me what happened with him, with whom, well, with your student, with savchenko, i dont have such a student. That is , how did he drop out of school, completely . I dont know , its probably been 2 weeks since he promised lessons, why didnt you tell me about this, because its not completely indifferent, indifferent, you say, he dropped out of school, how you, after all, after all, look , you recognize the proposal for application, you know, i ve been sitting on it lately, finally figured it out, because. Rasyava, you need to be careful, ishchenko, kosyan sergeevna, and youre like here, but not i know how i can get to mordens workshop. Its very far, but i can take you, lets go here, lets go, look, dont get dirty, why not visit your acquaintances, but no, rather strangers. Here he is martin. Attention, solivar of the eighth furnace, in the tenth sample, carbon is 0. 25. 25, so is it you who controls all this . Yes, we are but what does krushenkov have to do with it, she came to you, why . Dont you understand . Listen, fel, ill ask you, dont interfere with. Matters that you dont understand, where are we . Well, lets end the conversation. Alya, why have you been avoiding me lately, what happened . I have to ask you what happened, but theres no point, and everything is clear, i dont understand, whats clear . Dont follow me, hello this guy is after you, what does he need, alekh, my joy, ale is my name, and joy, im not yours, but whose, engineers have other joys, but its okay, youll come running like a pretty girl, women in the koluga wore a shirt with a sarrafan and a shirt with a paneva, pick up some of your own shoes, maybe with a narrow toe or something so that it looks daring, but as for . , we will make a red wedding shirt, kaluga dough, in fact , it turns out, this is a gingerbread that is eaten with a spoon, all for the sake of sweetness, so that there is happiness, body dough, the bride and groom, here is copper money, so that you people are not poor, happiness , for health, for a long life, lets play a wedding, premiere, tomorrow on the first, maslenitsa has begun, why the first pancake is lumpy, who should eat it, as well as all the most important things about medicine and health in the Program Living at home. On monday first, everything in my life is going smoothly, there hasnt been an accident, so far, i m familiar with every tent where theyll pour me a glass of beer, im familiar with every tent. Where will they pour me a glass of sawdust, im friends, i dont believe in promises, promises are an empty sound, set up girls on dates, ill still remain single, set up girls that she was interesting at the factory, who she was, the teacher, herself and marten. Youre not with you, that means youre finally leaving school, completely, well, why bother a person, go your own way, you dont even have a voice of your own, well, what do you want, and why , well, go then, because i dont need teachers, i the teacher too, you fool, look at him, what are they teaching you at school, move away . Play the guitar, the silencers are not radioequipped, lets go, lets go, fedya, whats in the fedya, im the one behind me thinking about how to make it so that all week, okay, ill go, just who will you stay with, how can you make sure that everything doesnt happen . Ive never had a day off in my life. God, what a meeting, how are your twoyearolds doing, arent they getting wet, are they late for class . Ayyayyay, it means that the students are sitting there, waiting, and the teacher is stuck here, what should we do, or maybe you ll give us a lesson here while were at it, were terribly bored with classes, and sasha, well, lets say, on the topic of what nothing is and how to make something out of it, why are you silent . Can i get you some notes for a minute . Its not worth it, well, its not worth it. I recently saw a person who knows how to work in such a way that it is pleasant to look at his work. It turned out to me that he has a mind, a soul, a character, and i am ashamed of him, ashamed that he stands listening to the vulgarities of such a nonentity as you dont lose your bed, teacher too, sasha sashenka. Sasha, sasha, where are you going, why are you , youll catch a cold, go, go, well, zinochka, well, dont, its all because of her, we should have kicked her out right away, up to 250 rubles. They dont lie on the road. 250 rub. Yes, the dog is with him, i never liked him, from pasha the chobot from the foundry, how he kills for you, makes money no worse than a technician, and this one, like his name, tarasyak too , well, well, well, daughter, dont cry, you re beautiful to me, you wont be left without a husband , without a husband, without a husband, but theres no love, theres no love for you, only for you money, 250 rubles, 350 rubles. Its not the owner who earns the chest for you, theres nothing else for you, oh you, mother, oh, sashka , how funny are you, oh, wait, sasha, where are you sitting, well, youve wasted everything, prepared it especially for him, and he , look, what do you need, how our surname sounded, and why are you talking nonsense, and im not shallow, otherwise. Thats all, as you said, everything is written here, about oxygen, and about talent, about the fact that you dont go to school, more about her, about whom, its about her, about the stove, however, our last name sounded great. Well, sasha, if we succeed in sailing today, then, apparently, in august this time we will have to celebrate the new year, who knows, you will probably remain at school for the second year, well, stop fooling around, sasha, but you understand perfectly well , that you need to study, for work, for life, for love, why are you so on me. People move mountains for love, but youre afraid to walk 100 meters to school , wait a minute, oh, alek, i come to you with all my heart, and you look at me like im empty space, leave me alone, hello, ala, can i talk to you, no, im not with im talking to you, ala, well, dont you see, the girl doesnt want to be with you. what, sasha, you miscalculated a little , well meet again, and he also called himself a friend, swim, swim, musician, you can actually drown, man, but here small, well, i went. Where, but its not far, 100 steps, watch the shift, dont be late, i wont be late. Family of tried and tested friends, i dont want, fate another one, i didnt find it, dont change it, at the entrance hall, because you led me to the people, theres yours. Since i was brought out in that ice, the street has become a lot of light, but i dont change my address in my destiny, youre here, my dear street, he really was the first, the first in everything, the first to create a regular army in russia. And we, in one form or another, still use the results of his work, he was the first to create a fleet, peters order to never lower the naval flag in front of the enemy and to prefer death to surrender, this is a rule that is still it was there that class ranks and social elevators first appeared in our country. St. Petersburg, today is the most visible legacy of peter i. This city can safely be called a portrait of its founder, equally stubborn, contradictory and acting in spite of circumstances, because st. Petersburg was also built in spite of it. In the swamps, in a place where it would seem impossible to live, a modern european city appeared in a few years. This city was founded in 1803, and these lands officially entered russian territory only in 1721, peter ii built the city in another country, but he was very selfconfident, he knew that this land would still belong to us. In violation of all the laws of politics and geography, peter actually built the capital on the territory of another state. Latvia. Peter ii himself also lived against all odds. According to which russia, the baltic territories, the territories of estonia, so to speak, were demarcated, he even became a king only thanks to a fatal coincidence of circumstances. The fourteenth child in the family, it would seem, has no chances to take the throne, but almost all of his older brothers and sisters were born weak and died quickly. The Water Pipeline in the kremlin, which Boris Godunov built, had lead pipes, lead definitely influenced the romanov family, yes, but why did peter survive . But because his sister sofia , when he was 10 years old, sent him to the village of preobrazhenskoye, and there, excuse me, the water is from the yauza, now you dont need to drink it, but there, yes, at that time it was all normal from the environment, yes, we imagine what peter i looked like primarily from the film. Thats how he was in performed by actor nikolai simonov, this is how the tale of how tsar peter married ara looked like in the film, and this is one of the last peters performed by actor dmitry dyuzhev. Gagarin, you may be a natural rurikovich, but dont meddle in the affairs of the sovereign, its not your ranks concern. Pyotr alekseevich was 2 m 0. 4 cm tall, i was 195, at the same time. He also loved shoes with heels, and he also wore a wig, that is, to 2. 04 you can add 3 cm of a heel and 3 cm of a wig, in fact, people saw him 2 m 10 cm, what the first russian emperor really looked like, you can imagine it. Precisely, on the day of his death , the sculptor rastrelli was called to the palace, who made plaster casts of peters face, hands and feet, as well as exact measurements of his body. Narrow shoulders, long arms, long legs, a jerky gait, frequent seizures that began with tics on the left side of the arm, could often lead to loss of consciousness, yes, he could pass out for several. Clock, this is the death mask of peter i, made from a plaster cast, even here it is clear that the emperors eyes are slightly bulging, he generally seemed like a contemporary, if one might say, about the king, ugly , small head, long arms, enormous height and unusually small foot size, despite the fact that his height was 2 m 0. 4 times. How different is this feeling, well, so to speak, according to his height large size legs and feet. Oddly enough, the most similar thing to a real wind is this monument made by mikhail shimyakin, which is located in the peter and Paul Fortress. The fortress stands on hare island, where the city of st. Petersburg began. Was founded on may 16, 1703, no, peter is not here was present, judging by the preobrazhensky journal, at that time he was on his way to the island , the construction of ships was underway there, in fact, then on may 16 it was still unclear whether these lands were ours or not, whether the swedes would recapture them or not, in fact, there was no triumph in about the bookmark. 1721, after the victory in the northern war, a nonstate peace, when these lands had already officially returned to their native harbor, under our jurisdiction. It was then that russia was recognized as a key player on the world stage. At that time there was only one in the world empire holy roman empire. And russia became second. This is the result of the fact that the northern war ended in victory. Unprecedented times at that time. In 1712 , st. Petersburg was proclaimed the capital of the russian state. This is the first city in russia built according to a preplanned plan; wide straight avenues were calculated and laid out to the nearest meter. By the time of peters death, he died in 1725, there were about 6,000 houses here, so you can imagine, this is a large number of buildings, Standard Construction was introduced, so peter ii, among other things, was the author of Standard Construction, he was ordered to take drawings from the architect trizin, types of houses appeared for different categories of our citizens, then. He ordered the construction of the capital from stone, but in reality this happened after the death of peter this is the first house built in the city by order of the tsar, it was made of wood by kostroma carpenters, on top, which means they painted bricks, because peter i wanted to make a brick house, but in principle there were no brick factories here, they put them on top symbol, symbol of the ocean or sea. Either a naked woman or a man, its not clear, they also placed a cannon, around peters house, on the banks of the neva, his associates built houses for themselves, all the houses were wooden, except for one, here is the first stone house of st. Petersburg, it has been preserved, around the corner vice chancellor golovin decided to build a stone one, why, only it came to him. For the construction of public roads, and not personal palaces, because in general, the city was built on a swamp, of course, so the main issues of life had to be solved. They came to the construction site on a rotational basis for 3 months, but after that many stayed, the construction workers were paid decent money for those times, the mortality rate, judging by the latest research on this issue, it did not exceed the usual mortality rate throughout the country at that time, they fought against the price, because he had vitamin deficiency, until the end of his days he wrote, well, as they say, with errors, in childhood he was taught arithmetic, at the age of 15, he learned the four rules of arithmetic. Let us remember that peter i was the fourteenth child in the family; no one prepared him for kingdom and was not even really involved in its education. Everything changed only in 1682, when, as a result of the streltsy rebellion , tenyearold peter was crowned king, and his older sister became regent under him. Sofia, the future ruler had to be taught , it was beneficial for sofia to show that peter ii, as the elder brother ivan, they could not rule themselves, she had to remain their regent, therefore nikita zotov, the man who was the teacher of peter i, he was an alcoholic, well, after all, by the age of 11 peter i was already drinking calmly, yes, thats why peters education and training were very simple, he comes. Nikita closes the door , then takes out something, they, in addition to perhaps talking about something good, drinking something necessary, while peter i spent his whole life engaged in, as they would say now, selfeducation, he looked for mentors for himself and learned , what was interesting to him, he loved to do everything with his own hands, preferred practice rather than theory, he had a diploma as a carpenter, he was an engineer, he understood. He issued a decree on sending several people to mathematical schools throughout the province the teachings of the noble rank of children of arithmetic and. Which presupposes the receipt of nobility by service, length of service, yes, which means that you can earn the nobility by reaching a certain rank. At the end of peters reign, third officers were former recruits who had earned nobility in the war. This was the first real social elevator. A peasant became an officer, but noble children had to serve in the semyonovsky or preobrazhensky regiments, so the son of a blacksmith could very well. And lived by feelings and emotions, he had things to do, that is, there is the story of catherine i, martha skovronskaya, this. The story of cinderella is only a hundred times brighter, yes, when you dont understand from whom , practically from a servant, a woman becomes the wife of the emperor, the future empress catherine i was born into a peasant family in livonia, her name was martha skovronskaya, in her youth she worked as a cook and laundress in marinburg. After the city was taken by Russian Troops in 1702, it essentially became a military trophy. Ekaterina is completely the project of Alexander Danilovich menshikov, lets say, understanding what the owner loves, what women, and men sometimes prefer blondes, then brunettes, some are heavier, some are curvy, some are smaller, and so on, in general, he realized that this was just the woman, the ideal for pyotr alekseevich, he introduced them. In 1712 , he married a former cook and lived with her until the end of his life, simply because he was in love, and after the death of peter, catherine herself ascended the throne, so the cook could rule the state long before the bolsheviks. Now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter, he is an allencompassing soul on the eternal throne. Was an employee from 1 april to july 15, from october 1 to december 31 , on the basis of president ial decrees , military conscription takes place in russia. Today our regular army is one of the strongest in the world ; it appeared precisely under peter. In fact, he created our armed forces and we, in one form or another, are still. The results of his work. At the end of the 17th century , sweden had the strongest army. She was considered invincible, but peter i was not afraid of this. Russia needed access to the baltic sea, so peter declared war on sweden and almost immediately suffered a crushing defeat. In the battle of narva the Russian Army Loses more than 700 people. The first battle near narva was the first defeat of russia at that time, because the guns that he had, 72 guns, 44,000 battles for. Are our oldest, this is the preobrazhensky semenovsky, and, what should be noted, they have practically no there were senior officers, some of them were in moscow, one of the remaining ones ran over to the swedes, in another regiment the remaining colonel was killed at the very beginning of the battle, that is, Junior Officers were in command, the soldiers did not leave the battlefield. Set an example perseverance, as we now say, for which they became, in general, the first guards units that have reached this day. The battle of narva assured the swedish king charles xix of his own invincibility, and peter drew his own conclusions from the defeat; he opened a military school in russia and began training officers. The starting point for the birth of military professional education in russia. The next date is january 14, 1701. On this day, the First Military school was created, where students received a thorough training in the field of artillery, fortification, geodesy. It was called the school of mathematical navigational sciences. But the most important thing is that in just a few years peter creates a regular army. According to his decree, from each of the twenty households the peasants had to allocate one guy aged 15 to 20 years, he essentially went to serve for the rest of his life, he was trained in military affairs, handling weapons, such an army was several times more effective, than the former peoples militia. Our modern conscription, which is trimmed by that young a person must come and repay his duty to his homeland in the ranks of the armed forces, this is just a continuation, but already modified, that is. He called his company bombardiers. They shot from real cannons, studied the properties of gunpowder and prepared fireworks. And in 1704, preparing for the next campaign against narva, the already adult peter created artillery of a single type. The shells are being adjusted. In size to the cannons using standards, and it was not in vain that he then removed the bells and cast russian cannons from this bell metal for victory under narva, he filmed throughout the russian state, they removed bells and cast cannons from them, but we must also remember that then after. In august 1704, Russian Troops will take the people, from that moment the history of Russian Military victories will begin. We know that peter i is a reformer, what he did not formulate, military, economic, financial, cultural reforms, various, why so many, what is the goal . The goal of all the reforms of peter i is the same to defeat the swedes in the northern war. A few months after the capture of narva, peter ii issues a decree according to which all merchant ships must be lifted. Whitebluered flag. Moreover, he himself drew a pattern and determined the order of the horizontal stripes of the russian flag. Our modern battle banners were also legalized by peter. As with the army, it all started as childs play. The future emperor himself studied the basics of navigation, sailing on this boat on the waters of lake pleshcheeye. This is an english ship, or rather a boat, which young peter found in his grandfathers barn. Plyushcheevo lake, transfer to zaleski. These are the first steps of the young sovereign, who was actively involved in the issues of learning the basics, navigation, shipbuilding, that is, a craving for the sea elements, the ship that, under the influence of peter i with his participation, is may 15, 1692. A large ship, which is the first warship of the russian fleet. 1695, the Russian Campaign against the azov fortress ended in defeat. The fact is that the turks supplied the fortress with the sea, taking advantage of their dominance on the waters. Peter ii quickly learned from his mistakes. He realized that for russia to win, it needed a navy. After the first this socalled unsuccessful campaign. We hear the ships commander read out as he accepts and raises st. Andrews flag. Opposite the admiralty, next to the bronze horseman, on the banks of the neva stands the senate building. It was created by peter as the highest body of judicial and executive power. The senate was created for pragmatic reasons, it was not. Not a single autocrat who left his fatherland so often and for so long, and life itself raised the question that a power body was needed that would rule the country like its father. The senate appointed, say, military and government positions, the senate monitored and controlled the situation in the provinces, that is , we can say that there is such a thread connecting the senate and the federation council, she was taken to moscow like a captive, fearing a conspiracy, no one was allowed to see her, at 17 years old widow. Without a home, without money, without a person to rely on, just yesterday she was a duchess without a dukedom, she suffered poverty for many years, depended on strangers for everything, and today she was offered the imperial crown, yes, they were going to make her a pawn in someone elses game, but the russian princess believed that when she returned to her homeland, she would be able to stand up for herself, no matter what the cost . Empire. Anna ioannovna. Today is the first one. Anna couldnt believe her luck. Can she really now breathe freely and arrange her life as she pleases . These hopes were dashed overnight. Mancacher whiskey is a product of the stellor group. What is it like to love every second, day after day . I m not everyone, i dont want to settle down like everyone else. When the men leave, the woman remains to wait; when the men fight, the woman remains just hope. You are my only victory. When men betray. You dont deserve larich in the active army. A woman can only forgive, when men love, a woman remains a woman, bless the woman, tomorrow is the first, you have one right, to be loved, now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter, he is everything. Various wonders, however, at first there were few visitors to the museum, and peter, in order to accustom citizens to this novelty, issued a decree according to which there was free admission to the museum, it is no coincidence that we still. Share our history before and after peter the great, if we talk about the transformations that he led, there were many of them, no matter what sphere we take, the young nobles at the assemblies looked completely different from their fathers, dressed in european dress, cleanshaven, the old generation resisted peters innovation for a long time, especially regarding the socalled bearded decree. April 17 , 1722, on the collection of a special tax from bearded men, peter had very sparse hair on his face, from his youth, as if he had never shaved, growing what he had, and comparing the fact that. Wealthy merchants were charged 100 rubles a year for the right to wear a beard, coworkers and clerks were charged 60 rubles. When entering and leaving the city, bearded peasants were charged two beard money, that is, a penny. This was a lot of money; for comparison, in peters army a noncommissioned officer received 14 rubles 40 kopecks a year. Second lieutenant when we listen to the president s speech, eat olivier and see festive fireworks outside the window, peters new year was celebrated on september 1, and the years were counted from the creation of the world. On the night of december 31 to january 1, 1700 by peters decree, for the first time in history, russia celebrated the new year according to the julian calendar. It turns out that 1699 turned out to be the shortest year for the country, since it lasted only 4 months, from september to december. There were also orders to put up Christmas Trees, and this is right above the taverns. Taverns, nail them, yes , nail them, thats the same thing, with nails to the entrance and so on, and according to the order, by the way, it was announced that the Christmas Trees should be there for the new year, but. When there was no order to take them down, so thats all they left the Christmas Trees, they fell off and so on, so it appeared in russian word for treestick combinations. Many traditional snacks on the new years table also appeared in the peter the great era. It was peter who sent a bag of earthen apples from holland for testing. Potatoes were initially received with distrust, but they soon replaced the traditional turnip. In addition to her, peter brought eggplants, parsley, cumin, sage, mint and beans, and for the townspeople he led the tradition of Drinking Coffee in a cafe in the morning. Here, on the banks of the niva river , the first cafe in russia was organized, yes, the austeria of the four frigates, here. You could drink coffee, the only place in town where it was real, reading a vedomosti newspaper and talking about something european, he brought coffee, he brought tobacco, since his time it has become, so to speak, an integral part of our homeland. At the end of may , helpans bloom in the flower beds of the summer garden; they are planted here because they are favorite flowers. It was he who first brought the bulbs of this plant from holland; since then, tulips grow in almost every flower bed in the spring. We had it with us. The timing of his monologues became aphorisms. Never exaggerate the stupidity of your enemies and loyalty of friends. Yes, well said, its simply amazing to be friends with him, because he s smart, brilliant, he commented on everything, spent a day, and came out educated. You can kiss, no . No. This march marks the 90th anniversary of the birth of mikhail zhvanetsky, i remember how everyone froze at home, turned on the tape recorder, recorded zhvanetsky, and at 11 years old i could not understand what this man was saying, in the hall people were happy, in my house they were happy , this is not prose, this is poetry, zhvanetskys dictionary is the dictionary of the country, our exclusive today is wife, son and friends satirical about his work and my last conversation with him. The main advice that my dad gave me, he told me have a conscience and do what you want. exclusive with dmitry borisov. Premiere, tomorrow on the first. Of all the civilizations living on the planet today, the oldest is chinese. And almost always , china has been the most populous country and the first economy in the world. We can remember marco pauls famous travel book, this. The italian merchant described with great amazement the power and level of Economic Development that he observed in chinese cities at the end of the thirteenth century, crumpled monochrome painting, chinese poetry, sophisticated literature, china, of course, was ahead in sophistication, well, almost all countries. After the end of the Second World War , the soviet union immediately took patronage over china, more than 10,000 specialists from the soviet union worked in china and created almost the entire modern chinese economy. One of pings first decisions after he became the leader of china was to create an institute for the study of ideas bukharin, so in china there is a sinicized model of nepa, the premiere of civilization, the film the seventh china, on wednesday on the first, now an academician, now a hero, now a navigator, now a carpenter, he is a comprehensive soul. And peters life and death were connected with his beloved city. The first russian emperor died on january 28, 1725 from inflammation of the bladder. His last days were spent in this place, near the winter ditch. At that time there was his Winter Palace here, but the building has not survived. Well, if in a guardhouse, the guard always writes down what happens at night, you can read Something Like this, the guard of the petroval fortress, at that night the screams of the dying Emperor Peter alekseevich could be heard , that is, he screamed so that it could be heard 300400 m on the other side of the river, thats why he died hard, hard, and here he died like times in this building. In the autumn of 1724. Peter the great was informed that an english ship had run aground in the gulf of finland, and he himself personally went to rescue the sailors stuck there, shallow in the gulf of finland. He endured physical labor, but despite all this he was a very sick person; already at the age of 20 he had her head began to shake, and her face was distorted by convulsions. Someone thinks that he was bitten by an encephalitis tick when he was traveling from arkhangelsk to moscow, and this is some kind of weak form of encephalitis, someone calls it epilepsy. According to another version, peters problem comes from childhood. He was only 10 years old when the streltsy riot began in moscow. Instead of sedatives, his teacher nikita zotov treated his pupil with alcohol, it is not surprising that all this undermined the emperors health, he lived only 52 years, all this will be reflected in his life, restless, restless, extremely harmonious with everything around. The peter and Paul Cathedral takes place here; today the burial place of peter the great is located here. Inside, the temple looks more like a crypt. After peter, all russian emperors and members of their families were buried here, even in this he was the first. Yes. The grave over peters grave is the same as the others, made of white carara marble, decorated with a bronze, gilded eightpointed cross, it is usually called russian. On the corners above the ridges of emperors and empresses there are doubleheaded eagles, on corners above the roughness of other family members, great princes, there will no longer be such eagles. Peters funeral was not entirely ordinary; he was interred only 6 years after his death. First, the body was embalmed for 40 days. Exhibited for farewell in the sad hall of the Winter Palace, and then solemnly transferred to the peter and Paul Fortress. A platform was built on the ice of the neva river, next to this platform stood 1,250 grenadiers with torches, a funeral procession. Walked to the present marble palace, then the postal yard, then walked along the ice of the neva, through the neva gate, the peter and Paul Fortress entered here, but it was impossible to bury it in the cathedral , because the cathedral had not yet been built, then a temporary Wooden Church was erected in the center of the cathedral under construction, as stated in the documents , a copper ark with the remains of peter i was installed in it on an elevated platform, the cathedral was completed, but what to do with. Shortly before his death, peter issued a decree in which he wrote that the tsar has the right to appoint a successor, there was one important clarification, the monarch must do this during his lifetime, and not indicate in the will, but peter himself he never named the name of his successor; when his pain had eased up a little, he decided to write a will, but he only wrote two words give everything. Lets say in my opinion , and having read this will of menshchikov, who was illiterate, lets say, nothing is written here, just scribbles, well, like he threw it into the fireplace, in general, in fact, to whom he bequeathed it was not clear. This uncertainty of succession to the throne gave rise to a series of palace coups, but peters reforms seemed so persistent that the chihard with the change of power was practically not affected by them. Affected. In the end, catherine ii ascended the throne, marking the beginning of the golden age of the russian empire, but that is another story. There was darkness outside the windows, and heavy groans were heard from the emperors chambers. The first died in terrible agony. He never named his heir, and now the future of the russian throne was to be determined by the supreme council. The choice was difficult. Several people could claim the throne at once his wife petraterina, his daughters elizabeth and anna, his grandson, as well as other relatives. In those days, none of the. Higher the dignitaries did not take into account the emperors niece Anna Ioannovna. The heiress of russian blood has been wasting away in distant courland for 15 years. Lonely, surrounded by illwishers, the duchess of courland did not feel like either a mistress in her own home or a ruler in her domains. Could anyone imagine that only 5 years would pass, she would return to her homeland in a blaze of glory. And become an autocratic empress. She appeared in the Cross Chamber of the prison palace in the moscow kremlin and hardly remembered her father. Ivan 5, older brother and coruler of peter i died when the girl was 3 years old. After this, Emperor Peter alekseevich took the fate of his niece into his own hands. Barely. He gave her in marriage to the duke of kurlian, of course, there was no talk of love, but which of the princesses married for love. In prepetrine russia, it was difficult for the royal daughters to find a spouse. Marriage with compatriots was considered unworthy of the royal family; they could marry a foreign monarch only if they maintained the orthodox faith, which often did not suit the western powers. The situation began to change since peter i. The russian empire became one of the largest political players, and dynastic marriages began to serve new state interests. The marriage of Anna Ioannovna and duke of kurlya Friedrich Wilhelm was intended to strengthen russian positions in the baltic. Before leaving for courland, annas eighteenyearold husband thought of competing in the art of drinking with tsar peter himself, here is the result on the way , the duke became ill and died in the arms of his young wife. Arriving in metava, where she was to live, she saw that the property ruined and the castle plundered. At 17, a widow, without a home, without money, without someone to lean on. This is how adult life began. The life of the royal niece Anna Ioannovna. Years have passed since then. News that tsar peter was on his deathbed quickly spread throughout the city. St. Petersburg fell silent, catching rumors and whispers; senators and dignitaries were already arriving at the Winter Palace. His candidate. In russia, the royal throne was passed down in a Straight Line from father to son. The right of a contender to power was usually confirmed by the zemsky sobor, to which delegates gathered from all over the country. Everything changed in 1722, when peter ii issued a decree on succession to the throne. Now the emperor could appoint a successor. Regardless of his gender or degree of relationship, however, peter himself did not have time to do this. For a long time , tsarevich alexei, the son of his first wife evdokia lapukhina, was considered the heir of peter i, but in 1718 he was accused of high treason, sentenced to death, and died 2 days later in the peter and Paul Fortress under unknown circumstances. Next year from illness died. Threeyearold pyotr petrovich, the emperors son from his second wife catherine. By 1725, of the direct descendants of peter the great, his daughters anna and elizabeth, as well as his tenyearold grandson peter, the son of tsarevich alexei, remained alive. Of the daughters , only the youngest, elizabeth, could receive the throne, since anna signed an abdication of the throne for herself and her children. In addition, two widows of peter i, evdokei lopukhina and catherine, could lay claim to the throne at once. Expressed his will, she should be the empress. The majority were inclined to side of the princes opponents. But menshikov knew that the guards loyal to him had already cordoned off the palace. Without waiting for the special meeting to end, they walked up the stairs. There are still disputes. Converted to orthodoxy with the name of ekaterina alekseevna. In 1712 she became the legal wife of peter and was crowned her husband. Meanwhile, duchess of courland and semigallia Anna Ioannovna is not even thinking about the imperial crown. The Russian Ambassador to courland, Pyotr Mikhailovich bezhev ryumin, helped her make ends meet; the nobleman provided collections from the local nobility, but succeeded in friend, despite the fact that he was almost 30 years older than the duchess. Soon in st. Petersburg they started talking about an inappropriate relationship between bestuzhev and the royal niece. The scandal was extinguished only thanks to the intervention of empress catherine. She loved anna very much and allowed bestuzhev to stay with her, but now their relationship became exclusively business. Anna herself continued to dream of marriage. Catherine, the first to engage in state affairs, had neither inclinations nor talents. Having ushered her to the throne, menshikov established the supreme privy council, which he himself headed. The supreme privy council, an advisory body of six to eight people, decided the most important state issues. The council subordinated the senate and colleges to itself and, according to the decree of catherine ii, had power equal to that of the sovereign. The competence of the council did not include the question of the order of the throneinheritance, but this restriction was also violated by its members. While the empress saw off. Time at balls and noisy feasts, menshikov led the army and the senate, trying to maintain his position, he keenly observed the lives of others contenders for the throne, including Anna Ioannovna. Soon an unexpected guest arrived in courland, the illegitimate son of the polish king, count moritz came to visit the duchess. He served in the french army and was looking for an opportunity to get at least some title, prone to adventurism, but the charming , witty count liked the young widow, and without delay, he offered her his hand and heart. Anna gave her consent, her faithful assistant bestuzhe fumin po. Moritz on Anna Ioannovna could lead to the loss of russian control over courland and its closer merging with poland, in warsaw itself this marriage would strengthen french influence. This change in the political balance did not suit the neighboring states. Holy roman empire, prussia. Menshikov personally arrived in mitava to prohibit this wedding. After listening to the prince, she did not betray her feelings in any way. But despair began to boil in my soul, as soon as he left, the duchess ordered the carriage to be laid, and now she rushed to st. Petersburg to see the empress. Ians capital threw herself at catherines feet, begging for permission to marry the count. Moritz. But this time the russian empress could not help. She returned to the hateful metava with a bitter feeling, and the empress soon fell ill with a fever, her condition rapidly deteriorating. Menshikov was desperately looking for a way to remain in power, even after her death. And finally, the plan matured. The prince persuaded catherine to draw up a will, which indicated that in the event of her death, on Yuri Gagarins ninetieth birthday, he would gladly visit everywhere, but im afraid that there will not be enough time to visit everywhere. Gagarin is a flash, a smile, communication. That was it the face of the soviet union, which suddenly appeared to the whole world, simplicity, relationships, sincerity, this is the most important thing, sincerity, he really wanted him to be the godfather, he bought me around, its neptunes holiday, and Yuri Alekseevich was the king of the seas of the oceans , it was all very funny what happened, he kept the boat on the bear lakes, kobzon came, yura drove the boat, they swam out. On lake obzon sang songs, and we were delighted, i am an ordinary russian person, the same as tens of hundreds of thousands of soviet boys and girls, a star named gagarin, the premiere is on the first day, they say astana is a fashionable modern city, but i still dont understand how people dress here, because its very cold outside, what does a local woman in astana look like . Yes, is your head warm . Everything else is in the cold, men are ballet dancers, they themselves are in shape and should love women in shape. I like a woman to be natural in her body. If its too thin, then its not for me either. Yeah, probably, when you lift it, its very much yours. We are local models. What are you talking about . Yes, we Show National clothes, i i take out the meat and take the gold leaf. She slaughtered some kind of goat, cut up seafood, and. Now, after the death of catherine, the position of Alexander Danilovich only strengthened, he was awarded the highest military rank, generalissimo, and expelled all his illwishers from st. Petersburg. To keep the Young Emperor under control, menshikov settled him in his palace. And he became engaged to his daughter mary. Alexander danilovich, although he was called his serene highness, came from common people. He dreamed of getting a prestigious european title that he could convey descendants, and decided to become duke of courland, but first it was necessary to deprive moritz of saxony, annas former fiance, of this title. During the middle ages, the title of duke denoted the person closest to the king. The duke was subordinate to the counts, that is, the governors of individual regions, counties. Later. The titles of count, viscount, baron, ceased to designate administrative positions and spoke only of the belonging of their bearers to a noble family, while the title of duke was second in importance only to the royal one, small european autonomies were often ruled by the dukes. In 1727 , an Expeditionary Force entered the territory of courland on the orders of menshikov. Although Alexander Danilovichs anger fell on bestuzhev, it was anna who suffered the most. Fearing to lose her last support, she sent message after message to the capital, asking, begging, demanding not to take away her only assistant, but menshikov was adamant. she was left alone again, sometimes she imagined how she would destroy the hated ducal castle to the ground, not yet knowing that soon her fate will take another sharp turn. Letters from st. Petersburg to mitava came often. To date, the number of messages has exceeded all expectations. The news was worth it. The main nedra of kanna iuanovna, the allpowerful menshikov, is defeated. Some reported that Alexander Danilovich embezzled the money that peter ii sent to his sister, others added that the Young Emperor, having felt the taste of power, was tired of menshikovs arbitrariness, broke the engagement with his daughter and decided to reign at his own discretion. Day after day new news came menshikov arrested, his funds, palaces and estates confiscated, finally, menshikovs family was sent away. In exile to the city of berezov, siberian province, anna did not believe her luck, could she really now breathe freely and arrange her life at her own discretion . She never dreamed of anything more, the laws gave the tsar wide powers to confiscate. The property of disgraced aristocrats, state criminals and traitors, was usually transferred to the state treasury, so after the arrest of menshikov , 1000 souls of serfs became the property of the sovereign, seven personal cities, jewelry and funds that belonged to the most serene prince. When menshikovs family was heading into exile, anna iuannovna already had a new favorite, her secretary enst buren changed his surname to a more euphonious one and was now called beron in the french manner. Anna made him manager of the estate, and then chamberlain. Beron married maid of honor Anna Ioannovna and had three children, which did not prevent him from openly remaining his beloved duke. Moved to moscow with his entire court, the Young Emperor, who did not like st. Petersburg, with its northern climate , returned moscow to its previous status; in fact, it again became the capital of the state, but the teenage tsar was in no hurry to retire. He was carefree and spent his time hunting, driving through the surrounding forests. The highest dignitaries had difficulty convincing peter to perform an important ritual. The ceremony of crowning the kingdom came to russia from byzantium and symbolized the sacredness of the figure of the king, as the viceroy of god on earth. All ceremonies took place in the assumption cathedral of the moscow kremlin. They handed it to the monarch. That is they took the oath, as well as the orb as a symbol of power over the orthodox lands and the scepter. With the transformation of the moscow kingdom into the russian empire, the procedure for enthroning the monarch also changed. During the coronation. Several crowns of the imperial house of romanov have survived to this day. The first russian imperial crown was made for the coronation of catherine i by goldsmith samson larionov. Subsequently, it, like some other crowns, was dismantled. Located in the armory of the moscow kremlin. Gilded silver frame; the most famous remains the large imperial crown of catherine ii, now kept in the diamond fund. It was made in 1762 by the Court Jubilee Georg Friedrich escort, diamond maker jeremy pozier. The crown is set with diamonds and topped with a rare bright red gemstone, a spinel. Large imperial crown during the crown. Laid on the heads of all subsequent russian autocrats, including the last, nicholas ii. Days if the course of events had not intervened tragic accident. On january 6, 1730, the lightly dressed emperor received a parade in the bitter cold, snow was falling, the sovereign was not feeling well, 12 days later, on the night. From january 18 to 19, peter ii died. After the death of the young tsar, the country was on the verge of complete ruin. Unlike his great grandfather, peter ii was not interested in either the army or the navy. St. Petersburg was overgrown with grass due to the small number of residents. No new ships were built, the old ones rotted. Robberies have become more frequent in the provinces. Condition. Anna could only get the throne subject to signing this document. According to the rules, the empress did not have the right to declare war, make peace , impose new taxes, grant her subjects high ranks and land holdings, or interfere in the conduct of the state. These and other points made the empress a purely decorative figure. Real power was transferred to the supreme privy council, that is, a narrow circle of oligarchs. The first attempts to limit autocracy were made in russia at the beginning of the 16th century, during the time of troubles, but were subsequently not continued. Them at one time in europe there were three states with royal power. Restrained in one way or another, the british monarchy was held to an elected parliament, the swedish king had only two votes in the council of state, which in turn counted before parliament. In poland, the king himself was an elected figure. He was elected by the sejm, which usually led to endless squabbles, scandals and bribery of deputies. Mitya, i made you a man. And you cant find me a wolf, theres 50 Million Pounds at stake, put it on, youll be a wolf, well have home, i promise you, your wife was kidnapped by very dangerous people, they can kill her, come to the arena tomorrow at 10 00 am with the wolf, why do they need a wolf, are you afraid of me, shoot, you are the culprit of all the troubles, 5, 6, 7 , 8 doomed. Final episode, tomorrow after the program time. Cnop gin, a product of stellor group. Could you from time to time shout out demands for the release of Yulia Vladimirovna . She is now a heroine for everyone. Transfer her through the maidan, the premiere is from march 11 on the first, you throw all your people to help me, and if not, then you will perish in a cage, difficult choice, viktor fedorovich. here you go, in front of prince vasily dolgorukov it seemed that a simpleminded landowner was sitting, who would be easy to fool, and she listened to the important guest, feigning amazement, the latest events were truly amazing, just yesterday she was a duchess without.
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